1. The abdomen contains the organs of the digestive and urinary systems. It is bounded by muscles and vertebrae and contains loops of intestine, the liver, kidneys and more.
2. The abdominal cavity is divided into regions and quadrants by planes to aid localization of structures.
3. Major organs include the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys. The peritoneum lines the walls and covers some organs.
The document describes the anatomy of the abdominal regions, abdominal wall and cavity, and gastrointestinal organs including the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It divides the abdomen into 9 regions based on 4 reference planes and lists the organs contained within each region. It details the layers of the abdominal wall and peritoneal cavity. It provides information on the esophagus, stomach sections and functions, and sections of the small intestine including the duodenum.
Anatomy of abdomen and regions of trunkFaarah Yusuf
The document describes the anatomy of the abdominal regions and organs. It discusses nine abdominal regions defined by four planes. Each region contains specific organs. It then details the layers of the abdominal wall and peritoneal cavity. Finally, it provides in-depth descriptions of key abdominal organs including the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and their structures and functions.
The document describes the anatomy of the abdominal regions and organs. It discusses nine abdominal regions defined by four planes. Each region contains specific organs. It then describes the layers of the abdominal wall and the peritoneal cavity. Finally, it provides details on the anatomy and structures of several key abdominal organs, including the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and biliary tree.
The document describes the anatomy of the abdominal regions, abdominal wall and cavity, and gastrointestinal organs including the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It divides the abdomen into 9 regions based on 4 reference planes and lists the contents of each region. It details the layers of the abdominal wall and peritoneal cavity. It provides information on the esophagus, stomach sections and functions, and sections of the small intestine including the duodenum.
This document provides an overview of abdominal anatomy as seen on various medical imaging modalities. It begins with the landmarks used to divide the abdomen into quadrants and regions. It then describes the radiological modalities commonly used to image the abdomen, including ultrasound, CT, x-ray, and MRI. The document proceeds to provide details on the surface anatomy, radiological anatomy, and normal measurements of major abdominal organs and structures such as the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, bladder, and blood vessels.
The stomach is a J-shaped organ located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It acts as a reservoir for food and aids in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The stomach has two openings - the cardiac orifice where it connects to the esophagus and the pyloric orifice where it connects to the small intestine. It is divided into sections including the fundus, body, antrum, and pyloric canal. The stomach receives blood supply from branches of the celiac artery and drains into gastric lymph nodes. It is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to aid in digestion. Diseases that commonly
1. The abdomen contains the organs of the digestive and urinary systems. It is bounded by muscles and vertebrae and contains loops of intestine, the liver, kidneys and more.
2. The abdominal cavity is divided into regions and quadrants by planes to aid localization of structures.
3. Major organs include the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and kidneys. The peritoneum lines the walls and covers some organs.
The document describes the anatomy of the abdominal regions, abdominal wall and cavity, and gastrointestinal organs including the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It divides the abdomen into 9 regions based on 4 reference planes and lists the organs contained within each region. It details the layers of the abdominal wall and peritoneal cavity. It provides information on the esophagus, stomach sections and functions, and sections of the small intestine including the duodenum.
Anatomy of abdomen and regions of trunkFaarah Yusuf
The document describes the anatomy of the abdominal regions and organs. It discusses nine abdominal regions defined by four planes. Each region contains specific organs. It then details the layers of the abdominal wall and peritoneal cavity. Finally, it provides in-depth descriptions of key abdominal organs including the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and their structures and functions.
The document describes the anatomy of the abdominal regions and organs. It discusses nine abdominal regions defined by four planes. Each region contains specific organs. It then describes the layers of the abdominal wall and the peritoneal cavity. Finally, it provides details on the anatomy and structures of several key abdominal organs, including the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and biliary tree.
The document describes the anatomy of the abdominal regions, abdominal wall and cavity, and gastrointestinal organs including the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It divides the abdomen into 9 regions based on 4 reference planes and lists the contents of each region. It details the layers of the abdominal wall and peritoneal cavity. It provides information on the esophagus, stomach sections and functions, and sections of the small intestine including the duodenum.
This document provides an overview of abdominal anatomy as seen on various medical imaging modalities. It begins with the landmarks used to divide the abdomen into quadrants and regions. It then describes the radiological modalities commonly used to image the abdomen, including ultrasound, CT, x-ray, and MRI. The document proceeds to provide details on the surface anatomy, radiological anatomy, and normal measurements of major abdominal organs and structures such as the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, bladder, and blood vessels.
