Metabolism of carbohydrates by pulkit vedic.pdf
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Metabolism is very essential for our life, it's main characteristic of living being. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy or give fast energy. ** Content given in PPT is short and in easy way based on personal experience. For more knowledge, books are prescribed. Helps in, Horticulture: food nutrition Basic biology Gk
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CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM BY BISWANATH PRUSTY
Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions. Normally carbohydrate metabolism supplies more than half of the energy requirements of the body. In fact the brain largely depends upon carbohydrate
Carbohydrate metabolism comprises glycolysis, HMP shunt, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis, TCA cycle, with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency disorder.
GLYCOLYSIS.pptx
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are two key pathways in cellular respiration. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm to produce pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. The citric acid cycle then occurs in the mitochondria, where pyruvate and Coenzyme A are oxidized and carbon dioxide is released, producing more ATP and NADH to be used in the electron transport chain. Both pathways are critical for producing energy in the form of ATP through the oxidation of nutrients like glucose, fats, and amino acids.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert the chemical energy from nutrients into ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate in the mitochondria, producing more ATP and electron carriers. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane, pumping protons and producing the most ATP through chemiosmosis. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, with carbon dioxide and water as end products.
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Carbohydrates metabolism
The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism, focusing on glycolysis. It begins by outlining the major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in animals, including glycolysis, glycogenesis/glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and links to fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. The main text then focuses on glycolysis, describing it as an ancient pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate with the production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis proceeds in two stages: glucose phosphorylation and cleavage, followed by conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate with net ATP production. The fates of pyruvate depend on aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions in the organism.
carbohydrate metabolism
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are the main pathways for glucose metabolism and energy production in cells. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate can then enter the citric acid cycle in mitochondria to be further oxidized, with electrons being transferred to oxygen through the electron transport chain. This generates a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Various pathways like gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen metabolism also interact with glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to regulate glucose and energy homeostasis in the body.
1. COH met1 .pptx
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses:
1) The digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine by enzymes like amylase and disaccharidases into monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose.
2) The absorption of monosaccharides into the bloodstream and their fate in tissues through pathways like glycolysis and glycogenesis.
3) Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP, and its regulation and clinical significance.
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This document discusses metabolism of carbohydrates, specifically glycolysis. It begins by defining metabolism and categorizing metabolic pathways as anabolic, catabolic, or amphibolic. It then describes the two phases of glycolysis - an energy investment phase and an energy generation phase. Key steps in glycolysis including phosphorylation, isomerization, and oxidation reactions are outlined. Regulation of glycolysis and glucose transport mechanisms into cells are also summarized. Aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis are compared, and the roles of NADH, pyruvate, and lactate in energy production are described.
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Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions. Normally carbohydrate metabolism supplies more than half of the energy requirements of the body. In fact the brain largely depends upon carbohydrate
Carbohydrate metabolism comprises glycolysis, HMP shunt, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis, TCA cycle, with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency disorder.
GLYCOLYSIS.pptx
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are two key pathways in cellular respiration. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm to produce pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. The citric acid cycle then occurs in the mitochondria, where pyruvate and Coenzyme A are oxidized and carbon dioxide is released, producing more ATP and NADH to be used in the electron transport chain. Both pathways are critical for producing energy in the form of ATP through the oxidation of nutrients like glucose, fats, and amino acids.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert the chemical energy from nutrients into ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate in the mitochondria, producing more ATP and electron carriers. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane, pumping protons and producing the most ATP through chemiosmosis. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, with carbon dioxide and water as end products.
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The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism, focusing on glycolysis. It begins by outlining the major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in animals, including glycolysis, glycogenesis/glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and links to fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. The main text then focuses on glycolysis, describing it as an ancient pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate with the production of a small amount of ATP. Glycolysis proceeds in two stages: glucose phosphorylation and cleavage, followed by conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate with net ATP production. The fates of pyruvate depend on aerobic vs. anaerobic conditions in the organism.
carbohydrate metabolism
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are the main pathways for glucose metabolism and energy production in cells. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate can then enter the citric acid cycle in mitochondria to be further oxidized, with electrons being transferred to oxygen through the electron transport chain. This generates a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to produce the majority of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Various pathways like gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen metabolism also interact with glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to regulate glucose and energy homeostasis in the body.
1. COH met1 .pptx
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses:
1) The digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine by enzymes like amylase and disaccharidases into monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose.
2) The absorption of monosaccharides into the bloodstream and their fate in tissues through pathways like glycolysis and glycogenesis.
3) Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP, and its regulation and clinical significance.
