The document outlines the historical evolution of computing devices, beginning with ancient tools like the abacus and progressing through various advancements such as Napier's device, the slide rule, mechanical calculators, and the development of electronic computers like ENIAC and EDVAC. It categorizes computer generations from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence, detailing significant innovations such as transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. Key milestones include the development of personal computers and the potential future impact of artificial intelligence technologies.

1. MMF.Ahamed
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2.  Abacus
Used in Asia for a Long time. Also known as “SOROBAN” perform addition and subtraction Wooden rack holding two
horizontal wires with beads strung on them. Rules memorized by the user regular arithmetic problems can be done
 NAPIER’S DEVICE
John Napier a Scottish Mathematician. Set of eleven animal bones later it was replaced by rod Number marked on
them, they placed side by side Products and quotients of large numbers could be obtained.
 SLIDE RULE
Invented in 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier. Perform all arithmetic &
trigonometric function. Final value can be straight away read on scale.
 PASCALINE
Blaise Pascal a French mathematician developed mechanical calculating machine called Pascal’s calculating machine
in 1642 CE First real desktop calculating device that could add and subtract. Construct of set of toothed wheels or
gears.
 PUNCHED CARD
Punched cards were first used around 1725 by Basile Bouchon and Jean-Baptiste Falcon and greatly improved by
Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801. Control textile looms, invented punched cards. Cards with holes were used to make
attractive design on fiber Presence and absence of punched hole represented two states for raisers or lowers of
wrap thread. 2

3.  Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
He made a machine called Difference Engine. Evaluate accurate algebraic expression and mathematical tasks up to
20 decimal places, This machine is also called as Babbage's difference engine, Later adopted by insurances
companies for computing life tables.Later modified the device as Analytical Engine. Parts and working principle of
Analytical Engine similar to today computer. Charles Babbage is called “Father of Computer”.
 HOLLERITH’S MACHINE
Dr.Herman Hollerith of U.S.A, working in U.S.A as census offices Developed a card reading machine and used
punched cards for tabulating and calculating data,Data was being compiled and analyzed.
 MARK-I DIGITAL COMPUTER
All calculating machines are invented basically mechanical machine.First electro-mechanical computer developed by
Howard aiken. Used Hollerith's punched cards and principle of computer stated by Charles Babbage.Automatically
perform a sequence of arithmetic operators. Huge mechanical calculator which occupied several norms. Inside
several miles of electrical wires and electro mechanical relays and mechanical counter for arithmetic calculations.
 FIRST ELECTRONICS COMPUTER [ABC-Atanasoff-Berry Computer]
Dr. John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry developed first electronic computer. It is called as ABC. Use vaccum tubes for
storage , arithmetic and logical function. Special purpose used to solve simultaneous equation. It could perform 500
addition or 350 multiplication in one second.
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4. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator [ENIAC]
Electronic computer, Developed by Prof. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Produced in 1940 for U.S.army It used
18000 V.T 70000 resistor 10000 capacitor and 60000 switches (27 tons) Occupy 5000 s7 suet of space. Perform 300
multiplication/second Fastest machine. ENIAC was considered a significant development because the speed was first
experience with ENIAC.  Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computers [EDVAC]
First electronic stored program computer. Electronic computers developed in 1949.
EDVAC different form ENIAC.
1.use of binary and electronic arithmetic operators.
2.Internal storage of instructions were written in digital forms.
 Electronics Delay Storage Automatic (EDSAC)
Developed by group of scientist headed by prof.mauriee willies Using EDSAC ,
addition operation was accomplished in 1500 microseconds and multiplication
operator in 4000 micro second.
 Mark 1
Small experimental computer. Performs operation based on stored program. Designed
Manchester university by a group of scientist headed by Prof. M.H.A Newman.Storage capacity
of only 32words, each
of 31 binary digits.Limited to stored data and instruction.
UNIVersal Automatic Computer I [UNIVAC I]
Second commercial computer produced in the United States. Made by the inventors of the
ENIAC. UNIVAC –I is first computer used for business in 1954. The machine was simply known
as "the UNIVAC“
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5. 1. 1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
• These early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. As
a result they were enormous, literally taking up entire rooms and costing a fortune to run.
These first generation computers relied on ‘machine language’ (which is the most basic
programming language that can be understood by computers).
• These computers were limited to solving one problem at a time. Input was based on
punched cards and paper tape. Output came out on print-outs. The two notable machines
of this era were the UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the first every commercial
computer which was purchased in 1951 by a business – the US Census Bureau.
2. 1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors
• The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the second generation of
computing. Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren’t used significantly in
computers until the end of the 1950s. They were a big improvement over the vacuum tube,
despite still subjecting computers to damaging levels of heat. However they were hugely
superior to the vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on
electricity use. They still relied on punched card for input/printouts.
• The language evolved from cryptic binary language to symbolic (‘assembly’) languages5

6. 3. 1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
• By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturised and put on silicon chips (called semiconductors). This led
to a massive increase in speed and efficiency of these machines. These were the first computers where users
interacted using keyboards and monitors which interfaced with an operating system, a significant leap up from the
punch cards and printouts. This enabled these machines to run several applications at once using a central
program which functioned to monitor memory.
• As a result of these advances which again made machines cheaper and smaller, a new mass market of users
emerged during the ‘60s
4. 1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors
• This revolution can be summed in one word: Intel. The chip-maker developed the Intel 4004 chip in 1971, which
positioned all computer components (CPU, memory, input/output controls) onto a single chip. What filled a room
in the 1940s now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel chip housed thousands of integrated circuits. The year 1981
saw the first ever computer (IBM) specifically designed for home use and 1984 saw the MacIntosh introduced by
Apple. Microprocessors even moved beyond the realm of computers and into an increasing number of everyday
products.
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7. 5. 2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence
• Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in development, but some of these technologies are
beginning to emerge and be used such as voice recognition.
• AI is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors. Leaning to the future,
computers will be radically transformed again by quantum computation, molecular and nano
technology.
• The essence of fifth generation will be using these
technologies to ultimately create machines which can
process and respond to natural language, and have
capability to learn and organize themselves.
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8. PERSONAL COMPUTERS [PC]
First PC (with MP) developed in 1974. In 1977 first successful
micro computer (PC) developed by a young technician named
Steve Wozniak. This was called the computer Apple-1.
The IBM PC Commodore 64
Apple 1 Computer
[1976]
Apple Macintosh The Amiga
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9. Windows 3 Macintosh System 7
Standard UNIX IBM OS/2
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