Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It involves applying innovative scientific solutions to make chemical product manufacturing more environmentally friendly. The goals of green chemistry include reducing waste, hazard risk, energy usage, and costs. It promotes the use of renewable feedstocks, safer solvents and auxiliaries, catalysis, and designing chemical products to be less toxic and more degradable. The 12 principles of green chemistry provide a framework for advancing this approach, such as preventing waste, improving atom economy in chemical processes, and developing safer and more energy efficient chemical synthesis methods.
Power Point Presentation on GREEN CHEMISTRY
(info on pollution, causes and its prevention)
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Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
Power Point Presentation on GREEN CHEMISTRY
(info on pollution, causes and its prevention)
Friends if you found this helpful please click the like button. and share it :)
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
This slide show. gives the total knowledge of green chemistry and its applications in various fields. It also describes the essentiality of green chemistry and its role in decreasing pollution
what green chemistry is, which principles guide it and what are it's benefits this slide provide a brief description on economical, health and environmental benefits of green chem.
Digital Library of GLT SBM, DL of GLT SBM Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
*The concept of green chemistry was formally established at the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15 years ago in years ago in years ago in response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 .
Presentation.pptx. Green Chemistry and principal of green ChemistryHajira Mahmood
A complete and comprehensive approach towards green chemistry & its applications. it plays significance role to sustain user friendly environment by reducing waste and enhance energy efficiency & atom economy. It leads less hazardous chemicals that are easy to discard.
Green chemistry: Production of electricity from AmmoniaArosek Padhi
This slide shows a new method to produce electricity from ammonia. This technique use replenish-able methods and resources to produce electricity thus giving better outputs of energy
Green chemistry is chemistry for the environment, including the production and use of less hazardous substances. Green chemistry is a creating new methods of thinking and creating, environmentally.
Green chemistry – The Chemical Industries' Way To Go GreenTariq Tauheed
At a time when everyone seems to be concerned about the environment, how exactly would the chemical industries play their part? A sneak peek into the fundamentals of how the chemical industries can adapt, and/or restructure.
We need the earth, the
This slide show. gives the total knowledge of green chemistry and its applications in various fields. It also describes the essentiality of green chemistry and its role in decreasing pollution
what green chemistry is, which principles guide it and what are it's benefits this slide provide a brief description on economical, health and environmental benefits of green chem.
Digital Library of GLT SBM, DL of GLT SBM Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
*The concept of green chemistry was formally established at the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15 years ago in years ago in years ago in response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 .
Presentation.pptx. Green Chemistry and principal of green ChemistryHajira Mahmood
A complete and comprehensive approach towards green chemistry & its applications. it plays significance role to sustain user friendly environment by reducing waste and enhance energy efficiency & atom economy. It leads less hazardous chemicals that are easy to discard.
Green chemistry: Production of electricity from AmmoniaArosek Padhi
This slide shows a new method to produce electricity from ammonia. This technique use replenish-able methods and resources to produce electricity thus giving better outputs of energy
Green chemistry is chemistry for the environment, including the production and use of less hazardous substances. Green chemistry is a creating new methods of thinking and creating, environmentally.
Green chemistry – The Chemical Industries' Way To Go GreenTariq Tauheed
At a time when everyone seems to be concerned about the environment, how exactly would the chemical industries play their part? A sneak peek into the fundamentals of how the chemical industries can adapt, and/or restructure.
We need the earth, the
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. Green Chemistry
Paul Anastas: Father of Green Chemistry
Definition:
• Green chemistry is the design of products
and processes reducing or eliminating
hazardous substances
• Green Chemistry is a subset of Design for
Environment applying innovative scientific
solutions to product manufacturing
2
3. Green Chemistry is about….
I
3
Reducing
waste
materials
Hazard
Risk
Energy
Cost
4. Why do we need Green Chemistry
Objective Results
• Chemistry is undeniably • A famous example is the
a very prominent part of pesticide DDT.
our daily lives
. • Chemical developments
also bring new environmental
problems and harmful
unexpected side effects,
which result in the need for
‘greener’ chemical products.
.
4
5. • What it looks for . . . . .
• Green chemistry looks at pollution prevention on
the molecular scale and is an extremely important
area of Chemistry due to the importance of
Chemistry in our world today and the implications it
can show on our environment.