The stomach is a J-shaped organ located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It acts as a reservoir for food and aids in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The stomach has two openings - the cardiac orifice where it connects to the esophagus and the pyloric orifice where it connects to the small intestine. It is divided into sections including the fundus, body, antrum, and pyloric canal. The stomach receives blood supply from branches of the celiac artery and drains into gastric lymph nodes. It is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to aid in digestion. Diseases that commonly
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper abdominal cavity. It describes the structures and organs contained within the upper abdominal cavity, including the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, esophagus and duodenum. It discusses the layers of the peritoneum and how different organs are related to the peritoneum (intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, etc.). It also describes the ligaments connecting structures like the liver, stomach and duodenum.
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that vary in size between individuals. The left kidney typically sits higher than the right. Each kidney contains an outer cortical region and inner medullary pyramids drained by minor calyces that join to form major calyces, eventually draining into the renal pelvis. Kidney anatomy is important for surgical and interventional procedures. Radiological imaging such as ultrasound, CT and MRI can evaluate kidney size, structure and enhancement following contrast administration.
The document summarizes key anatomical features of the small and large intestines. It describes the parts, positions, lengths, and arterial supply of the small intestine. It also details differences between the jejunum and ileum. For the large intestine, it outlines the caecum, appendix, and parts of the colon including the transverse and pelvic colons. It compares features of the small and large intestines and describes peritoneal coverings and blood supply of parts of the large bowel.
The abdominal cavity contains most of the major digestive organs and is lined by the peritoneum. It is divided into 9 regions by anatomical planes and boundaries. The organs within the abdominal cavity have various relationships with the peritoneum, being either intraperitoneal, extraperitoneal, or retroperitoneal. The abdominal aorta and its branches supply the organs within the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum forms folds such as the mesentery and omentum that have important functions in connecting and supporting nearby structures.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. It allows the organs to move freely within the cavity. The peritoneum is divided into the parietal peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall, and the visceral peritoneum, which covers the organs. Different peritoneal folds connect organs to the walls or to other organs, including the omenta, mesentery, mesocolon, and ligaments. The peritoneal cavity is the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers that contains a small amount of fluid. It is divided into the greater and lesser sacs, with the epiploic foramen connecting them.
The stomach is J-shaped and lies primarily in the left hypochondrial region of the abdomen. It has three main parts - the fundus, body, and pyloric part. The fundus lies above the cardiac opening, the body extends from the cardiac opening to the angular notch, and the pyloric part extends from the angular notch to the pyloric opening. The stomach receives its blood supply solely from the celiac artery and has two arterial arcades along the lesser and greater curvatures that provide most of its blood flow. It drains into the portal vein system. The stomach stores and churns food, secretes acid and enzymes to aid digestion, and slowly empties digested food
The small intestine is the part of the alimentary canal that is continuous with the stomach at the pyloric orifice and leads into the large intestine through the iliocaecal valve. It is the part where the chemical digestion of food is completed and most of the absorption of nutrients take place.
It extends from the ileum to the anus.
It reabsorbs water converting liquid chyme into semi solid stools.
It consists of the following parts: 1)Caecum and vermiformis appendix. 2)Ascending colon and hepatic flexure. 3) Transverse colon and splenic flexure 4)Descending colon 5)Sigmoid colon 6) Rectum and 7) Anal canal.
The proximal half as far as the splenic flexure – reabsorbs water and electrolytes from fluid chyme .
The distal colon beyond the splenic flexure-stores formed faeces until they are excreted.
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs located on the posterior abdominal wall. The left kidney is slightly higher than the right kidney. Kidney size varies with gender and stature. Each kidney has an oblique orientation with the hilum angled anteriorly. The kidneys are surrounded by renal fascia and covered by a fibrous capsule. The kidneys contain an outer cortex and inner medulla divided into renal pyramids drained by minor calyces that join to form major calyces and eventually the renal pelvis. The kidneys receive nerve supply from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The liver is the largest gland in the body, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has two surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface fits beneath the diaphragm, while the irregular visceral surface contacts other abdominal organs. Ligaments such as the falciform and coronary ligaments attach the liver within the abdominal cavity. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein, and has associated biliary ducts and lymph drainage. It performs many vital functions including bile production, glycogen storage, and clotting factor synthesis.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. It has two layers - the parietal peritoneum lining the walls and the visceral peritoneum covering the organs. Folds of peritoneum include omenta connecting organs, mesenteries suspending intestines, and ligaments attaching solid organs. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs by the transverse mesocolon and epiploic foramen. It is further subdivided into supracolic and infracolic compartments by the transverse colon.
The stomach is a J-shaped muscular sac located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It has four regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part. The stomach is supplied by branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein. Lymph from the stomach drains to nearby lymph nodes. The vagus and splanchnic nerves provide the main innervation to the stomach.
