This document provides an overview of a free online class on grammar for the GMAT/CAT exams. The class covers topics like articles, prepositions, conjunctions, verbs, pronoun errors, parallelism, and references. It discusses the structure of the course, which will introduce basic grammar concepts in the first class and then cover specific GMAT grammar, question levels, and applications to essay writing over subsequent classes. Common grammar mistakes are highlighted and strategies for grammar questions on exams are provided, including using process of elimination and focusing on one aspect of the sentence. Websites and books for further reference are also listed.
Learn all about punctuation.Know how punctuation marks and their usage differs in different context. Learn all about commas, periods, apostrophe, semi colon, colon and other punctuation marks. The presentation is an exhaustive guide of all punctuation rules.
This document provides guidance on common writing errors such as proper noun vs common noun usage, subject-verb agreement, noun-pronoun agreement, apostrophe usage, comma vs semicolon, prepositions, spelling out acronyms and numbers, tone, sources, plagiarism, paragraph structure, APA format, and reading instructor feedback. The document emphasizes proper grammar, style conventions, and academic integrity in college writing.
COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH is the most wanted topic to be learnt by students, staff, job seekers and public speakers. Kindly share this presentation to all of your friends.
This document discusses common grammar errors in formal writing. It begins by defining formal and informal writing, noting that formal writing is used in academic, professional, and legal contexts. It then lists 12 common grammar errors seen in formal writing, including issues with verb tense, subject-verb agreement, run-on sentences, comma splices, ambiguous modifiers, redundant words, contractions, capitalization, spelling, and colloquial language. For each error, it provides an example of correct and incorrect usage. The document emphasizes that grammar errors are a natural part of the writing process and advocates learning from mistakes.
This document provides vocabulary terms and definitions for a Civil Service Exam reviewer. It covers 10 parts:
1. Nouns - Defines nouns and their types (person, place, event, etc.).
2. Pronouns - Defines pronouns and their types (person, number, case).
3. Adjectives - Defines adjectives and their types (size, shape, color, degrees of comparison, etc.).
4. Verbs - Defines verbs and their types (tense, regular/irregular).
5. Adverbs - Defines adverbs and their types (manner, time, place, frequency).
6. Prepositions - Defines
This document discusses vocabulary development and comprehension. It defines different types of vocabulary including tier 1, 2, and 3 words. It also explains the difference between breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge. Additionally, it outlines strategies for learning new words including implicit learning through wide reading and explicit instruction using word parts, context clues, and dictionaries.
Verbal ability is of the most important aspects of Aptitude tests. These tests are conducted by many organizations as a part of recruitment & Selection process.
This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
Learn all about punctuation.Know how punctuation marks and their usage differs in different context. Learn all about commas, periods, apostrophe, semi colon, colon and other punctuation marks. The presentation is an exhaustive guide of all punctuation rules.
This document provides guidance on common writing errors such as proper noun vs common noun usage, subject-verb agreement, noun-pronoun agreement, apostrophe usage, comma vs semicolon, prepositions, spelling out acronyms and numbers, tone, sources, plagiarism, paragraph structure, APA format, and reading instructor feedback. The document emphasizes proper grammar, style conventions, and academic integrity in college writing.
COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH is the most wanted topic to be learnt by students, staff, job seekers and public speakers. Kindly share this presentation to all of your friends.
This document discusses common grammar errors in formal writing. It begins by defining formal and informal writing, noting that formal writing is used in academic, professional, and legal contexts. It then lists 12 common grammar errors seen in formal writing, including issues with verb tense, subject-verb agreement, run-on sentences, comma splices, ambiguous modifiers, redundant words, contractions, capitalization, spelling, and colloquial language. For each error, it provides an example of correct and incorrect usage. The document emphasizes that grammar errors are a natural part of the writing process and advocates learning from mistakes.
This document provides vocabulary terms and definitions for a Civil Service Exam reviewer. It covers 10 parts:
1. Nouns - Defines nouns and their types (person, place, event, etc.).
2. Pronouns - Defines pronouns and their types (person, number, case).
3. Adjectives - Defines adjectives and their types (size, shape, color, degrees of comparison, etc.).
4. Verbs - Defines verbs and their types (tense, regular/irregular).
5. Adverbs - Defines adverbs and their types (manner, time, place, frequency).
6. Prepositions - Defines
This document discusses vocabulary development and comprehension. It defines different types of vocabulary including tier 1, 2, and 3 words. It also explains the difference between breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge. Additionally, it outlines strategies for learning new words including implicit learning through wide reading and explicit instruction using word parts, context clues, and dictionaries.
Verbal ability is of the most important aspects of Aptitude tests. These tests are conducted by many organizations as a part of recruitment & Selection process.
This Power Point presentation defines syntax and describes seven syntax rules for the English Language. The Presentation also discusses four issues English Language Learners find so difficult when it comes to learning and acquiring ESL.
This document provides information about different types of connectors used in writing, including coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and logical/transition connectors. It defines each type of connector and provides examples. Coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses, while subordinating conjunctions connect ideas within sentences. Logical connectors connect ideas between sentences or larger sections of text. The document lists specific connectors for each category and discusses their usage and punctuation.
This document provides information about different types of connectors used in writing, including coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and logical/transition connectors. It defines each type of connector and provides examples. Coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses, while subordinating conjunctions connect ideas within sentences. Logical connectors connect ideas between sentences or larger sections of text. The document lists specific connectors for each category and discusses their usage and punctuation.
Arabic grammar 2: ¨ Basics on verbs ¨ illustrates the necessary details that every Arabic learner should know, and serve beside the previous slides ¨ Arabic grammar 1: Basic son nouns ¨ as a good background to move towards deep knowledge in Arabic grammar.
This document provides information about participial phrases in English grammar. It defines participles and participial phrases, and explains that a participial phrase contains a participle plus other modifying words. The document discusses the forms and uses of present and past participles, including their use in reducing adjective and adverb clauses. It provides examples of participial phrases and discusses their punctuation and positioning within sentences. The document concludes with practice exercises transforming sentences containing clauses into sentences using participial phrases.
This document provides instructions and information for several assignments and activities, including: a vocabulary assignment on context clues and dictionary use; a reading assignment on summarization; and the introduction of literature circles where students will read and discuss one of three book choices in small groups. Students are given details on completing vocabulary work, a summary writing exercise, book selections, and the process for the literature circles.
