GRIDS_TYPES.pptx
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This document discusses grids, which are devices used in radiography to reduce scatter radiation. Dr. Gustav Bucky invented grids in 1913 using lead foil strips separated by spacers. While grids reduce scatter reaching the image, they increase patient radiation exposure. Grids work by absorbing scatter radiation through the photoelectric effect. Different grid types and patterns exist, including stationary parallel, crosshatch and focused grids, as well as moving single stroke and reciprocating grids. Grids are recommended when imaging large anatomical areas or areas affected by pathology.
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grid.pptx
The radiographic grid consists of thin lead foil strips separated by transparent spacers that help reduce scatter radiation in x-ray images. Invented in 1913 by Dr. Gustave Bucky, grids work by absorbing most scatter radiation which arrives from multiple angles within the patient, while allowing primary radiation from the x-ray tube to pass through unaffected. Grids are characterized by their ratio of lead strip height to inter-strip distance and come in various patterns like linear, crossed, parallel or focused, with focused grids converging the strips at a line or point to further reduce scatter.
Grids
The document summarizes key aspects of radiographic grids used to reduce scatter radiation in x-ray imaging. It describes the components and invention of grids, different grid patterns like linear and focused grids, as well as factors that affect grid performance such as grid ratio and lines per inch. Methods for evaluating grids like primary transmission, Bucky factor and contrast improvement are also outlined. Potential issues with grid use involving cutoff and decentering are discussed.
grids-160225101450 (1).pptx
The document summarizes key aspects of radiographic grids used to reduce scatter radiation in x-ray imaging. It describes the components and design of grids, including the lead and spacer materials, grid ratios, patterns (linear, crossed, focused, parallel), and lines per inch. Methods for characterizing grid performance like primary transmission, Bucky factor, and contrast improvement factor are also outlined. Potential issues like cutoff, decentering, and vibration are discussed, as well as the tradeoff between reduced scatter and increased patient dose with higher ratio grids.
XRAY GRIDS (1).pptx
The document discusses x-ray grids, which are devices used to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast in radiography. It describes how grids consist of alternating strips of radiopaque and radiolucent materials. The key functions and properties of grids include improving contrast, reducing scatter, and having an optimal grid ratio and frequency for a given exam. Common grid types and the ideal characteristics are outlined. Factors affecting grid performance and common positioning errors are also summarized.
Filters used in radiology.ppt.radiology.
Filters and grids are used in radiography to improve image quality. Filters shape the x-ray beam by absorbing lower energy photons. There are inherent filters from the x-ray tube and added filters like aluminum and copper sheets. Grids reduce scatter radiation using lead foil strips separated by spacers. Higher ratio grids provide better contrast but also increase patient dose. Factors like primary transmission, Bucky factor and contrast improvement factor evaluate grid performance. Positioning errors can cause grid cutoff where parts of the image are lighter. Air gaps also reduce scatter by increasing the distance radiation travels through the patient.
Grids
This document discusses radiographic grids, which are devices placed between the patient and image receptor to absorb scatter radiation and improve image quality. It defines grids and their construction using lead strips and spacers. It describes different grid patterns, ratios, frequencies, and types. It also covers topics like primary transmission, grid conversion factor, contrast improvement, and causes of grid cut-off like decentering errors. The key purpose of grids is to absorb scattered radiation and improve radiographic contrast for diagnostic purposes, while minimizing additional patient dose. Grid selection involves balancing image quality with keeping patient exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
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grid.pptx
The radiographic grid consists of thin lead foil strips separated by transparent spacers that help reduce scatter radiation in x-ray images. Invented in 1913 by Dr. Gustave Bucky, grids work by absorbing most scatter radiation which arrives from multiple angles within the patient, while allowing primary radiation from the x-ray tube to pass through unaffected. Grids are characterized by their ratio of lead strip height to inter-strip distance and come in various patterns like linear, crossed, parallel or focused, with focused grids converging the strips at a line or point to further reduce scatter.
Grids
The document summarizes key aspects of radiographic grids used to reduce scatter radiation in x-ray imaging. It describes the components and invention of grids, different grid patterns like linear and focused grids, as well as factors that affect grid performance such as grid ratio and lines per inch. Methods for evaluating grids like primary transmission, Bucky factor and contrast improvement are also outlined. Potential issues with grid use involving cutoff and decentering are discussed.
grids-160225101450 (1).pptx
The document summarizes key aspects of radiographic grids used to reduce scatter radiation in x-ray imaging. It describes the components and design of grids, including the lead and spacer materials, grid ratios, patterns (linear, crossed, focused, parallel), and lines per inch. Methods for characterizing grid performance like primary transmission, Bucky factor, and contrast improvement factor are also outlined. Potential issues like cutoff, decentering, and vibration are discussed, as well as the tradeoff between reduced scatter and increased patient dose with higher ratio grids.
