Group dynamics is the study of how groups work and the behaviors of individuals within groups. Tuckman's model outlines 5 stages of group development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Groups can be either formal, established by an organization, or informal, formed naturally based on shared interests. Group structure refers to the relationships within a group and can be described by factors like size, roles, norms, and cohesiveness.

1. GROUP DYNAMICS
PERSONAL SKILLS
DEVELOPMENT -23126Z

2. GROUP DYNAMICS
 is the study of groups, and also a general term
for group processes
 a group is two or more individuals who are
connected to each other by social relationships.
 understanding of the behavior of people in
groups, such as task groups, that are trying to
solve a problem or make a decision.

3. KEY THEORISTS
 Gustave Le Bon
 Sigmund Freud
 Jacob L. Moreno
 Kurt Lewin
 William Schutz
 Bruce Tuckman

4. TUCKMAN'S MODEL :
5 STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
1) Forming :characterized by some confusion and
uncertainty .
2) Storming :likely to see the highest level of
disagreement and conflict
3) Norming : recognition of individual differences
and shared expectations
4) Performing: group has matured and attains a
feeling of cohesiveness
5) Adjourning: the dissolution of a group

5. STAGE 1: FORMING
 The major goals of the groups have not been
established
 Task or leadership has not been determined
 An orientation period when members get to
know one another and shared expectations
 Trust and openness has not been developed

6. STAGE 2: STORMING
 Members challenge group goals
 Vie for leadership position
 Voice concern and criticism
 If conflict cannot be resolved, the group will
disband or continue existence ineffectively.

7. STAGE 3: NORMING
 Recognition of individual differences and
shared expectations
 Develop a feeling of group cohesion and
identity
 More cooperative among members of the
group
 Responsibilities are divided among members

8. STAGE 4: PERFORMING
 Everyone knows each other well enough to
be able to work together
 Trusts each other enough to allow
independent activity.
 Conflict is resolved through group discussion
 Make decisions through a rational process
not emotionally.

9. STAGE 5: ADJOURNING
 Completion/accomplishment of a task
 Disengagement- individuals deciding to go
their own ways
 Often experience feelings of closure and
sadness

10. GROUP TYPES
Formal
Established by an organization to
achieve its goals.
Informal
Formed naturally in response to
the common interests and shared
values of individuals

11. Formal Groups
1) Command Groups :
 specified by organizational chart
2) Task Groups :
 consists of people working together to achieve a
common task
3) Functional Groups :
 created by organization to accomplish specific
goals within an unspecified time frame

12. Informal Groups
1. Interest Group:
 Continue over time and may
last longer.
 Members may not be part of
the same department but are
bound together by common
interest
Eg study group for a specific
class

13. INFORMAL GROUPS –
1. Interest group:
 Continue over time and may last longer.
 Members may not be part of the same
department but are bound together by
common interest
 Eg study group for a specific class

14. Informal Groups
2. Friendship Groups:
 Formed by members who enjoy similar social
activities, political beliefs, religious value
 Enjoy each other’s company
 Eg. Exercise group, softball team, potluck lunch
once a month

15. Informal Groups
3. Reference Groups:
 People use to evaluate themselves
 Social validation: allows individuals to justify their
attitudes and values
 social comparison: evaluate own actions by
comparing to others
 Strong influence on members’ behaviour
 Family, friends and religious affiliation are strong
reference groups for most individuals.

16. GROUP STRUCTURE
 A pattern of relationship among members
that holds the group together to achieve its
assigned goals.
 Can be described as
 Group size
 Group roles
 Group norms
 Group cohesiveness

17. Group Size
 Vary from 2 people to a very large number
 Small groups of 2 – 10 people are more
effective because of ample opportunity to
participate
 Increasing the size of the groups results in
decreased satisfaction because it is difficult
to experience cohesion.

18. GROUP ROLES
 Work roles: task oriented activities that
involve accomplishing the group’s goals
 Maintenance roles: social-emotional activities
such as harmonizer who will reduce tension
in the group.
 Blocking roles: activities that disrupt the
group such as aggressor criticizes members’
value and make jokes in a sarcastic manner.

19. Group Norms
 Norms define the boundaries of acceptable
and unacceptable behaviour.
 Reflect the level of commitment, motivation,
and performance of the group.