Mark had 3 2/5 meters of rope that he cut into shorter ropes of 3/5 meter each. The summary calculates that Mark was able to make 5 shorter ropes from the original rope, with no rope left over. The document provides information on defining and recognizing the 8 parts of speech, including examples of how words can play multiple grammatical roles depending on the context of the sentence. It discusses the key characteristics and functions of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
An adjective phrase is a group of words that modifies and provides more information about a noun or pronoun, consisting of an adjective and any modifiers. It functions like an adjective to describe a noun or pronoun by including adjectives, adverbs, and conjunctions. The main difference between an adjective phrase and a noun phrase is that an adjective phrase acts as an adjective by describing a noun or pronoun, while a noun phrase acts as a noun.
This document discusses spelling conventions in British and American English. It begins by defining spelling as the representation of sounds in a written language using graphemes. It then provides examples of differences in spelling between British and American English, such as words ending in "-our" versus "-or", verbs ending in "-ise" versus "-ize", and the doubling of consonants in certain verb endings in British English. It also notes that British English retains spellings from other languages like French and German more often than American English. The document concludes by stating that both spelling conventions are generally acceptable unless writing for a specific audience.
The document discusses the proportion of the world's population that is fluent in English. Specifically, it states that approximately one in four people worldwide have competency in English, which is closer to one billion people than one person in a thousand or one in a hundred. English fluency varies significantly in different regions and countries.
Vocabulary building: Sufixes and PrefixesJulio Palma
The document discusses prefixes and suffixes and how they can be used to build vocabulary. It explains that prefixes and suffixes can be added to base words to create new words and change their meanings. Some common prefixes and suffixes and their meanings are provided. Examples are given to illustrate how understanding affixes can help with comprehending new words and identifying parts of speech. The document emphasizes that learning prefixes and suffixes is helpful for vocabulary development.
This document discusses some of the morphological differences between English and Thai and difficulties that Thai learners face when learning English morphology. It notes that English is an inflectional language while Thai is isolating. Some key challenges for Thai learners include:
- Mastering English inflectional suffixes for plural nouns, possessive cases, pronouns, verb tenses.
- Understanding irregular forms and zero morphemes in English.
- Using apostrophes correctly for possessive forms.
- Comparative and superlative forms are more complex in English than Thai.
- Thai does not have inflections for number, gender, tense like English so these concepts are new for Thai learners. The document provides several
This document defines and categorizes the different parts of speech in syntax. It discusses lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs. It also examines phrasal categories including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases and prepositional phrases. Examples are provided to illustrate different parts of speech and how they are arranged to form sentences.
This document summarizes key points from an English morphology lecture, distinguishing between different types of morphemes and word formation processes. It discusses bound and free morphemes, and inflectional versus derivational morphemes. Specific examples are provided to illustrate different morphological concepts like affixation, compounding, conversion and productivity in word formation. Tree diagrams are used to visualize complex derived words.
This document provides an overview of morphology and defines what constitutes a word. It discusses several definitions of a word, including orthographic, phonological, semantic, and syntactic definitions, and the problems with each. It also describes the differences between words, morphemes, and lexical items. Key topics covered include affixation, compounding, bound vs free morphemes, inflectional vs derivational morphemes, and the formation of complex words through processes like affixation.
This document discusses the structure of words in morphology. It defines words, morphemes, and different types of morphemes. There are free and bound morphemes. Lexical morphemes convey meaning while grammatical morphemes provide grammatical information. Derivational affixes create new words while inflectional affixes create word forms. Allomorphs are variant forms of morphemes. The structure of words can be analyzed down to the morpheme level. There is no definite longest word in English because new complex words can always be created by combining morphemes.
The document discusses different types of morphemes and their roles in word structure. It defines morphemes as the minimal units of morphology. There are two main types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone and must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are further divided into derivational morphemes, which can change a word's class, and inflectional morphemes, which indicate grammatical categories like number or tense. The document also discusses roots, affixes, and combining forms as the main components that make up words.
Morphology - Adjective derived from member of other word classesNurul Khotimah
The document discusses adjective derivation. It begins by defining derivation as the formation of new words from existing words, typically through the addition of affixes. It then examines different types of adjective derivation: (1) from adjectives through prefixes, (2) from nouns using suffixes like "-ful" and "-less", and (3) from verbs using suffixes like "-able", "-ive", "-ant", and "-ent". Overall, the key to identifying derived adjectives is looking for changes in word class through the addition of affixes.
Adjectives and their Difficulties in English and Arabic A Comparative Study -...Al Baha University
This document provides an overview of a study that examines the similarities and differences between adjectives in English and Arabic. It is comprised of four sections. The first section introduces the topic and importance of the study. The second and third sections independently define and provide examples of adjectives in English and Arabic, respectively. The fourth section provides a comparative analysis of adjectives between the two languages and highlights some of the difficulties. The overall goal of the study is to enrich the field by addressing the lack of research in this area and to help both English and Arabic language students.
The document provides tips for writing concise and clear sentences. It emphasizes using active voice, varying sentence structure, and making sure pronouns are clearly linked to the nouns they refer to. Transitions between ideas and a mix of long and short sentences are also recommended to improve readability and flow. The overall message is that writing clearly and concisely helps the reader understand and engage with the content.
This presentation discusses parallel language and compilers. It covers six categories of language features for parallel programming: optimization, availability, synchronization/communication, control of parallelism, data parallelism, and process management. It also discusses three phases of compiler design for parallel code generation: flow analysis to determine dependencies, optimization to maximize hardware usage, and code generation which transforms representations and schedules instructions for parallelism. The presentation was given by Diksha R. Gupta to introduce concepts of parallel programming environments and compiler design.
This document discusses Chomsky normal form (CNF), a restricted form for context-free grammars (CFGs) where every production rule is either of the form A → BC or A → a, where A, B, C are variables and a is a terminal symbol. The key advantages of CNF include making the parse tree binary and allowing the determination of whether a string is in the language by exhaustive search. The document outlines the steps to convert any CFG to CNF, including removing epsilon productions, unit productions, and useless symbols. Placing a CFG in CNF allows calculating the depth of the longest branch in a parse tree derivation for a string.
Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist. He is considered one of the founders of modern linguistics and has written over 100 books on topics including linguistics, war, politics, and media criticism. He received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania and has taught at MIT for over 50 years. Chomsky is known for his generative grammar theory and criticism of U.S. foreign policy. He describes his political views as anarchist or libertarian socialist.
