The document provides tips for writing concise and clear sentences. It emphasizes using active voice, varying sentence structure, and making sure pronouns are clearly linked to the nouns they refer to. Transitions between ideas and a mix of long and short sentences are also recommended to improve readability and flow. The overall message is that writing clearly and concisely helps the reader understand and engage with the content.
There are eight parts of speech in
the English language: noun,
pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb,
preposition, conjunction, and
interjection. The part of speech
indicates how the word functions
in meaning as well as
grammatically within the
sentence.
There are eight parts of speech in
the English language: noun,
pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb,
preposition, conjunction, and
interjection. The part of speech
indicates how the word functions
in meaning as well as
grammatically within the
sentence.
this short yet descriptive slide will teach you everything about preci writing and mastering the skills that are required for this purpose, with example and instructions, hope you enjoy and like my effort.
COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH is the most wanted topic to be learnt by students, staff, job seekers and public speakers. Kindly share this presentation to all of your friends.
this short yet descriptive slide will teach you everything about preci writing and mastering the skills that are required for this purpose, with example and instructions, hope you enjoy and like my effort.
COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH is the most wanted topic to be learnt by students, staff, job seekers and public speakers. Kindly share this presentation to all of your friends.
1 Adapted from material by the Odegaard Writing & Resea.docxhoney725342
1
Adapted from material by the Odegaard Writing & Research Center: http://www.depts.washington.edu/owrc
Attending to Style
INTRODUCTION
Most of us know good style when we see it. We also know when a sentence feels awkward and
cumbersome. But it’s not always easy to say why a sentence–especially one that’s grammatically
correct—isn't working for us. We look at the sentence; we see that the commas are in the right
places; we find no error to speak of. So why is the sentence so awful? What's gone wrong?
When thinking about what makes a good sentence, it's important to put yourself in the place of your
reader. What does your reader hope to find in your sentences? Information, yes. Eloquence, yes.
But above all, a reader is looking for clarity. Your reader does not want to wrestle with your
sentences. She wants to read with ease. She wants to see one idea build upon the other. She wants
to see, without struggling, the emphasis of your language and the importance of your idea. Above
all, she wants to feel that you, the writer, are doing the bulk of the work, and not she, the reader.
In short, she wants to read sentences that are forceful, straightforward, and clear.
How do you manage to write these kinds of sentences? We hope to instruct you. The principles
below are drawn from Joseph Williams' Style: The Basics of Clarity and Grace. In this book, Williams
outlines ten ways to think about your sentences; if you want to improve as a writer, it’s worth
consulting the entire volume. For now, here are some of Williams’ key insights.
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE SENTENCE
PRINCIPLE ONE: FOCUS ON ACTORS AND ACTIONS
To understand what makes a good sentence, it's important to understand one principle: a sentence,
at its very basic level, is about actors and actions. Someone does something. The subject of a
sentence should point clearly to the actor—the doer—and the verb of the sentence should describe
the important action, or the something done.
This principle might seem so obvious to you that you don't think that it warrants further discussion.
But think again. Look at the following sentence, and then try to determine, in a nutshell, what is
wrong with it:
There was uncertainty in President Clinton's mind about the intention of the Russians to
disarm their nuclear weapons.
This sentence has no grammatical errors, but it’s awkward. It lumbers along without any force.
Now consider the following sentence:
President Clinton remained unconvinced that the Russians intended to disarm their nuclear
weapons.
We can point to the obvious differences, such as omitting the "there is" phrase, replacing the wimpy
"uncertainty" with the more powerful "remained unconvinced," and replacing the abstract noun
"intention" with the stronger verb "intended." But what principle governs these changes? The idea
that the actor in a sentence should serve as the sentence's subjec ...
Part 1 of a 2-day workshop to introduce style in technical communication. Presented to beginning students of technical communication on December 1, 2009 at Kyung Hee University in Suwon, South Korea.