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This document discusses metabolism of carbohydrates, specifically glycolysis. It begins by defining metabolism and categorizing metabolic pathways as anabolic, catabolic, or amphibolic. It then describes the two phases of glycolysis - an energy investment phase and an energy generation phase. Key steps in glycolysis including phosphorylation, isomerization, and oxidation reactions are outlined. Regulation of glycolysis and glucose transport mechanisms into cells are also summarized. Aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis are compared, and the roles of NADH, pyruvate, and lactate in energy production are described.
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The document discusses glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and can proceed with or without oxygen present. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced to lactate, while in aerobic conditions pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle in mitochondria to be fully oxidized to CO2 and H2O. Glycolysis is tightly regulated by feedback inhibition and is a key energy producing process, especially under low oxygen conditions like in muscle during exercise. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA produced from pyruvate to generate more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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The document summarizes various aspects of cellular respiration in plants. It discusses cellular respiration, where glucose and other molecules are broken down to release energy stored as ATP. It also describes the different pathways of respiration - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. The final stages of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are compared, noting that aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose to carbon dioxide and water, yielding more ATP. The roles of fermentation, the fate of pyruvic acid, and the amphibolic nature of respiration are also summarized.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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This document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism and the glycolysis pathway. It discusses how carbohydrates are the major source of energy for cells and are synthesized through photosynthesis. Glycolysis is defined as the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate or lactate with ATP production. The key steps of glycolysis include an energy investment phase, splitting phase, and energy generation phase where ATP is synthesized. Glycolysis is a central and universal pathway that is important for energy production in tissues like the brain and red blood cells.
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1) Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They can be classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on their sugar unit composition.
2) Carbohydrates provide dietary energy and are important for energy storage. They also participate in cellular structure and function.
3) Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are key pathways in carbohydrate metabolism that generate energy through the oxidation of glucose. Glycolysis yields pyruvate which feeds into the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria to fully oxidize glucose.
How cells harvest or extract energy - Cell respiration
Cellular respiration uses a series of metabolic pathways to extract energy from glucose and other food molecules in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and generates a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle where more ATP is produced. Electrons extracted from glucose are passed through protein complexes in the electron transport chain, powering ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. The overall process oxidizes glucose and other fuels completely to carbon dioxide and water, capturing their energy to make approximately 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
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This document discusses cellular respiration and the processes involved in breaking down glucose to generate energy in the form of ATP. It covers the key steps of glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle), which occurs in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain. The document outlines the learning objectives, provides an overview of cellular respiration, and describes in detail each step in breaking down glucose, including the generation of NADH and FADH2 to carry energy to the electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
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This research study has gone through more than 34 sample tumors in Violet Cancer Institute (VCI) to find the cancer
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The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism and activity. It explains that carbohydrates can be used to form structures in organisms, regulate functions through metabolites, and provide energy when oxidized. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can be interconverted using intermediates in the citric acid cycle. Glucose is a key energy source that is oxidized to produce ATP through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Glucose and glycogen stores provide energy reserves that can be broken down without affecting organism structure. The primary functions of glucose are to act as an energy supplier for living organisms.
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The document discusses aerobic respiration which takes place in almost all living things and results in the maximum release of energy from glucose. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products in the mitochondria through a series of chemical reactions. Finally, the electron transport chain passes electrons through protein complexes in the membranes to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
CHO METABOL-3.ppt
Carbohydrates are the largest source of calories and are broken down into glucose, which is the main carbohydrate used for energy in the body. Carbohydrates are digested by enzymes in the mouth, stomach and intestines into monosaccharides like glucose that can be absorbed. Glucose is then transported via blood to tissues like muscle where it is used for energy production or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle. The regulation of carbohydrate metabolism involves hormones like insulin and glucagon that control glucose uptake, storage and production to maintain blood glucose levels.
CHO metabolism MDBC803.ppt
Carbohydrates are the largest source of calories and are broken down into glucose, which is the main carbohydrate used in metabolism. Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to tissues like muscle where it is either used for energy or stored as glycogen. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and small intestine where enzymes break starches and sugars into glucose and other monosaccharides that can be absorbed. Glucose is then regulated through various pathways including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy in the form of ATP.
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The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism. It defines metabolism as all the chemical reactions occurring inside a cell and divides it into catabolism, the breakdown of molecules, and anabolism, the synthesis of molecules. Glucose is an important carbohydrate that can be broken down through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to generate energy. The major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. Glucose metabolism and the role of the liver in regulating blood glucose levels are also described.
Respiration
The document defines and explains the stages of aerobic respiration including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to produce pyruvate and ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvate to produce NADH, FADH2, ATP, and carbon dioxide. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. In total, the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule produces approximately 30-32 molecules of ATP.