This document provides information about different types of connectors used in writing, including coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and logical/transition connectors. It defines each type of connector and provides examples. Coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses, while subordinating conjunctions connect ideas within sentences. Logical connectors connect ideas between sentences or larger sections of text. The document lists specific connectors for each category and discusses their usage and punctuation.
This document provides information about different types of connectors used in writing, including coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and logical/transition connectors. It defines each type of connector and provides examples. Coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses, while subordinating conjunctions connect ideas within sentences. Logical connectors connect ideas between sentences or larger sections of text. The document lists specific connectors for each category and discusses their usage and punctuation.
Arabic grammar 2: ¨ Basics on verbs ¨ illustrates the necessary details that every Arabic learner should know, and serve beside the previous slides ¨ Arabic grammar 1: Basic son nouns ¨ as a good background to move towards deep knowledge in Arabic grammar.
This document provides information about participial phrases in English grammar. It defines participles and participial phrases, and explains that a participial phrase contains a participle plus other modifying words. The document discusses the forms and uses of present and past participles, including their use in reducing adjective and adverb clauses. It provides examples of participial phrases and discusses their punctuation and positioning within sentences. The document concludes with practice exercises transforming sentences containing clauses into sentences using participial phrases.
This document provides instructions and information for several assignments and activities, including: a vocabulary assignment on context clues and dictionary use; a reading assignment on summarization; and the introduction of literature circles where students will read and discuss one of three book choices in small groups. Students are given details on completing vocabulary work, a summary writing exercise, book selections, and the process for the literature circles.
Mark had 3 2/5 meters of rope that he cut into shorter ropes of 3/5 meter each. The summary calculates that Mark was able to make 5 shorter ropes from the original rope, with no rope left over. The document provides information on defining and recognizing the 8 parts of speech, including examples of how words can play multiple grammatical roles depending on the context of the sentence. It discusses the key characteristics and functions of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
An adjective phrase is a group of words that modifies and provides more information about a noun or pronoun, consisting of an adjective and any modifiers. It functions like an adjective to describe a noun or pronoun by including adjectives, adverbs, and conjunctions. The main difference between an adjective phrase and a noun phrase is that an adjective phrase acts as an adjective by describing a noun or pronoun, while a noun phrase acts as a noun.
This document discusses spelling conventions in British and American English. It begins by defining spelling as the representation of sounds in a written language using graphemes. It then provides examples of differences in spelling between British and American English, such as words ending in "-our" versus "-or", verbs ending in "-ise" versus "-ize", and the doubling of consonants in certain verb endings in British English. It also notes that British English retains spellings from other languages like French and German more often than American English. The document concludes by stating that both spelling conventions are generally acceptable unless writing for a specific audience.
The document discusses the proportion of the world's population that is fluent in English. Specifically, it states that approximately one in four people worldwide have competency in English, which is closer to one billion people than one person in a thousand or one in a hundred. English fluency varies significantly in different regions and countries.
Vocabulary building: Sufixes and PrefixesJulio Palma
The document discusses prefixes and suffixes and how they can be used to build vocabulary. It explains that prefixes and suffixes can be added to base words to create new words and change their meanings. Some common prefixes and suffixes and their meanings are provided. Examples are given to illustrate how understanding affixes can help with comprehending new words and identifying parts of speech. The document emphasizes that learning prefixes and suffixes is helpful for vocabulary development.
This document discusses some of the morphological differences between English and Thai and difficulties that Thai learners face when learning English morphology. It notes that English is an inflectional language while Thai is isolating. Some key challenges for Thai learners include:
- Mastering English inflectional suffixes for plural nouns, possessive cases, pronouns, verb tenses.
- Understanding irregular forms and zero morphemes in English.
- Using apostrophes correctly for possessive forms.
- Comparative and superlative forms are more complex in English than Thai.
- Thai does not have inflections for number, gender, tense like English so these concepts are new for Thai learners. The document provides several
This document defines and categorizes the different parts of speech in syntax. It discusses lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs. It also examines phrasal categories including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases and prepositional phrases. Examples are provided to illustrate different parts of speech and how they are arranged to form sentences.
This document summarizes key points from an English morphology lecture, distinguishing between different types of morphemes and word formation processes. It discusses bound and free morphemes, and inflectional versus derivational morphemes. Specific examples are provided to illustrate different morphological concepts like affixation, compounding, conversion and productivity in word formation. Tree diagrams are used to visualize complex derived words.
This document provides an overview of morphology and defines what constitutes a word. It discusses several definitions of a word, including orthographic, phonological, semantic, and syntactic definitions, and the problems with each. It also describes the differences between words, morphemes, and lexical items. Key topics covered include affixation, compounding, bound vs free morphemes, inflectional vs derivational morphemes, and the formation of complex words through processes like affixation.
This document discusses the structure of words in morphology. It defines words, morphemes, and different types of morphemes. There are free and bound morphemes. Lexical morphemes convey meaning while grammatical morphemes provide grammatical information. Derivational affixes create new words while inflectional affixes create word forms. Allomorphs are variant forms of morphemes. The structure of words can be analyzed down to the morpheme level. There is no definite longest word in English because new complex words can always be created by combining morphemes.
The document discusses different types of morphemes and their roles in word structure. It defines morphemes as the minimal units of morphology. There are two main types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone and must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are further divided into derivational morphemes, which can change a word's class, and inflectional morphemes, which indicate grammatical categories like number or tense. The document also discusses roots, affixes, and combining forms as the main components that make up words.
Morphology - Adjective derived from member of other word classesNurul Khotimah
The document discusses adjective derivation. It begins by defining derivation as the formation of new words from existing words, typically through the addition of affixes. It then examines different types of adjective derivation: (1) from adjectives through prefixes, (2) from nouns using suffixes like "-ful" and "-less", and (3) from verbs using suffixes like "-able", "-ive", "-ant", and "-ent". Overall, the key to identifying derived adjectives is looking for changes in word class through the addition of affixes.
Adjectives and their Difficulties in English and Arabic A Comparative Study -...Al Baha University
This document provides an overview of a study that examines the similarities and differences between adjectives in English and Arabic. It is comprised of four sections. The first section introduces the topic and importance of the study. The second and third sections independently define and provide examples of adjectives in English and Arabic, respectively. The fourth section provides a comparative analysis of adjectives between the two languages and highlights some of the difficulties. The overall goal of the study is to enrich the field by addressing the lack of research in this area and to help both English and Arabic language students.