XRAY GRIDS (1).pptx
The document discusses x-ray grids, which are devices used to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast in radiography. It describes how grids consist of alternating strips of radiopaque and radiolucent materials. The key functions and properties of grids include improving contrast, reducing scatter, and having an optimal grid ratio and frequency for a given exam. Common grid types and the ideal characteristics are outlined. Factors affecting grid performance and common positioning errors are also summarized.
Filters used in radiology.ppt.radiology.
Filters and grids are used in radiography to improve image quality. Filters shape the x-ray beam by absorbing lower energy photons. There are inherent filters from the x-ray tube and added filters like aluminum and copper sheets. Grids reduce scatter radiation using lead foil strips separated by spacers. Higher ratio grids provide better contrast but also increase patient dose. Factors like primary transmission, Bucky factor and contrast improvement factor evaluate grid performance. Positioning errors can cause grid cutoff where parts of the image are lighter. Air gaps also reduce scatter by increasing the distance radiation travels through the patient.
Grids
This document discusses radiographic grids, which are devices placed between the patient and image receptor to absorb scatter radiation and improve image quality. It defines grids and their construction using lead strips and spacers. It describes different grid patterns, ratios, frequencies, and types. It also covers topics like primary transmission, grid conversion factor, contrast improvement, and causes of grid cut-off like decentering errors. The key purpose of grids is to absorb scattered radiation and improve radiographic contrast for diagnostic purposes, while minimizing additional patient dose. Grid selection involves balancing image quality with keeping patient exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
Filters grids and collimators
This document discusses x-ray filters, beam restrictors, grids, and grid selection for radiography. It explains that filters like aluminum and heavy metals are used to absorb higher energy photons. Beam restrictors like cones and collimators regulate the size and shape of the x-ray beam. Grids reduce scatter radiation and improve contrast. The two main grid patterns are linear and crossed grids. Grid selection depends on kVp, with 8:1 grids below 90 kVp and 12:1 grids above 90 kVp. An air gap technique is an alternative that increases focus-film distance to eliminate scatter.
filters grids beams
This document discusses three key components of x-ray imaging systems: filters, beam restrictors, and grids. It describes how filters like aluminum are used to absorb low energy rays and reduce patient exposure. It explains the three main types of beam restrictors - aperture diaphragms, cones or cylinders, and collimators - and how they define the size and shape of the x-ray beam. It also outlines the purpose of grids in removing scattered radiation to increase image contrast, and the different grid types including linear, crossed, focused, and moving grids.
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This document discusses various x-ray beam filtration and collimation devices. It describes inherent and added filtration which shape the x-ray beam by removing low energy photons. Filters include aluminum, copper, and compound filters. Collimators provide a variety of rectangular beam sizes and automatically align the light and x-ray fields. Grids contain alternating strips of lead and spacer material which reduce scatter radiation and improve contrast. Factors like ratio, frequency, pattern, and lead content affect grid performance. Positioning errors can cause grid cutoff. Moving grids reduce lead strip shadows. Proper grid selection and use of air gaps also improves image quality.
grids,films.pptx
Grids are used in radiography to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast. They consist of alternating strips of lead and low-density material. Parallel grids have strips parallel to the x-ray beam, while crossed grids have perpendicular strips for better scatter reduction. Moving grids oscillate during exposure to avoid grid lines on the image. Higher grid ratios provide more scatter reduction but also increase patient dose. Proper grid selection and positioning are important for diagnostic image quality while minimizing radiation exposure.
Radiographic grid Swastik
This document provides an overview of radiographic grids, which are used to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast in radiography. It discusses the history and development of grids from Dr. Bucky's original 1913 design to modern grids. Key aspects covered include the principles of how grids work, ideal grid properties, methods of construction involving grid ratio, frequency and materials, performance metrics like contrast improvement factor and selectivity, common grid types such as parallel, crossed and focused grids, and techniques like moving grids to eliminate visible grid lines.
