This presentation introduces green chemistry and its 12 principles. Green chemistry is focused on designing chemical products and processes that minimize pollution and waste. Its goals are to make chemicals safer for human and environmental health. The 12 principles provide a framework for practicing green chemistry, such as preventing waste, using renewable starting materials, designing for energy efficiency, and developing inherently safer processes to prevent accidents. Overall, green chemistry aims to reduce waste, hazardous materials, risk and costs while transforming the chemical industry into a more sustainable enterprise.
what green chemistry is, which principles guide it and what are it's benefits this slide provide a brief description on economical, health and environmental benefits of green chem.
Power Point Presentation on GREEN CHEMISTRY
(info on pollution, causes and its prevention)
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This slide show. gives the total knowledge of green chemistry and its applications in various fields. It also describes the essentiality of green chemistry and its role in decreasing pollution
what green chemistry is, which principles guide it and what are it's benefits this slide provide a brief description on economical, health and environmental benefits of green chem.
Power Point Presentation on GREEN CHEMISTRY
(info on pollution, causes and its prevention)
Friends if you found this helpful please click the like button. and share it :)
This slide show. gives the total knowledge of green chemistry and its applications in various fields. It also describes the essentiality of green chemistry and its role in decreasing pollution
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
Green chemistry – The Chemical Industries' Way To Go GreenTariq Tauheed
At a time when everyone seems to be concerned about the environment, how exactly would the chemical industries play their part? A sneak peek into the fundamentals of how the chemical industries can adapt, and/or restructure.
We need the earth, the
*The concept of green chemistry was formally established at the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15 years ago in years ago in years ago in response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 .
Presentation.pptx. Green Chemistry and principal of green ChemistryHajira Mahmood
A complete and comprehensive approach towards green chemistry & its applications. it plays significance role to sustain user friendly environment by reducing waste and enhance energy efficiency & atom economy. It leads less hazardous chemicals that are easy to discard.
Digital Library of GLT SBM, DL of GLT SBM Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
Green chemistry – The Chemical Industries' Way To Go GreenTariq Tauheed
At a time when everyone seems to be concerned about the environment, how exactly would the chemical industries play their part? A sneak peek into the fundamentals of how the chemical industries can adapt, and/or restructure.
We need the earth, the
*The concept of green chemistry was formally established at the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15 years ago in years ago in years ago in response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of response to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 .
Presentation.pptx. Green Chemistry and principal of green ChemistryHajira Mahmood
A complete and comprehensive approach towards green chemistry & its applications. it plays significance role to sustain user friendly environment by reducing waste and enhance energy efficiency & atom economy. It leads less hazardous chemicals that are easy to discard.
Digital Library of GLT SBM, DL of GLT SBM Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
Background, Legislative Intent, Article 253 of Indian Constitution, International Obligations, Scope & Object of the Act, Definitions, Bodies Constituted under the Act for enforcement, Functions & Powers & Duties of Central & State Board, Powers of the State & Central, Responsibility of PERSONS,
Resettlement and Rehabilitation is explained through a real life case study. Includes all the supportive actions taken to satisfy the project affected persons. Rehabilitation strategies employed and compensations promised are also described in the presentation.
It's a power packed presentation which can be used to win prizes and rewards for benefits of nature .It deals about the use of green chemistry,what is the use of green chemistry.The green chemistry is the base of future which enables us to switch from the harmful,toxic bases such as plastic to other nature enhancement promoting substance use.
Green chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Highlights of presentation
1
• introduction
2
• Green Chemistry and Sustainability
3
• 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
4
• Conclusions
2
3. GREEN CHEMISTRY
• Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry,
is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering
focused on the designing of products and processes
that minimize the use and generation of hazardous
substances.
• Green chemistry focuses on technological
approaches to preventing pollution and reducing
consumption of non-renewable resources.
3
4. Green Chemistry and
Sustainability
Sustainability: Meeting the needs of the present
generation without compromising the needs of
future generations.
• Making chemicals safe for our health & environment,
• Using industrial processes that reduce or eliminate
hazardous chemicals, &
• Designing more efficient processes that minimize waste
4
5. 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
• In 1998, Paul Anastas (who then
directed the Green Chemistry Program
at the US EPA) and John C. Warner
published a set of principles to guide the
practice of green chemistry
5
7. 2. Atom Economy
• Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize
the incorporation of material used in the process in to
the final product.
Atom Economy =
mol. Wt. of the desire product
mol. Wt. of the all reactants
100
• Reactions with a high atom economy
tend to be more environmentally
friendly as they tend to produce less
waste.
7
8. 3. Less Hazardous Chemical
Synthesis
• The use or generation of substances
that pose hazards to humans and the
environment should be avoided.
Example: Firefighting foam that
contains hydrocarbon surfactants,
water, solvent, complex carbohydrates
and a corrosion inhibitor .
Eliminated the use of fluorinated
surfactants.
8
9. 4. Designing Safer Chemicals
• Chemical products should be as effective
as possible for their designated purpose
but with minimum toxicity.
Example: In the manufacturing process of
Polystyrene, CFC’s which contribute to
the ozone depletion replaced by CO₂
9
10. 5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
• The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents,
separation agents, etc.) should be made
unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous
when used.
( the major problem with many solvents is their volatility
that may damage environment and human health )
Example : To avoid this many
reactions are carried out in safer green
solvents like ionic liquids, Supercritical
CO₂ fluid etc. which are non-volatile.
10
11. 6. Design for Energy Efficiency
• Energy requirements should be
recognized for their environmental
and economic impacts and should be
minimized.
Example: if the final product is impure it has to
be purified by distillation or recrystallization
these steps requires energy which is
uneconomical.
11
12. 7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks
• Feedstock or raw material should be
renewable rather than depleting
wherever technically and economically
practicable.
Example: Ethene from bioethanol,
which is used to make poly(ethene) and
methane gas are considered as
renewable starting materials.
12
13. 8. Reduce Derivatives
• Unnecessary derivatization (blocking
group, protection/deprotection)
should be avoided whenever possible.
• Adopt selective and better alternative
synthetic sequences.
13
14. 9. Catalysis
• Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible)
are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
Example: Activate H₂O₂ for chlorine-free
wood pulp bleaching.
14
15. 10. Design for Degradation
• Chemical products should be designed so
that at the end of their function they do not
persist in the environment and break down
into innocuous degradation products.
Example: Bio degradable polymers
Polypropylene carbonate (PPC) is a
common example for Bio degradable
polymers
15
16. 11. Real-time Analysis for Pollution
Prevention
• successful practice of green chemistry
requires real-time, in-process monitoring
techniques coupled with process control.
16
17. Example: when coal is burnt in industrial
boilers, SO₂ (a pollutant) is formed.
If the temperature of the boilers is too
high , a large amount of SO₂ generated
can be measured all the time.
Once it reaches an unacceptable level, an
alarming signal will be generated.
Then the temperature will be lowered
immediately
17
18. 12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for
Accident Prevention
• Substances and the form of a substance
used in a chemical process should be chosen
to minimize potential for chemical
accidents, including releases, explosions,
and fires.
18
19. Example: Vegetable Oil Dielectric
Insulating Liquid
Made from vegetable oils - biodegradable and
nontoxic.
Replaces mineral oil (with law flash point).
19
21. All over the world,
governments and
industries are
working with “green”
chemists to transform
the economy into a
sustainable enterprise
Green chemistry is a
tool in achieving
Sustainability.
Green chemistry
provides solutions to
climate change.
21