• The Green Chemistry program supports the
invention of more environmentally friendly
chemical processes which reduce or even eliminate
the generation of hazardous substances.
• This program works very closely with the twelve
principles of Green Chemistry.
5
6. Goals of Green Chemistry
1. To reduce adverse environmental impact, try
appropriate and innovative choice of material &
their chemical transformation.
2. To develop processes based on renewable
rather than nonrenewable raw materials.
3. To develop processes that are less prone to
obnoxious chemical release, fires & explosion.
4. To minimize by-products in chemical
transformation by redesign of reactions &
reaction sequences.
5. To develop products that are less toxic.
6
7. 6. To develop products that degrade more
rapidly in the environment than the current
products.
7. To reduce the requirements for hazardous
persistent solvents & extractants in chemical
processes.
8. To improve energy efficiency by developing
low temperature & low pressure processes using
new catalysts.
9. To develop efficient & reliable methods to
monitor the processes for better & improved
controls
7
8. Principles of Green Chemistry
In 1998, Paul Anastas (who then directed the Green
Chemistry Program at the US EPA) and John C.
Warner (then of Polaroid Corporation) published a
set of principles to guide the practice of green
chemistry.
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
1. Prevention of Waste or by-products
“It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean
up waste after it is formed”
2. Atom Economy
Atom economy (atom efficiency) describes the
conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms
of all atoms involved (desired products produced). 8
9. 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙. 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐t
×1oo
𝑀𝑜𝑙. 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡s
3. Minimization of hazardous products Wherever practicable,
synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate
substances that possess little or no toxicity to people or the
environment.
9
10. • 3. Minimization of hazardous products
minimization
Reduction at
sources
Recycling at
sources
Product
modification
Process
modification
Good
practices
Substitution
of materials
Technologies
changes
10
11. 4. Designing Safer Chemicals
Chemical products should be designed to effect
their desired function while minimising their
toxicity.
5. Safer Solvents & Auxiliaries
“The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents,
separation agents, etc.) should be made
unnecessary wherever possible, and innocuous
when used”
11
12. 6. Design for Energy Efficiency
• Energy requirements of chemical processes
should be recognised for their environmental and
economic impacts and should be minimised. If
possible, synthetic methods should be conducted
at ambient temperature and pressure.
• Developing the alternatives for energy generation
(photovoltaic, hydrogen, fuel cells, bio based
fuels, etc.) as well as
• Continue the path toward energy efficiency with
catalysis and product design at the forefront.
12
13. 7. Use of Renewable Feedstock
“A raw material or feedstock should be renewable
rather than depleting whenever technically and
economically practicable.”
8. Reduce Derivatives
• Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking
groups, protection/de-protection, and
temporary modification of physical/chemical
processes) should be minimised or avoided if
possible, because such steps require additional
reagents and can generate waste.
13
14. • More derivatives involve
• Additional Reagents
• Generate more waste products
• More Time
• Higher Cost of Products
• Hence, it requires to reduce derivatives.
9. Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are
superior to stoichiometric reagents. e.g. Toluene
can be exclusively converted into p-xylene (avoiding
o-xylene & m-xylene) by shape selective zeolite
catalyst
14
15. 10. Designing of degradable products Chemical
products should be designed so that at the end
of their function they break down into
innocuous degradation products and do not
persist in the environment.
11. New Analytical Methods
“Analytical methodologies need to be further
developed to allow for real-time, in-process
monitoring and control prior to the formation of
hazardous substances.”
15
16. 12. Safer Chemicals For Accident Prevention
“Analytical Substances and the form of a
substance used in a chemical process should be
chosen to minimize the potential for chemical
accidents, including releases, explosions, and
fires.”
16
17. The major uses of GREEN CHEMISTRY
Energy
Resource Depletion
Toxics in the Environment
Feedstock
17
19. Ethyl lactate – a renewable solvent
• Derived from processing corn
• Variety of lactate esters possible
• Renewable source (non-petrochemical)
• Attractive solvent properties
– Biodegradable,
– Easy to recycle,
– Non-corrosive,
– Non-carcinogenic
– Non-ozone depleting
– Good solvent for variety of processes
• Commonly used in the paint and coatings industry
– Potentially has many other applications.
19
20. 20
Conclusion
• Green chemistry Not a solution to all
environmental problems But the most
fundamental approach to preventing pollution.