Production of x rays & generators
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with the target anode of an x-ray tube. The x-ray tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and a stationary or rotating anode target. When electrons collide with the anode, x-rays are produced via two processes: characteristic radiation from electron shell interactions and continuous bremsstrahlung radiation from deflected electrons. Additional components such as filters and housing manage heat dissipation and focus the x-ray beam for medical imaging applications.
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X-RAY TUBE AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS IS DESCRIBED IN DETAIL IN THIS PPT.
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The control of scattered radiation
This document discusses various devices used to reduce scattered radiation in diagnostic radiology, including filters, beam limiting devices, beam centering devices, and radiographic grids. It provides details on how each device works to absorb low-energy photons and restrict the x-ray beam, thereby improving image quality by reducing noise from scattered radiation. Key aspects covered include the principles of filtration, types of beam collimators, performance testing of grids using factors like contrast improvement and primary transmission, and the benefits of using these devices to decrease patient dose and increase diagnostic value.
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This document provides information about x-rays and x-ray machines. It discusses the production of x-radiation through both braking radiation and characteristic radiation. The properties of x-rays include their physical properties like wavelength and speed of travel, as well as their ability to ionize atoms. The document also describes the components of an x-ray machine including the cathode, anode, collimator and transformers used to generate x-rays.
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This document discusses grids used in radiography. Grids are placed between the patient and film to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast. They are made of alternating strips of lead and plastic. Grids absorb scattered radiation traveling at oblique angles while allowing primary radiation straight through. Different grid types include stationary parallel, stationary focused, and moving grids. Grid ratio and density affect absorption of scattered rays. While grids improve image quality, they also increase dose and cost.
Beam restriction
Beam restriction refers to decreasing the size of the projected x-ray field to limit unnecessary radiation exposure and reduce scattered radiation. This improves image quality by increasing radiographic contrast. Common beam restricting devices include aperture diaphragms, cones, cylinders, and collimators. Collimators allow adjustable rectangular or square field sizes and include lights and templates to ensure accurate beam alignment. Proper collimation is important for patient safety and diagnostic image quality.
Radiology_Equipment_Lec-2_Dr. Emad Taleb.pdf
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can pass through objects and be used to image structures inside the body. They are produced when electrons generated at a cathode collide with a metal anode target inside an evacuated x-ray tube. Varying the voltage and current controls the x-ray beam properties. X-rays have both wave and particle properties and are used in medical imaging due to their ability to penetrate tissues differentially based on density.
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Sealed radioactive sources are radioactive material permanently sealed in a capsule. Common sealed sources used in brachytherapy include cesium-137, iridium-192, cobalt-60, iodine-125, gold-198, and radium-226. Each isotope has different properties such as half-life, photon energy emitted, and exposure rate constant. Sources are constructed of radioactive material encapsulated in stainless steel, gold or platinum capsules to prevent leakage and are available in various geometries like seeds, ribbons, or tubes to suit different clinical applications in brachytherapy.
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The document discusses various beam restricting devices used in radiography, including diaphragm apertures, cones and cylinders, and collimators. It also covers radiographic filters and their types, such as aluminum, compound, wedge, and molybdenum filters. Grids are described as devices used to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast, though they increase radiation dose. Grid features like ratio, frequency, and pattern (linear vs. crossed) are defined.
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Radium-226 and other radioactive isotopes like cesium-137, iridium-192, gold-198, and iodine-125 are discussed as alternatives to radium for brachytherapy applications. Each isotope is described in terms of its discovery method, half-life, decay process, photon energies, common physical forms, and historical medical uses. Newer isotopes discussed for emerging applications include ruthenium-106, vanadium-49, holmium-166, and praseodymium-144. The document provides a comprehensive overview of various radiological sources used in brachytherapy treatments.
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This document discusses x-ray filters, beam restrictors, grids, and grid selection for radiography. It explains that filters like aluminum and heavy metals are used to absorb higher energy photons. Beam restrictors like cones and collimators regulate the size and shape of the x-ray beam. Grids reduce scatter radiation and improve contrast. The two main grid patterns are linear and crossed grids. Grid selection depends on kVp, with 8:1 grids below 90 kVp and 12:1 grids above 90 kVp. An air gap technique is an alternative that increases focus-film distance to eliminate scatter.
