The document provides a historical overview of the development of computers and computing technology from ancient times to the late 20th century. It describes early counting devices like tally sticks and the abacus. It then outlines important developments like the creation of programming languages in the 1950s-60s, the introduction of integrated circuits in the 1970s which reduced the size and cost of computers, and the launch of early microcomputers in the 1970s like the Altair 8800 and Apple II. The document traces the evolution of computers from mechanical to electronic devices and the emergence of personal computing.

1. Historical Background
of the Computers and
the Cyber Space
Repoters:
Armea, Cagatin, De Leon,
Garalde, Martin, Magbanua

2.  can perform generic sets of
operations known as programs.
Computer
- is an electronic device that
manipulates information, or data.
Early Computer
- used only for calculations.

3. Example:

4. ANCIENT TIMES
Tally Stick - a device used to record and document
numbers, quantities and messages.
 Made of wood
 Originally, made of animal bones carved with
notches.

5. Ishango Bone
- Color dark brown, 10cm.,
Has quartz
Example:

6. 2 KINDS OF TALLY STICK
1. SINGLE TALLY STICK - an elongated
piece of bone, ivory, wood, or stone
which is marked with a system of
notches.
 primarily functions as a mnemonic
device.
Example:

7. 2. SPLIT TALLY STICK - was a technique
which became common in medieval
Europe, which was constantly short of
money and predominantly illiterate, in
order to record bilateral exchange and
debts
 being split lengthwise
 Squared hazelwood sticks
Example:

8. ROMAN EMPIRE
Abacus " Counting Frame " - a frame
with rows of wires or grooves along
which beads are slid, used for
calculating.
 used in the ancient Near East,
Europe, China, and Russia.
 Can be use in addition, a square or
cubic root.
Example:

9. Example:
 Early design; rows
of beads loose on a
flat surface.

10. Hindu Arabic Numeral System " Arabic
numeral system "
- is a positional decimal numeral system, and
is the most common system for the symbolic
representation of numbers in the world.
 Develop in India 6th or 7th century and
 brought to Europe through the writings of
Middle Eastern mathematicians
 By al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi
Roman Numerals - any of the letters
representing numbers in the Roman
numerical system.
Example:

11. Vincula/Vinculum
- a straight horizontal mark placed
over two or more members of a
compound mathematical expression
Example:

12. INDUSTRIAL AGE 1600
John Napier " Marvellous Merchiston " - is a
Scottish mathematician, physicist, and
astronomer who originated the concept of
logarithms as a mathematical device to aid in
calculations.
Ex.
2^3 = 8; therefore, 3 is the logarithm of 8 to
base 2, or 3 = log2 8
Napier's bones - is a manually-operated
calculating device for the calculation of
products and quotients of numbers.
 " rabdology " - word created by Napier.
Example:

16. In 1725 Basile Bouchon. of Lyon, the son of an
organ maker, adapted the concept of musical
automata controlled by pegged cylinders to the
repetitive task of weaving. He invented a loom that
was controlled by perforated paper tape.
Bouchon's invention was the first industrial
application of a semi-automated machine.

17. Example:

18. Model of Falcon's loom, 1728, with a jacquard type
system. This loom was the first machine of any kind to
be controlled by punch cards, following Frenchman
Basile Bouchon's use of perforated paper rolls in 1725.
Falcon's loom used perforated cards tied together in an
endless chain.

19. Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-
1834)

20. NATIONALITY - FRENCH.
EDUCATION - WORKED AS
APPRENTICE AND LEARNED
BOOKBINDING.
OCCUPATION - MERCHANT, WEAVER,
INVENTOR.
KNOWN FOR - PROGRAMMABLE
LOOM

25. Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

26. Charles Babbage
known as the
Father of the modern computer
(even though none of his computers
worked or were even constructed in their
entirety).

28. He first designed plans to build, what he called
the Automatic Difference Engine. It was
designed to help in the construction of
mathematical tables for navigation.
Unfortunately, engineering limitations of his
time made it impossible for the computer to be
built. His next project was much more
ambitious.

52. 1946 – ENIAC -
J. Prosper Eckert (1919-1995) and
John W. Mauchly (1907-1980)
The first all electronic computer was the Electrical Numerical
Integrator and Calculator, known as ENIAC. It was designed
by J. Prosper Eckert and John W. Mauchly of the Moore
School of Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania.
ENIAC was the first multipurpose electronic computer, though
very difficult to re-program. It was primarily used to computer
aircraft courses, shell trajectories, and to break codes during
World War II.
ENIAC occupied a 20 x 40 foot room and used
18,000 vacuum tubes. ENIAC also could never
be turned off. If it was it blew too many tubes
when turned back on. It had a very limited
storage capacity and it was programmed by
jumper wires plugged into a large board.