The kidneys are a pair of excretory organs located retroperitoneally on either side of the vertebral column. They remove waste and regulate water and electrolyte balance. Each kidney contains an inner medulla and outer cortex. The kidneys receive blood supply from the renal arteries and drain into the renal veins. They are important for regulating blood pressure and red blood cell production. Kidney diseases can cause hypertension, renal failure and require dialysis in severe cases.
This document provides an overview of the abdomen and pelvis. It begins by defining the abdomen and describing its anterior and posterior walls. It then discusses the contents of the abdomen, including the digestive system (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine), hepato-biliary apparatus (liver, gallbladder, bile ducts), and peritoneum. For each organ, it provides details on location, structure, arterial supply, venous drainage and lymph drainage. The small intestine is subdivided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum with specifics for each section.
This document provides details on the anatomy and histology of the kidneys. It discusses the location, structure, blood supply and drainage of the kidneys. Some key points include:
- The kidneys are located retroperitoneally on either side of the vertebral column.
- Internally, they contain an outer cortex and inner medulla, separated by renal columns and arches.
- They are supplied by renal arteries which branch numerous times to form the renal microvasculature. Renal veins drain into the vena cava.
- Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney, each containing a renal corpuscle for filtration and tubules for reabsorption and secretion to form urine
This document summarizes the development of the gastrointestinal tract in a human embryo. It describes how the foregut, midgut, and hindgut develop from the endoderm and form different parts of the GI tract. It also explains the rotation of the midgut loop during development and how this establishes the positions of structures like the cecum, appendix, and ascending colon. Finally, it briefly mentions some potential anomalies that can occur during gastrointestinal development.
The ruminant stomach consists of four compartments: the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The rumen is the largest compartment and has contractions that move food and send it back to the mouth. It contains microbes that aid in breaking down food particles via fermentation. The reticulum forms a honeycomb structure that traps large food particles. The omasum has many parallel folds, and the abomasum is glandular like a simple stomach. A gastric groove connects the compartments and allows milk to bypass the rumen in young ruminants.
The document describes the development of the gastrointestinal tract in a human embryo estimated at 20-21 days old. It discusses how the foregut, midgut, and hindgut develop from the endoderm and form different parts of the digestive system. It also describes how the gut rotates and becomes fixed during development.
The abdomen contains the major digestive organs including the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. These organs are held loosely in place by connecting tissues that allow movement. The abdomen also houses the kidneys and spleen. Important blood vessels such as the aorta and vena cava pass through the abdomen. The front of the abdomen is protected by fascia and muscles, while the back is protected by back muscles and the spine. On the right side are located the liver, right kidney, gallbladder and parts of the intestines while the left side contains the heart, left lung, pancreas, spleen and left kidney. The ureters begin at the kidneys and travel down inside the abdominal
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and radiographic examinations of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It describes the layers, parts, and functions of the digestive organs, as well as clinical indications and procedures for upper GI series and barium swallow exams. The objectives are to discuss contrast media, imaging techniques, anatomy, procedures, and pathology related to evaluating the digestive system radiographically.
The document describes the major components and systems of a computed tomography (CT) scanner. It discusses three main systems: the imaging system, computer system, and image display/recording/storage system. The imaging system includes components like the x-ray tube, generator, collimator, filter, and detector that work together to produce x-rays and detect the attenuated radiation passing through the patient. The computer system receives the digital data and performs image reconstruction. The display system shows the reconstructed images and allows storage and recording. Key components discussed in more detail include the gantry assembly, detectors, and computer processing architecture.
This document provides positioning and centering instructions for performing conventional radiography on various parts of the upper limb, including the hand, fingers, wrist, forearm, elbow, humerus, shoulder, and clavicle. The positioning instructions describe how the patient and body part should be oriented relative to the x-ray source and detector. The centering instructions specify where the central x-ray beam should be directed for each view. In total, positioning and centering details are given for over 30 standard radiographic views of the upper limb.
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The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper abdominal cavity. It describes the structures and organs contained within the upper abdominal cavity, including the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, esophagus and duodenum. It discusses the layers of the peritoneum and how different organs are related to the peritoneum (intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, etc.). It also describes the ligaments connecting structures like the liver, stomach and duodenum.
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that vary in size between individuals. The left kidney typically sits higher than the right. Each kidney contains an outer cortical region and inner medullary pyramids drained by minor calyces that join to form major calyces, eventually draining into the renal pelvis. Kidney anatomy is important for surgical and interventional procedures. Radiological imaging such as ultrasound, CT and MRI can evaluate kidney size, structure and enhancement following contrast administration.