The document provides tips for writing concise and clear sentences. It emphasizes using active voice, varying sentence structure, and making sure pronouns are clearly linked to the nouns they refer to. Transitions between ideas and a mix of long and short sentences are also recommended to improve readability and flow. The overall message is that writing clearly and concisely helps the reader understand and engage with the content.
This presentation discusses parallel language and compilers. It covers six categories of language features for parallel programming: optimization, availability, synchronization/communication, control of parallelism, data parallelism, and process management. It also discusses three phases of compiler design for parallel code generation: flow analysis to determine dependencies, optimization to maximize hardware usage, and code generation which transforms representations and schedules instructions for parallelism. The presentation was given by Diksha R. Gupta to introduce concepts of parallel programming environments and compiler design.
This document discusses Chomsky normal form (CNF), a restricted form for context-free grammars (CFGs) where every production rule is either of the form A → BC or A → a, where A, B, C are variables and a is a terminal symbol. The key advantages of CNF include making the parse tree binary and allowing the determination of whether a string is in the language by exhaustive search. The document outlines the steps to convert any CFG to CNF, including removing epsilon productions, unit productions, and useless symbols. Placing a CFG in CNF allows calculating the depth of the longest branch in a parse tree derivation for a string.
Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist. He is considered one of the founders of modern linguistics and has written over 100 books on topics including linguistics, war, politics, and media criticism. He received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania and has taught at MIT for over 50 years. Chomsky is known for his generative grammar theory and criticism of U.S. foreign policy. He describes his political views as anarchist or libertarian socialist.
Noam Chomsky is an American linguist and philosopher known for his theory of transformational grammar. He believes that knowledge is not learned through experience or senses alone, but that humans possess a prior, innate knowledge. Specifically, Chomsky argues that children have an inherent, internal understanding of language and grammar structures, rather than learning the surface aspects of language alone through external experiences. He is a rationalist who uses reason and intuition rather than empirical evidence to develop his linguistic theories.
The document discusses the different perspectives on what constitutes grammar. It describes prescriptive grammars which define rules of correctness, and descriptive grammars which aim to describe how language is used. Applied linguistics focuses on pedagogical grammars for language learners. Theoretical models of grammar, like Chomsky's generative grammar and Hymes' functional model, influence applied linguistics. Descriptive grammars aim to describe language as used but must consider both spoken and written forms. The relationship between grammar and vocabulary is interdependent, and language consists of prefabricated chunks where the boundary is blurred. Views of grammar have changed over the years to recognize its complex and multidimensional nature in teaching.
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are components of generative grammar. Complement phrases and recursion allow sentences to be embedded within other sentences.
Grammar can be defined as the systematic study and description of language. It involves the study of syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics and pragmatics. Noam Chomsky was one of the most influential linguists of the 20th century who was interested in grammaticality and how humans use a finite set of structures and rules to produce an infinite number of grammatically correct sentences. According to Chomsky, humans are born with an innate language acquisition device and universal grammar that helps children learn the rules of their native language.
El documento resume la teoría innatista de Noam Chomsky sobre la adquisición del lenguaje. Chomsky propuso que ciertas reglas gramaticales son demasiado complejas para ser aprendidas, por lo que concluyó que las habilidades lingüísticas son innatas. Explicó esto a través del "Dispositivo para la adquisición del lenguaje", que propone que el cerebro ya contiene las reglas del lenguaje grabadas y puede descifrarlas al escuchar.
The document provides information on various grammar topics including parts of speech, modifiers, tenses, and clauses. It discusses proper use of nouns as modifiers, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, verb tenses, mood, attributes, and relative clauses to improve clarity and effectiveness in writing. Key points include identifying different parts of speech, placing modifiers close to the words they modify, using consistent verb tense and form, and including relative clauses to provide more details in sentences.
Can't figure out how to learn English Grammar? Don't worry, MTS got you covered. This article is a complete guide to learning English Grammar effectively.
This presentation provides an overview of basic grammar concepts including parts of speech. It defines grammar as a system of language and means of communication. It then defines and provides examples of different parts of speech including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it explains what it is, provides examples, and discusses related concepts like verb tenses, degrees of adjectives, and types of conjunctions. The presentation emphasizes the importance of using proper grammar in business communications for maintaining credibility and a professional reputation.
This presentation provides an overview of basic grammar concepts including parts of speech. It defines grammar as a system of language and means of communication. It then defines and provides examples of different parts of speech including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. For each part of speech, it explains what it is, provides examples, and discusses related concepts like verb tenses, degrees of adjectives, and types of conjunctions. The presentation emphasizes the importance of proper grammar in business communications for maintaining credibility and a good reputation.
Grockit road to mba - mba intelligence juneCrystal Morgan
The document provides an overview of strategies for improving performance on the GMAT Sentence Correction section, including understanding the format, what is tested (grammar rules like idioms, subject-verb agreement, pronouns, parallelism, and modifiers), and how to practice applying the concepts. It also provides a sample practice question and explains the step-by-step approach to arrive at the correct answer.
This document provides guidance on techniques for the Reading section of the IELTS exam. It summarizes the structure and content of the different parts of the Reading section, including multiple choice questions, matching headings, sentence completion, and paragraph ordering. It also provides tips for each question type, such as skimming the text before answering questions and using linguistic clues to help match sentences to gaps. The document emphasizes reading questions carefully, making notes, eliminating incorrect answer options, and guessing rather than leaving questions unanswered.
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II WRITING GUIDE (REVISED JANUAR.docxShiraPrater50
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II | WRITING GUIDE | (REVISED JANUARY 2017)
1
english composition ii
Writing Guide
Table of Contents
(Note: this document contains hyperlinks to make it easier for you to navigate.)