53. 1948 – The Transister
In 1948 an event occurred that was to forever change
the course of computers and electronics. Working at
Bell Labs three scientists, John Bordeen (1908-1991)
(left), Waltar Brattain (1902-1987) (right), and William
Shockly (1910-1989) (seated) invented the transistor.
The change over from vacuum tube circuits to transistor circuits occurred
between 1956 and 1959. This brought in the second generation of computers,
those based on transisters. The first generation was mechanical and vacuum
tube computers.

54. 1951 – UNIVAC
The first practical electronic computer was built by Eckert and
Mauchly (of ENIAC fame) and was known as UNIVAC
(UNIVersal Automatic Computer). The first UNIVAC was used by
the Bureau of Census. The unique feature of the UNIVAC was
that it was not a one-of-a-kind computer. It was mass produced.
1954 – IBM 650
In 1954 the first electronic computer for business was installed
at General Electric Appliance Park in Louisville, Kentucky. This
year also saw the beginning of operation of the IBM 650 in
Boston. This comparatively inexpensive computer gave IBM
the lead in the computer market. Over 1000 650s were sold
1957-59 – IBM 704
From 1957-1959 the IBM 704 computer appeared, for which
the Fortran language was developed. At this time the state of
the art in computers allowed 1 component per chip, that is
individual transistors.

55. 1958 - 1962 – Programming languages
From 1958-1962 many programming languages were developed.
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
LISP (LISt Processor)
ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
1964 – IBM System/360
In 1964 the beginning of the third-generation
computers came with the introduction of the IBM
System/360. Thanks to the new hybrid circuits (that
gross looking orange thing in the circuit board on the
right), the state of the art in computer technology
allowed for 10 components per chip.

56. In 1965 the first integrated circuit computer, the
PDP-8 from Digital Equipment Corporation
appeared. (PDP stands for Programmable Data
Processor) After this the real revolution in
computer cost and size began
1965 - PDP-8
1970 - Integrated Circuits
By the early 70s the state of the art in computer technology allowed for 1000
components per chip. To get an idea of just how much the size of electronic
components had shrunk by this time look at the image on the right. The
woman is peering through a microscope at a 16K RAM memory integrated
circuit. The stand she has her microscopy sitting on is a 16K vacuum tube
memory curcuit from about 20 years previous.
The Intel corporation produced the first microprocessor chip which was
a 4-bit chip. Today’s chips are 64-bit. At approximately 1/16 x 1/8
inches in size, this chip contained 250 transistors and had all the
computing power of ENIAC. It matched IBM computers of the early
60s that had a CPU the size of an office desk.
1971

57. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics
carried an article, the first, to describe the Altair
8800, the first low-cost microprocessor
computer which had just became commercially
available.
1975 – Altair 8800
Late 1970s to early 1980s – The Microcomputer Explosion
During this period many companies appeared and
disappeared, manufacturing a variety of
microcomputers (they were called micro to
distinguish them from the mainframes which some
people referred to as real computers)

58. 1977 - The Apple II
The most successful of the early microcomputers was the
Apple II, designed and built by Steve Wozniak. With fellow
computer whiz and business savvy friend, Steve Jobs, they
started Apple Computer in 1977 in Woz’s garage. Less
than three years later the company earned over $100
million. Not bad for a couple of college dropout computer
geeks.
1981
In 1981, IBM produced their first microcomputer. Then the clones started to appear. This
microcomputer explosion fulfilled its slogan computers by the millions for the millions.
Compared to ENIAC, microcomputers of the early 80s:
Were 20 times faster (Apple II ran at the speed of ¼ Megahertz). Had
a memory capacity as much as 16 times larger (Apple had 64 K.)
Were thousands of times more reliable.
Consumed the power of a light bulb instead of a locomotive. Were 1/30,000
the size.
Cost 1/10,000 as much in comparable dollars
(An Apple II with full 64 K of RAM cost $1200 in 1979.

59. 1984-1989
In 1984 the Macintosh was introduced. This was
the first mass-produced, commercially-available
computer with a Graphical User Interface. In
1989 Windows 1.0 was introduced for the PC. It
was sort of Mac-like but greatly inferior.
Macintosh owners were know to refer to it
sarcastically as AGAM-84 Almost as Good As
Macintosh 84.

60. THANK
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