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This document discusses three key components of x-ray imaging systems: filters, beam restrictors, and grids. It describes how filters like aluminum are used to absorb low energy rays and reduce patient exposure. It explains the three main types of beam restrictors - aperture diaphragms, cones or cylinders, and collimators - and how they define the size and shape of the x-ray beam. It also outlines the purpose of grids in removing scattered radiation to increase image contrast, and the different grid types including linear, crossed, focused, and moving grids.
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This document discusses various x-ray beam filtration and collimation devices. It describes inherent and added filtration which shape the x-ray beam by removing low energy photons. Filters include aluminum, copper, and compound filters. Collimators provide a variety of rectangular beam sizes and automatically align the light and x-ray fields. Grids contain alternating strips of lead and spacer material which reduce scatter radiation and improve contrast. Factors like ratio, frequency, pattern, and lead content affect grid performance. Positioning errors can cause grid cutoff. Moving grids reduce lead strip shadows. Proper grid selection and use of air gaps also improves image quality.
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X-RAY TUBE AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS IS DESCRIBED IN DETAIL IN THIS PPT.
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This document discusses various devices used to reduce scattered radiation in diagnostic radiology, including filters, beam limiting devices, beam centering devices, and radiographic grids. It provides details on how each device works to absorb low-energy photons and restrict the x-ray beam, thereby improving image quality by reducing noise from scattered radiation. Key aspects covered include the principles of filtration, types of beam collimators, performance testing of grids using factors like contrast improvement and primary transmission, and the benefits of using these devices to decrease patient dose and increase diagnostic value.
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This document discusses grids used in radiography. Grids are placed between the patient and film to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast. They are made of alternating strips of lead and plastic. Grids absorb scattered radiation traveling at oblique angles while allowing primary radiation straight through. Different grid types include stationary parallel, stationary focused, and moving grids. Grid ratio and density affect absorption of scattered rays. While grids improve image quality, they also increase dose and cost.
Beam restriction
Beam restriction refers to decreasing the size of the projected x-ray field to limit unnecessary radiation exposure and reduce scattered radiation. This improves image quality by increasing radiographic contrast. Common beam restricting devices include aperture diaphragms, cones, cylinders, and collimators. Collimators allow adjustable rectangular or square field sizes and include lights and templates to ensure accurate beam alignment. Proper collimation is important for patient safety and diagnostic image quality.
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Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can pass through objects and be used to image structures inside the body. They are produced when electrons generated at a cathode collide with a metal anode target inside an evacuated x-ray tube. Varying the voltage and current controls the x-ray beam properties. X-rays have both wave and particle properties and are used in medical imaging due to their ability to penetrate tissues differentially based on density.
Sealed radionuclides
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Mammography uses low-dose x-rays of the breast to detect breast cancer. Standard views include craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique. Compression is used to flatten and separate breast tissue for clearer images. Digital mammography uses solid-state detectors instead of film. Tomosynthesis creates 3D-like images that improve detection. Additional views like spot compression provide targeted views of areas of interest. Mammography is not 100% accurate but can find cancers early and reduce mortality when used regularly.
PET CT-1.pptx
PET/CT is a medical imaging technique that combines PET and CT scanning systems into a single gantry. It provides both functional imaging from PET showing metabolic activity and anatomical imaging from CT. This allows accurate registration of functional and anatomical data, improving diagnostic accuracy over either PET or CT alone. The document discusses how PET/CT works, the common radiotracer FDG, principles of PET imaging including positron emission and annihilation, image reconstruction, interpretation of images including SUV, applications in oncology and neurology, and limitations.
mr angiography.pptx
MR angiography is a type of MRI scan that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide pictures of blood vessels without using a catheter. It has advantages over conventional angiography in that it is less invasive, less expensive, and faster. Disadvantages include not depicting small vessels or slow blood flow as well. There are various techniques used in MR angiography including contrast enhanced MRA, which uses gadolinium contrast to visualize vascular structures, and non-contrast MRA such as time-of-flight angiography and phase contrast angiography. Artifacts that can occur include metal artifacts from implanted devices and blooming artifacts around paramagnetic substances.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF MRI.pptx
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. It works by aligning the protons in hydrogen atoms and using radiofrequency pulses to elicit signals from tissues. These signals are used to construct tomographic images of internal structures. The document discusses the history and physics behind MRI, how it provides different types of tissue contrast, and its various clinical applications in neuroimaging, musculoskeletal imaging, and evaluating other parts of the body.