Writing Elements A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usag.docxericbrooks84875
Writing Elements
A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usage
Timothy P. Goss and Sabrina M. Goss
1
Using this Guide
Before we get started, you should note that this guide is, in no way, a comprehensive exploration
of grammar and usage. Many guides are available that will provide a much richer and fuller
understanding of the components of language usage. Instead, this guide has been designed to
help you, in a quick and efficient way, avoid some of the more common errors people make in
their writing.
It is a good idea to review this entire guide several times until the information becomes second-
nature. Having a good grasp on the basic rules of grammar and usage will make a big difference
in how your writing will be received in your academic and professional careers. It may even help
your love life, but probably not really help you teach your dog how to say, “Fiddlesticks” (every
piece of writing has its limitations).
Enjoy this journey.
2
Table of Contents
Clarity and Style:
1. Parts of Speech 3
2. Verbs and Verbals 4
3. Commonly Misused Words 5
4. Point of View: First, Second, and Third Person 6
5. Past and Present Tenses 6
6. Clichés 7
7. Sexist Language 7
8. Slang/Jargon 8
Grammar:
1. Subject/Verb Agreement 8
2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 9
3. Sentence Fragments 9
4. Run-On Sentences 10
Punctuation:
1. Commas 11
2. Semicolons 12
Mechanics:
1. Abbreviations 12
2. Numbers 12
General Advice 13
3
Parts of Speech
All words in the English language have a particular duty to perform in a sentence or clause.
These parts work in concert with one another to create meaning. We can look at the way words
work in a sentence by either their function or by their form or definition.
By Function:
1. Verbs: These words determine the action that is being related (all sentences/clauses must
do something).
2. Nouns and Pronouns: These words serve as the thing doing the action (subject), or the
thing having the action done to it (object).
3. Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs): These words describe another word to help
distinguish or clarify the meaning being related.
4. Prepositions: These words shows how one word or phrase relates to another
5. Articles: These words are connected to nouns and determine the vagueness of specificity
of the noun.
6. Conjunctions: These words join clauses together.
7. Interjections: These words serve to express strong emotion.
By Form or Definition:
1. Verb: An action word. For example: Speak, run, fight, asked, claimed, and rocked.
2. Noun: A part of speech that stands for a person, place, thing, or idea. For example:
Truck, house, loss, ring, air, and sandwich.
3. Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. For example: I, he, she, we, i.
This article helps you identify wordiness in your sentences, paragraphs, and essays and offers strategies for writing concisely. for more info https://voiceskills.org/
In the Reading Comprehension Skills, Paraphrasing and Summarising have important roles. They bring ahead the understanding and expressiveness of the reader when he writes the Summary or Paraphrase.
Writing information in your own words is a highly acceptable way to include the ideas of other
people in your writing. There are two ways you can do this: paraphrasing and summarising. It is
very important, however, to paraphrase and summarise correctly because there is a fine balance
between acceptable and unacceptable paraphrasing and summarising (plagiarism). You need to
learn the rules so you are able:
1. To paraphrase information
2. To summarise information
(Content Courtesy- University of New England)
Blog Link: https://eklavyaparv.com/content/communication-skills/257-summarising-and-paraphrasing
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Syed Ammar Abbas
Muhammad Bilal
Maria Niaz
Sumera Rajput
3. Key #1: Put the reader first
Write to Express not Impress
Communication = understanding
Use words readers can picture
Tie in to the reader’s experience
4. Key #2: Use simple words and short
sentences
TIPS :
Avoid wordy prepositional phrases
In the amount of (for)
In order to (to)
Due to the fact that (because)
In the event that (if)
During the time that (when, while)
5. Key #3: Write with verbs and nouns
Usethe active voice
When it is okay to use passive voice
6. EXAMPLE:
The company (S) sells (V) insurance (O).
Not: Insurance is sold by the company.
The construction crew repaired the road.
Not: The road was repaired by the construction company.
Tests showed the new material did not wear well.
Not: When tests were run, it was discovered that good wear is not
exhibited by the new material.