The document summarizes key anatomical features of the small and large intestines. It describes the parts, positions, lengths, and arterial supply of the small intestine. It also details differences between the jejunum and ileum. For the large intestine, it outlines the caecum, appendix, and parts of the colon including the transverse and pelvic colons. It compares features of the small and large intestines and describes peritoneal coverings and blood supply of parts of the large bowel.
The abdominal cavity contains most of the major digestive organs and is lined by the peritoneum. It is divided into 9 regions by anatomical planes and boundaries. The organs within the abdominal cavity have various relationships with the peritoneum, being either intraperitoneal, extraperitoneal, or retroperitoneal. The abdominal aorta and its branches supply the organs within the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum forms folds such as the mesentery and omentum that have important functions in connecting and supporting nearby structures.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. It allows the organs to move freely within the cavity. The peritoneum is divided into the parietal peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall, and the visceral peritoneum, which covers the organs. Different peritoneal folds connect organs to the walls or to other organs, including the omenta, mesentery, mesocolon, and ligaments. The peritoneal cavity is the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers that contains a small amount of fluid. It is divided into the greater and lesser sacs, with the epiploic foramen connecting them.
The stomach is J-shaped and lies primarily in the left hypochondrial region of the abdomen. It has three main parts - the fundus, body, and pyloric part. The fundus lies above the cardiac opening, the body extends from the cardiac opening to the angular notch, and the pyloric part extends from the angular notch to the pyloric opening. The stomach receives its blood supply solely from the celiac artery and has two arterial arcades along the lesser and greater curvatures that provide most of its blood flow. It drains into the portal vein system. The stomach stores and churns food, secretes acid and enzymes to aid digestion, and slowly empties digested food
The small intestine is the part of the alimentary canal that is continuous with the stomach at the pyloric orifice and leads into the large intestine through the iliocaecal valve. It is the part where the chemical digestion of food is completed and most of the absorption of nutrients take place.
It extends from the ileum to the anus.
It reabsorbs water converting liquid chyme into semi solid stools.
It consists of the following parts: 1)Caecum and vermiformis appendix. 2)Ascending colon and hepatic flexure. 3) Transverse colon and splenic flexure 4)Descending colon 5)Sigmoid colon 6) Rectum and 7) Anal canal.
The proximal half as far as the splenic flexure – reabsorbs water and electrolytes from fluid chyme .
The distal colon beyond the splenic flexure-stores formed faeces until they are excreted.
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs located on the posterior abdominal wall. The left kidney is slightly higher than the right kidney. Kidney size varies with gender and stature. Each kidney has an oblique orientation with the hilum angled anteriorly. The kidneys are surrounded by renal fascia and covered by a fibrous capsule. The kidneys contain an outer cortex and inner medulla divided into renal pyramids drained by minor calyces that join to form major calyces and eventually the renal pelvis. The kidneys receive nerve supply from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The liver is the largest gland in the body, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has two surfaces - the diaphragmatic surface fits beneath the diaphragm, while the irregular visceral surface contacts other abdominal organs. Ligaments such as the falciform and coronary ligaments attach the liver within the abdominal cavity. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein, and has associated biliary ducts and lymph drainage. It performs many vital functions including bile production, glycogen storage, and clotting factor synthesis.
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. It has two layers - the parietal peritoneum lining the walls and the visceral peritoneum covering the organs. Folds of peritoneum include omenta connecting organs, mesenteries suspending intestines, and ligaments attaching solid organs. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sacs by the transverse mesocolon and epiploic foramen. It is further subdivided into supracolic and infracolic compartments by the transverse colon.
The stomach is a J-shaped muscular sac located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It has four regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part. The stomach is supplied by branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein. Lymph from the stomach drains to nearby lymph nodes. The vagus and splanchnic nerves provide the main innervation to the stomach.
The kidneys are a pair of excretory organs located retroperitoneally on either side of the vertebral column. They remove waste and regulate water and electrolyte balance. Each kidney contains an inner medulla and outer cortex. The kidneys receive blood supply from the renal arteries and drain into the renal veins. They are important for regulating blood pressure and red blood cell production. Kidney diseases can cause hypertension, renal failure and require dialysis in severe cases.
This document provides an overview of the abdomen and pelvis. It begins by defining the abdomen and describing its anterior and posterior walls. It then discusses the contents of the abdomen, including the digestive system (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine), hepato-biliary apparatus (liver, gallbladder, bile ducts), and peritoneum. For each organ, it provides details on location, structure, arterial supply, venous drainage and lymph drainage. The small intestine is subdivided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum with specifics for each section.