PART ONE Purpose of this Guide, Writing Elements, APA Style for Academic Writing
PART TWO Finding Sources, Evaluating Electronic Sources, Plagiarism
PART THREE Analyzing and Summarizing Sources; Citing Sources
PART FOUR Argument, Counter-argument, and Rhetoric
PART FIVE Revision, Writing on Impact, Other Resources, References, Glossary of Terms
2
Go To: Part One Go To: Part Two Go To: Part Three Go To: Part Four Go To: Part Five
PART ONE
Writing Elements: Grammar and Usage
Parts of Speech
Verbs, Verbals and Verb Tenses
Subject-Verb Agreement
Pronoun-Noun (Antecedent) Agreement
Point of View: First, Second, or Third Person
Sentence Fragments and Run On Sentences
Commas and Semicolons
Commonly Misused Words
Sexist Language
Abbreviations
Numbers
Clichés and Slang/Jargon
Transitions
Introduction to Academic Writing
Academic Tone
APA Style Sample Paper
APA Checklist
3
Go To: Part One Go To: Part Two Go To: Part Three Go To: Part Four Go To: Part Five
Purpose of this Guide
This Guide will help you format your academic papers in a style consistent with professional
standards set forth by the American Psychological Association (APA). The APA style guide is not
used exclusively by psychologists; it has become one of the most widely used style guides for
academic writing. As a professional organization, the APA first published the style guide in 1929 so
that the presentation of research in the social sciences would be consistent across publications. In
other words, if researchers follow the same format for presenting their research, then readers
would be better able to understand the how the research was conducted and what the findings
mean.
This Guide provides an overview of important elements of APA style. You will find here the
guidelines for formatting your paper (setting up headers, margins, font type and size, and indents),
documenting the sources you used to write your paper (attributive tags, in-text citation and
References page), formatting citations (how to list the authors, using punctuation, capitalization of
words in a title, italicizing names of publications), and style of writing (avoiding bias, writing in past
or present tense, adopting an academic voice or tone).
We use the APA style guide for the following reasons:
1. APA standardizes the way documents appear. For most assignments, teachers evaluate ideas,
not your skills in document design. We use APA to be fair.
2. APA defines the way we should give credit to our sources. We use APA to be transparent.
3. APA helps the organization of the material in a document. If we all present our information in
the same way, our readers can engage with our ideas more quickly and more completely. ...
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II WRITING GUIDE (REVISED JANUAR.docxadkinspaige22
ENGLISH COMPOSITION II | WRITING GUIDE | (REVISED JANUARY 2017)
1
english composition ii
Writing Guide
Table of Contents
(Note: this document contains hyperlinks to make it easier for you to navigate.)
PART ONE Purpose of this Guide, Writing Elements, APA Style for Academic Writing
PART TWO Finding Sources, Evaluating Electronic Sources, Plagiarism
PART THREE Analyzing and Summarizing Sources; Citing Sources
PART FOUR Argument, Counter-argument, and Rhetoric
PART FIVE Revision, Writing on Impact, Other Resources, References, Glossary of Terms
2
Go To: Part One Go To: Part Two Go To: Part Three Go To: Part Four Go To: Part Five
PART ONE
Writing Elements: Grammar and Usage
Parts of Speech
Verbs, Verbals and Verb Tenses
Subject-Verb Agreement
Pronoun-Noun (Antecedent) Agreement
Point of View: First, Second, or Third Person
Sentence Fragments and Run On Sentences
Commas and Semicolons
Commonly Misused Words
Sexist Language
Abbreviations
Numbers
Clichés and Slang/Jargon
Transitions
Introduction to Academic Writing
Academic Tone
APA Style Sample Paper
APA Checklist
3
Go To: Part One Go To: Part Two Go To: Part Three Go To: Part Four Go To: Part Five
Purpose of this Guide
This Guide will help you format your academic papers in a style consistent with professional
standards set forth by the American Psychological Association (APA). The APA style guide is not
used exclusively by psychologists; it has become one of the most widely used style guides for
academic writing. As a professional organization, the APA first published the style guide in 1929 so
that the presentation of research in the social sciences would be consistent across publications. In
other words, if researchers follow the same format for presenting their research, then readers
would be better able to understand the how the research was conducted and what the findings
mean.
This Guide provides an overview of important elements of APA style. You will find here the
guidelines for formatting your paper (setting up headers, margins, font type and size, and indents),
documenting the sources you used to write your paper (attributive tags, in-text citation and
References page), formatting citations (how to list the authors, using punctuation, capitalization of
words in a title, italicizing names of publications), and style of writing (avoiding bias, writing in past
or present tense, adopting an academic voice or tone).
We use the APA style guide for the following reasons:
1. APA standardizes the way documents appear. For most assignments, teachers evaluate ideas,
not your skills in document design. We use APA to be fair.
2. APA defines the way we should give credit to our sources. We use APA to be transparent.
3. APA helps the organization of the material in a document. If we all present our information in
the same way, our readers can engage with our ideas more quickly and more completely. .
This presentation provides English language grammar tips to the students enrolled in the English for Academic Purposes course EAP1001 during teaching week . This feedback is based on observations during teaching week 1.
The document discusses topics related to spelling, including:
- The meaning and purpose of spelling words
- How words are built from bases and affixes using morphology and etymology
- The pronunciation of words through phonology
- Activities like word sorts, word webs and matrixes to teach spelling patterns
The document discusses different types of sentence fragments, including dependent-word fragments which begin with words like "because" or "while"; "-ing" and "to" fragments which begin with a word ending in "-ing" or the word "to"; and missing-subject fragments which lack a subject. It provides examples of each type of fragment and explains how to correct fragments by attaching them to another sentence, adding a subject or verb, or rewriting the sentence. Common fragments are underlined in examples for practice identifying and correcting different sentence fragment issues.
The document discusses different types of sentence fragments, including dependent-word fragments that begin with words like "because" or "while", "-ing" and "to" fragments, added-detail fragments introduced by words like "for example", and missing-subject fragments. It provides examples of each type and explains how to correct fragments by attaching them to another sentence, adding a subject or verb, or rewriting the sentence structure. Fragments occur when a group of words does not express a complete thought and lacks elements like a subject and verb.
This document provides a crash course on grammar for journalists. It begins with an introduction explaining the focus on common grammar issues. It then discusses three writing tips: varying sentence length, using pronouns, and writing in active voice. The bulk of the document identifies the 20 most common grammatical mistakes journalists make and provides examples and explanations for each.
English for Academic Purposes Teaching Week 2The Free School
Speaking - pronunciation and contexts.
Free English for Academic Purposes certificate course.
http://www.thefreeschool.education/free-diploma.html
http://chat.thefreeschool.education/forum86.html
This is the first part of a 5-Day Handbook on the Basics of Sentence Correction that will help you brush-up your basic grammar, especially that required to ace the SC section on the GMAT.
This is a required pre-read for our Sentence Correction course at CrackVerbal.