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This document discusses cellular metabolism and energy production. It describes the two main types of metabolic pathways as catabolism, which breaks down molecules and releases energy, and anabolism, which builds molecules using energy. The goal of metabolism is to make ATP, which powers cellular reactions. Glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce pyruvate, which then enters the citric acid cycle in mitochondria. Electrons are transferred to generate NADH and FADH2, whose energy is used in the electron transport chain to power ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis. Glycolysis makes some ATP directly, while the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain make the majority of ATP from the energy in NADH and
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Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
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Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
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IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
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Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
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This research study has gone through more than 34 sample tumors in Violet Cancer Institute (VCI) to find the cancer
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not working properly. Their cristae were damaged or the mitochondria did not work or better said “shut down”
inside the cancer cells. This study introduces a new hypothesis called the Evolutionary Cell Memory (ECM) based on
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The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism and activity. It explains that carbohydrates can be used to form structures in organisms, regulate functions through metabolites, and provide energy when oxidized. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can be interconverted using intermediates in the citric acid cycle. Glucose is a key energy source that is oxidized to produce ATP through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Glucose and glycogen stores provide energy reserves that can be broken down without affecting organism structure. The primary functions of glucose are to act as an energy supplier for living organisms.
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- 1. Presented by pulkit garg Bsc hons. Ag. Part 3 sem 2 College of agriculture, lalsot, dausa, SKNAU
- 2. Metabolism is the specific characteristic of livings . (meh-TA-buh-lih-zum) The chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism. Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism
- 3. Carbohydrate metabolism is the whole of the biochemical processes responsible for the metabolic formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms. (source: wikipedia) Formation of carbohydrates already discussed in photosynthesis so here we read about breakdown and energy received from carbohydrates by many pathways. That process also known as cellular respiration. In the case of humans, cellular respiration is equivalent to the carbo. Metablism.
- 4. Cellular respiration posses Amphibolic pathway mean catabolic - anabolic both types of reactions. Simple mean of respiration is breaking of large molecules in small molecules. C.M. is very important for fulfill the requirement of energy. Many enzymes takes place in this process, in other words we can say that this is enzyme based reaction. So C.M. is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to the living cells.
- 5. Main source of energy. 1g carbohydrate produce 4k calorie( 16 k joules/g). Storage of energy. Excess carbo. Is converted to fat. Give structural basis to plants
- 6. Daily intake of carbohydrate is 310 grams. (nutrients quantity per day) So it’s important to metabolism of carbohydrates, Humans digestive organs only digest or break the carbohydrates in glucose. Glucose is circulated by the blood to the tissues and cells converted the glucose to energy. So C.M. is cell based process.
- 7. Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Glyconeogenesis
- 8. EMBDEN-MEYERHOF PATHWAY (OR) E.M.P Definition: Glycolysis is defined as the sequence of reactions converting glucose (or glycogen) to pyruvate or lactate, with the production of ATP
- 9. Takes place in all cells of the body. Enzymes present in "cytosomal fraction" of the cell. Lactate end product - anaerobic condition. Pyruvate(finally oxidized to CO2 & H2O) – end product of aerobic condition.
- 13. TCA CYCLE: tri carboxylic acid cycle because citric acid has three carboxylic acid. KREB CYCLE- Because this cycle is discovered by H. A. krebs in 1937, nobel prize in 1953. The end product of glycolysis, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and loses carbon dioxide to form acetyl-CoA. The Krebs cycle occurs inside the mitochondria and generates a pool of chemical energy.
- 14. When acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide in the Krebs cycle, chemical energy is released in the form of 3 NADH, 1FADH2, and 1 ATP. The cycle starts and ends with oxaloacetate. • This cycle is also called the Krebs cycle and the citric acid cycle (TCA). This Cycle utilizes about two-third of total oxygen consumed by the body. •TCA cycle is strictly aerobic in contrast to glycolysis.
- 15. This Cycle utilizes about two-third of total oxygen consumed by the body. •TCA cycle is strictly aerobic in contrast to glycolysis. Oxidation of 3 NADH by electron transport chain coupled with oxidative phosphorylation results in 9ATP, FADH2 provides 2 ATP. Total of 12 ATP are produced from one acetyl CoA
- 17. •Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from non- sugar carbon substrates like glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and glucogenic amino acids. •The vast majority of gluconeogenesis takes place in the liver (90%) and in smaller extent, in the kidney (10%) cortex. •Gluconeogenesis occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, or intense exercise and it is highly endergonic process(energy intensive).
- 18. the formation of glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, from glucose
- 20. Glyconeogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen without using glucose or other carbohydrates, instead using substances like proteins and fats. One example is the conversion of lactic acid to glycogen in the liver.