This document provides details on the anatomy and histology of the kidneys. It discusses the location, structure, blood supply and drainage of the kidneys. Some key points include:
- The kidneys are located retroperitoneally on either side of the vertebral column.
- Internally, they contain an outer cortex and inner medulla, separated by renal columns and arches.
- They are supplied by renal arteries which branch numerous times to form the renal microvasculature. Renal veins drain into the vena cava.
- Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney, each containing a renal corpuscle for filtration and tubules for reabsorption and secretion to form urine
This document summarizes the development of the gastrointestinal tract in a human embryo. It describes how the foregut, midgut, and hindgut develop from the endoderm and form different parts of the GI tract. It also explains the rotation of the midgut loop during development and how this establishes the positions of structures like the cecum, appendix, and ascending colon. Finally, it briefly mentions some potential anomalies that can occur during gastrointestinal development.
The ruminant stomach consists of four compartments: the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The rumen is the largest compartment and has contractions that move food and send it back to the mouth. It contains microbes that aid in breaking down food particles via fermentation. The reticulum forms a honeycomb structure that traps large food particles. The omasum has many parallel folds, and the abomasum is glandular like a simple stomach. A gastric groove connects the compartments and allows milk to bypass the rumen in young ruminants.
The document describes the development of the gastrointestinal tract in a human embryo estimated at 20-21 days old. It discusses how the foregut, midgut, and hindgut develop from the endoderm and form different parts of the digestive system. It also describes how the gut rotates and becomes fixed during development.
The abdomen contains the major digestive organs including the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. These organs are held loosely in place by connecting tissues that allow movement. The abdomen also houses the kidneys and spleen. Important blood vessels such as the aorta and vena cava pass through the abdomen. The front of the abdomen is protected by fascia and muscles, while the back is protected by back muscles and the spine. On the right side are located the liver, right kidney, gallbladder and parts of the intestines while the left side contains the heart, left lung, pancreas, spleen and left kidney. The ureters begin at the kidneys and travel down inside the abdominal
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and radiographic examinations of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It describes the layers, parts, and functions of the digestive organs, as well as clinical indications and procedures for upper GI series and barium swallow exams. The objectives are to discuss contrast media, imaging techniques, anatomy, procedures, and pathology related to evaluating the digestive system radiographically.
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The document describes the major components and systems of a computed tomography (CT) scanner. It discusses three main systems: the imaging system, computer system, and image display/recording/storage system. The imaging system includes components like the x-ray tube, generator, collimator, filter, and detector that work together to produce x-rays and detect the attenuated radiation passing through the patient. The computer system receives the digital data and performs image reconstruction. The display system shows the reconstructed images and allows storage and recording. Key components discussed in more detail include the gantry assembly, detectors, and computer processing architecture.
This document provides positioning and centering instructions for performing conventional radiography on various parts of the upper limb, including the hand, fingers, wrist, forearm, elbow, humerus, shoulder, and clavicle. The positioning instructions describe how the patient and body part should be oriented relative to the x-ray source and detector. The centering instructions specify where the central x-ray beam should be directed for each view. In total, positioning and centering details are given for over 30 standard radiographic views of the upper limb.
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2. General Anatomy:
The largest cavity of the body,
Bounded
Anteriorly - by abdominal wall muscles
Posteriorly - by the vertebral column and posterior wall
muscles
Laterally - by lower ribs and parts of muscles of abdominal
wall
Superiorly - by the diaphragm
Inferiorly - by pelvic cavity
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
3. Abdominal walls:
Bony support of the abdomen is minimal, consisting only of lumbar
vertebrae and portions of the pelvis (the ilium and the pubis).
Muscles: Five pairs of muscles form anterior wall:
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Three pairs form the posterior wall:
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas major
Iliacus
Linea alba: A very strong midline tendinous cord, extends from xiphoid
process to symphysis pubis. Divides the anterior abdominal wall
longitudinally into two identical halves.
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 3
5. Planes and regions:
Divided either into four quadrants or nine regions
Divided into four quadrants by a transverse and a mid sagittal
plane that intersect at the umbilicus.
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ),
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ),
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), and
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 5
6. Divided into nine regions by two transverse and two vertical
planes
The upper transverse plane - The Transpyloric Plane,
Lies midway between suprasternal notch and symphysis pubis,
approximately midway between the upper border of
xiphisternum and umbilicus.
Posteriorly, passes through the body of the first lumbar
vertebra;
Anteriorly, passes through the tips of the right and left ninth
costal cartilages.