This document provides guidance on editing text for clarity, conciseness, and correctness. It discusses checking text for wordiness, agreement between subjects and verbs/nouns and pronouns, parallel structure, misplaced/dangling modifiers, spelling errors, informal language, and proper punctuation including commas, semicolons, colons and apostrophes. The overall goal of editing is to polish the writing and remove unnecessary words to make the intended meaning clear for the reader.
This document covers common grammar errors and provides examples and explanations for how to correct them. It discusses six major grammar errors: lack of parallel structure, comma splices and run-on sentences, sentence fragments, subject-verb agreement issues, dangling modifiers, and incorrect word usage. For each error, the document defines the problem, provides examples, and offers techniques for fixing the issue, such as using stronger punctuation, coordinating conjunctions, or rewriting the sentence entirely. It concludes by mentioning punctuation rules and how the class assignments will be graded.
This document provides guidance on revising writing by taking breaks between writing and proofreading, reading writing aloud, getting feedback from others, learning common errors to fix, avoiding vague or lazy language, ensuring proper grammar and structure, and checking for spelling, punctuation, run-on sentences, comma splices, subject-verb agreement, parallel structure, and more. It emphasizes slowing down, reading carefully, and using specific revision strategies to improve one's writing.
This document provides guidance on revising writing by taking breaks between writing and proofreading, reading writing aloud, getting feedback from others, learning common errors to fix, avoiding vague or lazy language, ensuring subject-verb agreement, avoiding fragments and run-on sentences, and checking for parallel structure. It highlights issues to watch for such as mixed constructions, comma splices, and faulty punctuation. The goal is to catch errors and strengthen writing through revision.
Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings. The document provides examples of common homophones that appear on practice SAT exams, including fare/fair, cite/sight/site, then/than, there/their/they're, and its/it's. It emphasizes the importance of knowing the meaning and proper usage of each homophone.
Similar to Grammer: Presentation of the online free class GRE GMAT (20)
This document outlines an introduction to technical analysis course. It will cover key technical analysis topics like charting, trends, support and resistance, indicators, and pattern analysis over the course of 90 minutes. The objectives are to identify the main elements of technical analysis, distinguish different types of trends, and recognize how tools like volume, trend lines, and moving averages are used as market indicators. Throughout the course, participants will learn the core principles of technical analysis and how to analyze price, volume, and time frames to identify strength and weakness in the market.
This document provides information about quantitative finance interviews, including common question types and preparation materials. It outlines three common parts of quant interviews: Excel questions testing statistical concepts, pricing questions on fixed income instruments, and probability questions. It also lists recommended reading materials for learning stochastic calculus, derivatives pricing, and programming in C++. The document advises studying regression problems, Monte Carlo simulations, VBA and C++ code examples, and interest rate modeling in MATLAB. It provides a list of best-selling books for quantitative finance candidates to review in preparation for interviews.
The document contains 30 questions from a verbal reasoning and sentence equivalence test. Each question has multiple answer choices and the correct answers are provided at the end. The questions cover a range of topics and test takers' ability to identify relationships between words and determine the meaning of sentences.
The document contains 15 multiple choice questions assessing verbal skills. The questions cover topics like sentence equivalence, distinguishing Latin and vernacular texts, evaluating tone and style in passages, and choosing words that complete sentences accurately. Each question is followed by 6 answer options in A-F format. The correct answers given are: Cf, Ab, Ac, Be, Cd, Df, Be, Be, Bc, Ac, Ce, Bf, Af, Cd, Ce.
The document contains 23 quantitative reasoning questions with numeric answers. It tests skills such as calculating percentages, solving equations, finding averages, and interpreting maps, diagrams, and word problems. The questions cover a wide range of math topics including rates, proportions, geometry, number properties, and algebra.
This document contains 20 sentence equivalence questions from a GRE verbal reasoning practice test. Each question is a sentence with a blank and 6 answer choices. The questions cover topics such as diaries, animal welfare advertising, conclusions from scientific studies, school testing, biographies, negotiations, theatrical productions, teaching styles, reconciling empirical and theoretical concepts, maintaining composure during interviews, adherence to political ideas, effects of noise, discipline, simplifying complex ideas, teaching styles, following unconventional theories, literary interests, book prefaces, being preyed on by charlatans, and following directions. The document concludes by listing the answer choices for each question.
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions assessing math problem solving skills. The questions cover a range of topics including ratios, percentages, geometry, time, speed, and number properties. For each question, answer options ranging from A to E are provided. The correct answers to each question are listed at the end.
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions assessing math problem solving skills. The questions cover a range of topics including ratios, percentages, geometry, time, speed, and number properties. For each question, answer options ranging from A to E are provided. The correct answers to each question are listed at the end.
This document contains 19 math questions from the GRE along with their answers. The questions cover a range of topics including geometry, algebra, ratios, word problems, and more. They involve calculating lengths, areas, fractions, averages, and solving equations. The answers provided are the numerical solutions to each question.
The document contains 30 questions from a verbal reasoning test on topics like sentence equivalence, text completion, and logical reasoning. For each question, the correct answer is provided in a list at the end, with letters corresponding to answer choices. The test covers a range of vocabulary including words like ostentatious, laconic, vindicated, iconoclasm, and paradigm. Overall, the document provides answers to a verbal reasoning practice test on grammar, word meanings, and logical reasoning.
The document contains 15 multiple choice questions from the GRE verbal section on topics like sentence equivalence, European wines, famous authors, starfish anatomy, and traffic laws. It also provides the answer key at the end, identifying the correct responses for each question.
1) A typist types 45 words per minute. Increasing their speed by 20%, they can now type 54 words per minute. In an hour (60 minutes) they can type 3,240 words.
2) Given the equations 2y - x = 8 and 3x - y = 1, the value of x is solved to be 2.
3) If the sum of four consecutive integers is 410, and consecutive integers increase by 1, the least of the integers is 101.
This document contains 20 sentence equivalence questions from the GRE verbal section. Each question contains a blank and 6 possible answer choices. The questions cover a variety of topics testing vocabulary in context such as philosophical, mundane, paradoxical, extraneous, lugubrious, impasse, coalesce, whimsical, empirical, decorum, intransigent, debilitating, upbraided, over-simplify, eschewed, temerity, inclinations, vacuous, charlatans, and undermined. The document also provides the answers to each question.
This document contains 20 math problem solving questions from a GRE exam with multiple choice answers. The questions cover a range of topics including ratios, percentages, geometry, time, speed, and number properties. An answer key is provided at the end of the document with the correct answer choice for each question.