RADIOGRAPHY CONTRAST MEDIA.pdf
This document discusses contrast media used in radiology. It introduces positive and negative contrast media, which increase or decrease density during imaging. Positive contrast agents contain iodine, bromine or barium, while negative agents include air, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Contrast media is classified as ionic or non-ionic, with ionic further divided into high- and low-osmolar types based on iodine concentration. Non-ionic agents have lower osmolality and are less likely to cause negative reactions in patients. The document outlines advantages like improved visualization but also disadvantages like possible aspiration if inhaled.
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GRIDS_TYPES.pptx
- 2. GRIDS INVENTED BY DR. GUSTAV BUCKY IN THE YEAR 1913 Bucky’s Original Grid
- 3. GRIDS : • Consist of a series of lead foil strips • Separated by x-ray-transparent spacers • Remove scatter radiation from large radiographic fields
- 4. SCATTER • Scatter radiation arises from many points within the pt. & is multidirectional ,so most of it is absorbed by the lead strips & only a small amt. passes between them
- 5. GRIDS DO NOT REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF SCATTER RADIATION REACHING THE IMAGING PERSONNEL GRIDS DO INCREASE RADIATION EXPOSURE OF PATIENTS
- 6. GRIDS STRIPS ARE MADE OF LEAD (Pb) LEAD HAS HIGH Z# AND ABSORBS SCATTER RADIATION THROUGH PHOTOELECTRIC INTERACTION
- 7. Grid Interspaces: Filled with aluminium or organic compounds • Support the thin lead foil strips Aluminium • Manufactured precisely • Structurally stronger • Absorbs more of the 1o radiation in higher patient exposure • Better contrast improvement
- 8. Grid ratio Ratio of height of lead strips and the distance b/w them. G.R. = h/D Express grid’s ability to remove scatter radiation Usually ranges from 4:1 to 16:1 Higher the ratio; better the grid function. G. R. is indicated at the top of the grid by manufacturers.
- 9. GRID RADIOGRAPHY IS RECOMMENDED FOR: • Anatomical parts > 10 cm • With high kvp ( not always—mammo) • Soft tssue structures to increase contrast • Structures affected by pathological condition that would increse scatter production
- 10. GRID PATTERN Orientation of lead strips in their longitudinal axis, Two basic patterns are- 1. Linear grids 2. Crossed grids
- 11. Linear Grid • Strips parallel to each other in the longitudinal axis • Allow angulation of tube along length of grid • Crossed Grid • 2 superimposed linear grids • Same focusing distance • Cannot be used for oblique /angulation techniques
- 12. GRID TYPES • STATIONARY 1) PARALLEL 2) CROSSHATCH 3) FOCUSED • MOVING - SINGLE STROKE & RECIPROCATING
- 13. Stationary grids • 60 – 110 lines per inch. ADVANTAGE – Improve radiographic contrast. DISADVANTAGE – Lead strips cast shadows on the radiograph as thin lines.
- 14. Parallel Grid • Lead strips parallel to each other • Strips are never aligned with primary beam since all are vertical (except for strips directly under central ray) • Used in fluoroscopic spot film devices.
- 15. Cross Grid (cross hatch) • 2 grids on top of each other with lead strips of one perpendicular to other
- 16. FOCUSED GRID • Lead strips are angled slightly; so that they focus in space. Linear focused grid: converge at a line space convergent line Crossed focused grid: converge at a point in
- 17. MOVING GRID • Dr. Hollis Potter in 1920 used moving grid ; and named it as • – BUCKY DIAPHRAGM • Most of the moving grids are focused. ADVANTAGE – Removal of more scattered radiation Removal of grid lines in IR
- 18. Moving grid : Potter-Bucky grid • The movements of the grid blurs out the shadow of the lead strips • Starts moving when x-ray tube begins to rotate • Eliminates grid-lines from the film
- 19. • To avoid grid lines : • grid must move fast enough to cause blurring of the lead strip - too slow random density variations grid lines visible • Transverse motion of grid must be synchronous with the pulses of the x-ray generator - causes shadows to be superimposed on the shadow of its neighbour *1-3 cm back & forth movement
- 20. • Disadvantage: • Costly • Fault will result in vibration of the whole x- ray table • Limit the minimum exposure time • Increases patient exposure
- 21. P-B DIAPHRAGM
- 22. • Reduce scatter radiation in two direction as they have crossed grid alignment. • It has copper as grid strip material and air for the interspaces. • Results in 3.8:1 ratio. • Not used in magnification mammography where the scattered radiation is removed by air gap.