The lower transverse plane - The Transtubercular Plane,
Lies at the level of tubercles of iliac crest anteriorly, and near
the upper border of fifth lumbar vertebra posteriorly.
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 6
7. The two parasagittal (vertical) planes –
Lie at right-angles to the two transverse planes.
They run vertically, passing through a point midway between
the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis on
each side.
These planes divide the abdomen into nine regions:
centrally from above to below epigastric, umbilical and
hypogastric regions and
laterally from above to below right and left hypochondriac,
lumbar and iliac regions.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
9. Contents:
contains the greater part of the alimentary tract,
some of the accessory organs to digestion, viz. the liver,
pancreas and spleen,
some of the urinary organs i.e. the kidneys,upper part of the
ureters and the suprarenal glands.
Most of these structures, as well as the wall of the cavity are
more or less covered by an extensive and complicated serous
membrane, the peritoneum.
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 9
10. Fig: organs of anterior part of abdominal cavity
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
12. Peritoneum:
The serous membrane related to the viscera of the abdominal
cavity.
Divided into two layers:
Parietal Layer : Lines the body wall and covers the
retroperitoneal organs.
Visceral Layer : Composed of two parts :
Covering of the surface of the peritoneal organs.
Mesentery-a double layer of peritoneum that suspends
part of the GI tract from the body wall.
Peritoneal cavity : The potential space located between the
parietal and visceral layers.
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 12
13. Abdominal Viscera
Viscera are classified as:
Peritoneal organs - have a mesentery and are almost
completely
enclosed in peritoneum. These organs are mobile.
Retroperitoneal organs - are partially covered with peritoneum
and are immobile or fixed organs.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
14. In a nutshell
Major Peritoneal organs: Stomach, Liver and gallbladder,
Spleen, Beginning of duodenum, Tail of pancreas, Jejunum,
Ileum, Appendix , Transverse colon, Sigmoid colon
Major Secondary Retroperitoneal organs: Most of duodenum,
Most of pancreas, Ascending colon ,Descending colon , Upper
rectum
Major Primary Retroperitoneal Organs: Kidney , Adrenal
gland, Ureter, Aorta, Inferior venacava, Lower rectum, Anal
canal
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 14
15. Liver:
Lies mostly in the right hypochondrium, and protected by rib
cage.
Divided into two lobes of unequal size by the falciform
ligament.
Fissures for the ligamentum teres and the ligamentum
venosum, the porta hepatis, and the fossa for the gallbladder
further subdivide the right lobe into the right lobe proper, the
quadrate lobe, and the caudate lobe.
Has a central hilus, or porta hepatis, which receives venous
blood from the portal vein and arterial blood from the hepatic
artery.
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 15
16. The central hilus also transmits the common bile duct, which
collects bile produced by the liver.
These structures, known collectively as the portal triad
The hepatic veins drain the liver by collecting blood from the
liver sinusoids and returning it to the inferior vena cava.
Gallbladder :
lies in a fossa on the visceral surface of the liver to the right of
the quadrate lobe.
It stores and concentrates bile, which enters and leaves through
the cystic duct. The cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct
to form the common bile duct.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
17. Fig: Liver, turned up to show posterior surface
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
18. Pancreas
Most of the pancreas is secondarily retroperitoneal, but the
distal part of the tail of the pancreas remains peritoneal . The
tip of the tail of the pancreas reaches the hilus of the spleen.
Both pancreatic ducts open into the second portion of the
duodenum.
Spleen
a peritoneal organ in the upper left quadrant that is related to
the left 9th, 10th, and 11th ribs. Fracture of these ribs may
lacerate the spleen.
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 18
19. Stomach:
has a lesser curvature, which is connected to the porta hepatis
of the liver by the lesser omentum, and a greater curvature
from which the greater omentum is suspended.
The cardiac region receives the esophagus.
The dome-shaped upper portion of the stomach, which is
normally filled with air, is the fundus.
The main center portion of the stomach is the body.
The pyloric portion of the stomach has a thick muscular wall
and narrow lumen that leads to the duodenum.
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 19
20. 11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 20
Fig: Abd. cavity showing greater and lesser
omentum
Fig:Longitudinal section of stomach
21. Kidneys and ureters:
Kidney's Relation to the Posterior Abdominal Wall
Both kidneys are in contact with the diaphragm, psoas major,
and quadratus lumborum .
Right kidney-contacts the above structures and the 12th rib.
Left kidney-contacts the above structures and the 11th and
12th ribs
Ureter's Relation to the Posterior Abdominal Wall
The ureter lies on the anterior surface of the psoas major.