This document contains 19 math questions in the GRE format along with their answers. The questions cover a range of topics including geometry, algebra, ratios, probability, and word problems involving rates. They involve calculating lengths, areas, fractions, averages, and solving equations. The answers provided are the solutions to each of the 19 questions.
This document discusses using databases in financial engineering. It provides an overview of shifting from spreadsheets to relational databases, highlighting advantages like improved data management efficiency and the ability to capture bulk data. The document also discusses database concepts like the relational database model, entity relationship diagrams, and joins. Additionally, it covers topics in financial engineering like mortgage backed securities, asset backed securities, and valuation of these products. Quizzes are provided on database and C programming concepts as well as exam preparation.
Bloomberg Aptitude Test (BAT) Analytical Reasoning shivgan
1) Monica is at 25th place from top.
2) Total number of students is 50.
3) Then Monica must be at 26th place from bottom.
So, the total number of students = 50
The Bloomberg Aptitude Test (BAT) is a 2-hour, 100 question multiple choice exam administered by the Bloomberg Institute to assess candidates' aptitude for careers in finance. The exam tests skills in areas like news analysis, economics, math, analytical reasoning, and financial statement analysis. Candidates' scores are entered into the Bloomberg Talent Search Database, allowing employers to view and contact candidates for opportunities. The exam is taken in over 58 countries on university campuses.
Awa: Presentation of the online free class GRE GMATshivgan
This document provides tips and strategies for scoring well on the AWA (Analytical Writing Assessment) sections of the GRE, GMAT, and TOEFL exams. It discusses how the E-rater scoring system favors the use of transitional words, examples, and counterarguments. It recommends including a topic sentence in each paragraph and maintaining a length of 300-500 words. Sample essay topics are also provided covering issues like the environment, culture, education policy, and more. Key areas of focus that could improve an AWA score are grammar, punctuation, content, and demonstrating critical reasoning skills.
Words: Presentation of the online free class Awa: Presentation of the online ...shivgan
This document provides 10 techniques for effectively learning tough English words for exams like GRE and CAT. It discusses existing challenges in memorizing words and introduces the 10 techniques: 1) using a thesaurus and categorizing words, 2) learning word roots, 3) using mnemonics, 4) associating words with images, 5) learning recent news uses, 6) finding Hindi translations, 7) creating "XXX" linkages, 8) linking words to friends on Facebook, 9) creating taglines, and 10) other creative ways of learning words. Examples are provided for many of the techniques. References for vocabulary books and online resources are also included.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Grammer: Presentation of the online free class GRE GMAT
1. Free Online Class taken Live on Jan 30th 2010 Introduction to Grammar for GMAT / CAT: Strategy for success (Class 1) http://onlineclasses.nanotechbiz.org/ By: Satyadhar Joshi shivgan3@yahoo.com
2. Content of Presentation Introduction to Grammar for GMAT Structure and strategy of the course Basics of Articles, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Verbs Common mistakes Pronoun Errors Parallelism References More to read…..
3. Structure of My Course on Grammar The most comprehensive strategy to get you a top score 1/3 questions in GMAT based on grammar* Before going to GMAT grammar lets learn basic grammar and terminologies (Class 1: today). This glossary will help you to understand grammar so that we can jump to specifics in GMAT grammar Specific GMAT grammar (Class 2) Questions Basic Level (Class 3) Questions Advanced Level (Class 4) (Course targeted from Feb to March) Also Applicable for AWA Essays
4. Scaling with CAT may bring it down closer to pattern of GMAT in 2011 In order to ensure appropriate interpretation of an equated raw score, the scores must be placed on a common scale or metric. A linear transformation was used for this scaling process, which is an industry standard practice (Kolen & Brennan, 2004) The IIM scaling model is as follows: Section Scores = (Mean of 40 and Standard deviation of 24) 0-150 Total Exam Score = (Summation of three section scores) 0-450 http://www.catiim.in/dev_scorind_equityprocess.html www.catiim.in/pdf/cat_scores_methodology.pdf
5. Introduction Areas of class includes: Articles, Preposition, Common mistakes and important rules. Today my aim is to introduce you good enough so that you can take this area on yourself Also I will be talking about the toughest questions, RCs, critical reasoning and fill in the Blanks of Big-book in future Our focus here is on sentence correction Book Reviews: GMAT Verbal Princeton, Manhatten, and Winners guide References are very useful to understand this presentation
6. Grammar areas in GMAT / CAT Pronoun Errors Misplaced modifiers Parallel Construction Tense Subject Verb Agreement Idiom Applies & Oranges Quantity Words’ Comparison *Application in sentence correction Page 200-210 of Book: Cracking the GMAT CAT, Princeton Review
7. Strategy for Grammar Questions Train yourself with all the skills you need to understand the fundamentals of grammar Never rewrite question in your brain and look for the options matching in the choices Take the hints from the answers and remove the wrong sentences Use power of elimination to remove the choices very carefully When reduced into two choices don’t leave the question at that point, get it done to a 100% (the destination is nearby so don’t give up) Page 9-13, Book:Verbal workout for GMAT Princeton
8. Restate: Five imp points for Sentence Correction Don’t rewrite sentence in mind and look for match, but use power of elimination Learn Grammar to catch grammatical errors Get rid of choices with same error ( keep looking and fine-tuning and improving your scope) USE POE (process of elimination) If you are down to two choices , find flaw in wrong one Page 17-19, Book: Verbal workout for GMAT by Princeton
9. Common Mistakes Apostrophe: Omitted when the word becomes a proper noun. Ex. Technical teachers convention. Avoid adding apostrophe to any kind of noun. Ex. Society’s well being vs. well being of society Countable and uncountable A collective noun Conjunction & Verb
10. Removing the Middleman Remove the unwanted information and cut down sentence is shorter for effective scrutiny of the errors Sometimes picking only one aspect is a good strategy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyb7zUmaG4U Page 19-20,Book: Manhattan GMAT sentence correction Guide
11. Physics of Grammar: An attempt to develop energy for learning Grammar can be understood as Physics, where we can break the complex things into simpler laws I have been trying to build some analogy which I will discuss in the future classes in details Constrains of areas that comes under the exam domain Logic always prevails Law of conservation of momentum is like parallelism Law of optics like convergence of focus can be seen as convergence of all ideas at the subject Misplaced modifiers can be seen as free body diagram
