The document discusses aerobic respiration which takes place in almost all living things and results in the maximum release of energy from glucose. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products in the mitochondria through a series of chemical reactions. Finally, the electron transport chain passes electrons through protein complexes in the membranes to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

1. Respiration
AEROBIC

2. Group 5 members:
 ARIVISA BINTI ARIF
 D. ASNURIZAH BINTI PAYAN
 HANIWANN SHAHRINA BINTI YAMAN
 FARIZA BINTI NUR
 NAAZIRA BINTI AWANG ISMAIL
 NURSALEHA BINTI SATU
 WAN NUR JANATULAZWA BINTI WAN CHIK

3. Aerobic respiration
 Aerobic respiration takes place in almost all living things.
 This is excretion (the removal of the toxic waste products of
metabolism), and maximum energy is released from the
glucose.
 Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor for the
electron-transport chain in aerobic respiration
 The aerobic respiration usually occurs in three principal
stages
 Glycolysis
 Krebs cycle
 Electron transport chain

4. Glycolysis
 Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that is found in the
cytoplasm of cells in all living organisms and does not
require oxygen.
 The process converts one molecule of glucose into two
molecules of pyruvate and makes energy in the form of two
net molecules of ATP.
 Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced.
 However, two are consumed for the preparatory phase.

5. Glycolysis
 The overall reaction can be expressed this way:
 Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2
NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O

7. Krebs Cycle ^,^
 ALSO CALLED THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE
 TAKES PLACE IN MITOCHONDRIA
 HAVE 8 STEPS
 HAVE 8 ENZYMES
 HAVE 3 IRREVISIBLE STEPS

8.  PYRUVATE FORMED IN THE CYTOSOL AS A PRODUCT OF GLYCOLYSIS
 PYRUVATE ENTER KREB CYCLE IT HAS TO BE CONVERTED TO ACETYL
–COA
 PYRUVATE TO ACETYL-COA THROUGH OXIDATION PROCESS
 USE PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX ENZYME

10. Electron Transfer Chains
 Electrons are passed through the chain
 In eukaryotic cells – occur in the inner
membrane of mitochondria
 In prokaryotic cells - occur in the plasma
membrane

11. Electron Transfer Chains

12. Summary