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 21
23. Kidneys:
A pair of bean-shaped organs approximately 12 cm long. They
extend from vertebral level T12 to L3 when the body is in the
erect position. The right kidney is positioned slightly lower
than the left because of the mass of the liver.
Internal structure
Within the dense, connective tissue of the renal capsule, the
kidney substance is divided into an outer cortex and an inner
medulla
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 23
24. Cortex-contains glomeruli, Bowman's capsules, and proximal
and distal convoluted tubules. It forms renal columns, which
extend between medullary pyramids.
Medulla--consists of 10 to 18 striated pyramids and contains
collecting ducts and loops of Henle. The apex of each pyramid
ends as a papilla where collecting ducts open.
Calyces-the minor calyces receive one or more papillae and
unite to form major calyces,of which there are two to three per
kidney.
Renal pelvis--the dilated upper portion of the ureter that
receives the major calyces.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
26. Ureters : are fibro-muscular tubes that connect the kidneys to
the urinary bladder in the pelvis.
Urinary Bladder:
The urinary bladder is covered superiorly by peritoneum.
The body is a hollow muscular cavity.
The neck is continuous with the urethra.
The trigone is a smooth triangular area of mucosa located
internally at the base of the bladder.
The base of the triangle is superior and bounded by the two
openings of the ureters.
The apex of the trigone points inferiorly and is the opening
for the urethra.
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 26
28. For any body habitus whether hypersthenic or asthenic,
abdominal viscera occupy a lower position:
in inspiration compared with expiration;
in the erect position compared with the recumbent position;
with age and the associated loss of muscle tone.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
30. Radiography:
Preparation:
Careful preliminary patient preparation of the intestinal and
gastric contents is important for a clear view of all the
abdominal structures.
For non-acute conditions, patient preparation is as follows:
(1) Patient placed on a low-residue diet for (2 days) prior to x-
ray examination to prevent formation of gas due to excessive
fermentation of the intestinal contents
(2) Patient should be instructed to take some laxative the night
before the examination.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
31. Exposure technique:
In examinations of the abdomen without a contrast medium, it
is necessary to obtain maximum soft tissue differentiation
throughout its different regions.
Because of the wide range in thickness of the abdomen and the
delicate differences in physical density between the contained
viscera, it is necessary to use a more critical exposure
technique than is required to demonstrate the difference in
density between an opacified organ and the structures adjacent
to it.
The exposure factors should thus be adjusted to produce a
radiograph with moderate gray tones and less black and white
contrast.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
32. A sharply demonstrated outline of the psoas muscles, lower
border of liver, kidneys ribs and spinous processes of the
lumbar vertebra are the best criteria for judging the quality of
an abdominal radiograph.
High mA and shorter exposure times must be used to freeze
voluntary and involuntary organ movements (breathing and
bowel peristalsis).
Exposure is taken on second full arrested expiration (to
displace diaphragm upward ) to give a better view of the
abdominal structures.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
33. Immobilization:
One of the prime requisite in abdominal examinations is the
prevention of movement, both voluntary and involuntary.
To prevent muscle contraction, the patient must be adjusted
in a comfortable position so that he can relax.
A compression band may be applied across the abdomen for
immobilization but not compression.
The exposure should be made 1-2 sec after suspension of
respiration to allow involuntary movement of viscera to
subside.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
34. Radiation protection:
Gonadal shields should often be used on males (upper edge of
the shield at the symphysis pubis). For females, shields are
used only where they could not obscure essential anatomical
structures (the lower border of the shield should be at the
symphysis pubis).
For potential early pregnancy, the ‘10-day Rule’ (the LMP)
must always be observed, unless permission has been given by
the medical specialist as to ‘ignore’ it, e.g., in the case of an
emergency (e.g., trauma), or in case of a female with a
removed uterus.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
35. Radiographic projections:
Basic : Antero-posterior – supine (KUB) (so named because it
includes the kidneys, ureters and bladder).
Alternative: Postero-anterior – prone
Supplementary: Antero-posterior –erect
Anteroposterior – left lateral decubitus
Lateral
Lateral- dorsal decubitus
Anterior and posterior obliques ( for
contrast studies)
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 35
36. Indications:
Bowel obstruction
Perforation
Renal pathology
Acute abdomen
Foreign body localization
Toxic megacolon
Aortic aneurysm
Control or preliminary films for contrast studies
Detection of calcification or abnormal gas collection
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 36
37. AP-supine (KUB)
Patient position:
Patient supine, with the median sagittal plane at right angles
Pelvis adjusted so that the ASIS are equidistant from the table
Cassette placed longitudinally and positioned so that the symphysis pubis is
included
Arms placed alongside the trunk or above the head.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
38. Centering of beam:
Vertical central ray directed approx. at the level of a point 1 cm below the
line joining the iliac crests.