12. Articles a/an (used before the singular noun which is countable (i.e. of which there is more than one) Ex. I live in a flat, they live in a flat, he bought a flat. Also used with complement ex. He will be a good actor. Also used when ratios are used like Rs 5 a kilo. And in exclamations Omission a/an (i) before plural if a noun ex. Plural of a dog is dogs (ii) before uncountable nouns Be careful in replacing one with a One is used with the combination of another/other Ex. Onw wanted to read, another/other wanted to watch TV A little(uncountable)/ a few (countable) & little/few The (the definite articles): It is mostly used when the objective is unique. Also used before names The is also called the definite article Book: ChandreshAgrawal, CAT PriyankaPrakshan
13. From Wiki In grammar, a preposition is a part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. For example, in the sentence "The cat sleeps on the sofa", the word "on" is a preposition, introducing the prepositional phrase "on the sofa". In English, the most used prepositions are "of", "to", "in", "for", "with" and "on". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition
15. Preposition Omission of to and for before indirect objects: Ex. I gave the book to Priya = I gave Priya the book (we omitted to); I will find a job for Priyavs I will find Priya a job (we can omit for). Position : the people with whom I was traveling (better) vs. the people I was traveling with Use and omission of to with verbs of communications. Ex. Verbs of commands needs to whereas verbs of complain don’t necessarily require to Ex. They advised him to wait vs. Ajay (to her ) complained about the food. Time and date: at, on, be, before, in At a time: at midnight; at an age. On the morning/afternoon/evening/night On time (at the time arranged), in time (not late), in good time (with comfortable margin) At the beginning (of) /end (of), in the beginning/end, at first / at last : Ex. At the beginning of the book there is often a table of contents Time: from, since, for, during. From is normally used with toor till/until. Time: to, till/until, after, afterwards. After must be followed by a noun or pronoun Travel and movement: from, to, at, in, by, on. Onto, off, out, out of. Ex We traveled from our starting home to our destination. Book: ChandreshAgrawal, CAT PriyankaPrakshan
16. More prepositions At, in; in, into ; on, onto Above, over Preposition used with adjectives and participles Verbs and preposition Adverbs and preposition
17. Apostrophe: The Most Common Mistakes Mixing up it's and its Wrong: The dog wagged it's tail. Right: The dog wagged its tail. Wrong: Each program has it's own quirks. Right: Each program has its own quirks. Pluralizing words with apostrophes Wrong: Piano's for Sale! Right: Pianos for Sale! Wrong: I design web site's. Right: I design web sites. Using improper contractions Wrong: Your going to be in trouble. Right: You're going to be in trouble. Wrong: He let's his son run wild. Right: He lets his son run wild. http://www.davis.k12.ut.us/ffjh/thompson/apostro/npractic.htm
18. Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns http://www.learn-english-online.org/Lesson37/Lesson37.htm http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noununcount.htm
19. Possessives Add an apostrophe and an s to singular nouns to indication possession. According to several current grammar texts, add the apostrophe after the letter s to indicate a plural possessive, unless the dual s sounds are pronounced. It is also standard to use the “apostrophe s” with Biblical names, probably out of tradition more than for reasons of phonology or grammar. He located the cat’stoy under the chair. The cats’toys were tattered after years of play. The Smiths’ two cats chased the Wilsons’ dog. Plural possessives can be challenging: The Williamses’s dogs chase cats. (Strunk & White style)The Williamses’ dogs chase cats. (AP Stylebook and MLA version) The first version of the last example looks odd to many readers. Strunk and White suggest the apostrophe plus s, AP Style omits the last s. We tend to pronounce the -ez sound instinctively when it helps clarify the quantity of the noun. The last s desired by Strunk and White is seldom vocalized. The second version, without the s, is more common and closer to the spoken version of the sentence. http://www.tameri.com/edit/gramerrors.html
20. Introductions to Conjunctions A conjunction is a word which merely joins together sentences, and sometimes words. Until: As long as Until expresses time before, as long as expresses period of time In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated conj or cnj) is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" should be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins. (From Wikipedia) http://gmattoughies.blogspot.com/2009/07/conjunctions.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction
21. Some Conjunction Below is a list of subordinating conjunctions used to introduce adverb clauses.TIMEafterasonceevery time (that)beforeas soon asas/so long asthe first time (that)when sincewheneverthe last time (that)while untilby the time (that)the next time (that)
22. Tense: Basic and advanced Present past and future Past prefect, present perfect and future perfect Use present to express habit or routine In adverb clause of time and condition, the present tense is used for future. Ex. If you will be going to Madras, you will meet him vs. If you go to madras, you will meet him In the same sentence, care must be taken that there is no shifting of tense Historical Present: Asoka is one of the greatest of king The Had tense: When two events of the past are related through time, the earlier of the two events is indicated by had-tense. Ex. When I went to his house, he went to his office vs. When I went to his house, he had gone to his office(correct) Page 48-50, Book: Verbal workout for GMAT by Princeton
23. Subject Verb Agreement It is the most seen subject in the GMAT The simplicity entangled with the complexity of questions in this area makes it an all time favorite. The number of arrests of drunken drivers are increasing every year: (wrong) The number (of arrests of drunken drivers) is increasing every year: (correct) Most asked question in Indian Exams
24. List of Singular Subjects Nouns The Netherlands The family The audience Politics Measles The Number The amount Pronouns: Each Everyone Everyone Nobody
25. Pronoun: An Introduction A pronoun is a word that stands for a noun, known as the antecedent of the pronoun. The key point for the use of pronouns is this: pronouns must agree with their antecedents in both number (singular or plural) and person (first, second, or third). Example:Steve has yet to receive his degree. Here, the pronoun his refers to the noun Steve. Each pronoun must agree with the noun it replaces Each pronoun must refer directly and unambiguously to the noun it replaces It, its, they their
27. Modifiers Adjective Preposition Appositives Misplaced modifier is the major questions we are going to get MISPLACED MODIFIERS As a general rule, a modifier should be placed as close as possible to what it modifies. Example: Following are some useful tips for protecting your person and property from the FBI. As written, the sentence implies that the FBI is a threat to your person and property. To correct the sentence put the modifier from the FBI next to the word it modifies, tips: Following are some useful tips from the FBI for protecting your person and property.
28. Parallelism Question type: sentences which aren’t parallel Individual parts must be parallel We cannot compares apples with oranges Page 30-32, Book: Verbal workout for GMAT by Princeton Page 77; Boook:Manhattan GMAT verbal Manual