Equipment setting: ( for screen film combination)
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
Kv mA S mAs FFD Film
size
Grid focus
65 300 0.12 36 100 cm 35 X 43
cm
Yes large
39. Picture criteria:
Whole of abdomen from upper abdomen to symphysis pubis.
Lateral abdominal wall and the properitoneal fat layer.
Psoas muscle, lower border of liver and the kidneys.
Ribs and spinous processes of the lumbar vertebra.
Whole of the urinary tract should be visualized.
Bowel gas pattern with minimal unsharpness.
11/01/12 39
ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
41. PA- prone
When kidneys are not of primary interest, PA projection should be used.
It reduces patient gonad dose compared to the AP projection
Patient position:
Patient prone, with median sagittal plane at right angles to the table
Arms up beside the head and both legs extended
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 41
43. Lateral:
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 43
Position of patient:
Patient turned onto the side of examination, with hands resting near the
head. The hips and knees are flexed for stability.
With the MSP parallel to the table, the vertebral column( abt 8 cm anterior
to the posterior skin surface) positioned over the midline of the table
Immobilization band applied across the pelvis.
Cassette centered at the level of iliac crests.
44. Centring of the beam:
Vertical central ray directed to the centre of the cassette
Equipment setting:
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 44
Kv mA S mAs FFD Film
size
Grid focus
75 300 0.12 64 100 cm 35 X 43
cm
Yes large
45. Picture criteria:
The prevertebral space along with abdominal aorta
Any other intra abdominal calcifications or tumour masses should be
clearly visible.
11/01/12 ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL 45
46. AP -erect
Patient position:
Patient stands with the back against the
vertical bucky.
Patient’s legs separated well apart to
maintain a comfortable position.
The median sagittal plane is adjusted at
right angles and coincident with the midline
of the table.
The pelvis is adjusted so that the anterior
superior iliac spines are equidistant.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
47. Centring of beam:
The horizontal central ray is directed perpendicular to midpoint at the level
of iliac crests.
Equipment setting:
11/01/12 47
ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
Kv mA S mAs FFD Film
size
Grid focus
65 300 0.12 36 100 cm 35 X 43
cm
Yes large
48. Picture criteria:
Both domes of diaphragm to ensure that any free air in the peritoneal cavity
is demonstrated.
Lateral abdominal wall and properitoneal fat
Psoas muscle, lower border of liver and kidney shadows
Vertebra in center of film.
Side identification marker placed properly.
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
50. Lateral Decubitus -AP
Lateral decubitus is done instead of abdomen erect if
patient is unable to stand or sit.
Patient position:
Patient in lateral recumbent position
Elbows and arms flexed and hand resting near head
Cassette positioned in vertical bucky against the posterior aspect of the
trunk
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
51. Centring of beam:
The central ray is directed perpendicular to midpoint at the level of iliac
crest with x-ray tube horizontally.
Equipment setting:
Note: Patient should be placed in lateral decubitus position for 5-10 mins to
allow the free air to rise
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
Kv mA S mAs FFD Film
size
Grid focus
65 300 0.12 36 100 cm 35 X 43
cm
Yes large
52. Picture criteria:
Air fluid levels when an erect abdomen cannot be obtained.
Lung area above dome of diaphragm
Lateral abdominal wall and properitoneal fat
Psoas muscle, lower border of liver and kidney shadows
No rotation
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
54. Lateral dorsal decubitus (supine):
Occasionally, the patient cannot sit or even be rolled on to the
side, in which case the patient remains supine and a lateral
projection is taken using a horizontal central ray.
Patient position:
Patient supine
Arms raised away from the abdomen and thorax.
Cassette positioned vertically against patient’s side
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ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
55. Centring of the beam:
The horizontal central ray is directed to the lateral aspect of the trunk so
that it is at right-angles to the cassette and centred to it.
Equipment setting:
11/01/12 55
ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
Kv mA S mAs FFD Film
size
Grid focus
75 300 0.12 36 100 cm 35 X 43
cm
Yes large
56. Picture criteria:
Thorax to the level of mid-sternum and as much of the abdomen as
possible.
Pre-vertebral space for determining the air fluid levels in abdomen.
Lung area above dome of diaphragm, without motion.
Patient elevated to demonstrate entire abdomen
11/01/12 56
ABDOMEN PRESENTATION BY SUDIL
57. References:
Clark’s positioning in radiography, 12th
edition
Merrill’s atlas of radiographic positions and radiologic
procedures, 12th
edition
Different other books and websites
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