7. Key #4: Format document to improve
readability
Use lists, bullets, charts, tables, indents, italics, bolds,
headings and subheadings
The 100-word rule
Plan, organize, write
8. Keep sentence length in mind while writing your essay and
try to incorporate variety. If your writing contains areas
where there are several short sentences, look to combine
some of them. If some of the sentences are too long, look
to shorten them by separating the independent clauses.
Doing this will make any writing better and easier to read
9. Short sentences:
The easiest way to make sentences longer is by using conjunctions, the
most common of which are coordinating conjunctions. Conjunctions can be
used to connect independent clauses, dependent clauses, and/or other
phrases together. Too many short sentences can hurt an essay. It can
make the writing seem choppy.
EXAMPLE:
Example: My grades continue to suffer. I am not studying as much as I
should. I hope to pass. I am not sure I will.
Example revised through subordination: My grades continue to suffer
because I am not studying as much as I should. Even though I hope to
pass, I am not sure that I will.
10. Long Sentences:
The easiest way to fix a passage containing too
many long sentences is to break some of the
sentences up to create multiple sentences.
11. 1. active vs. passive voice:
the subject performs the action rather than having the action
performed on them
creates energy
usually uses fewer words
watch your verbs!
Voice provides your writing with distinctiveness and a sense of flavor, which may--
or may not--give your audience a desire to continue reading your work. For
example, active voice gives your writing authority and a closer connection to
your audience, because you're talking directly to them. Passive voice also
allows you to talk to your audience, but in a bland, indirect way without
conviction. Therefore, for stronger, more authoritative voice in your writing,
you must know how to fix passive voice.
12. Active VS Passive :
The active form of the aforementioned example has a SVO (Subject Verb
Object) structure: "The man" (S), "helped" (V), "the girl" (O). All active
sentences follow this pattern, except for those that exchange the object for
an adverb or a complement. Passive sentences, on the other hand, are a
little more complicated. Since the sentence is switched around, one would
assume that a passive sentence would go Object - Verb - Subject.
However, the original object becomes the subject, so this is not possible.
Instead, a new term is used to refer to the original object ("the man"), and it
is known as an agent. Therefore, the sequence for a passive sentence
becomes as follows: "The girl" (subject), "was helped" (verb), "by the man"
(agent) -".
13. 2. Pacing :
balancing "long" and short sentences
run-on vs. choppy
a key - read the story aloud
(the verbal reading may help with informality as well)
14. 3. Transitions:
shifting to the next idea
a new paragraph?
connecting what's next with what came before
(seamlessness)
dialogue - a way of alternating quotes (from different speakers)
15. 4. Story Structures
Inverted Pyramid the norm
Subject heading links
for when a story contains more than one topic
for when the reader may want related info before continuing on
can be placed outside or inside the story
if outside, usually above (a preview)
if inside, usually within the first paragraph
16. Deadlines:
“The time by which a news report must be
submitted.”
a key - if a follow-up, a summary lead helps the reader get up to
speed(can't assume the reader read the original story)
After the story is written (and before when possible) be thinking about
audio, video, related stories etc.
17. 1. Conciseness in Sentences
a. Eliminate Redundant Words and Phrases
b. Eliminate Unnecessary Words
c. Focus on the "Real Subject"
d. Focus on the "Real" Verb
e. Avoid "All-Purpose" Nouns.
f. Use the Positive
18. 2. Fluency in Sentences
a. Combine Related Points
Often a string of short sentences is monotonous,
choppy, and most importantly, unclear. Though short sentences
can be used to emphasize a point, very often at the beginning or
the end of a paragraph, they ought to be used sparingly.
Poor: Brisk walking can be a healthy. You need good shoes. You
need some guidance about how to walk properly.
Good: Walking can be healthy, but you need good shoes and
guidance about how to walk properly.
19. b. Vary the Word Order:
A series of sentences that begin with the subject-verb pattern can be
boring. There are two recommended ways to vary the beginning of
sentences: 1) invert the normal word order and 2) place modifiers
before the subject.
Normal Word Order: Diesel engines are most difficult to start in cold
weather.
Subject verb Inversion: Most difficult to start in cold weather are diesel
engines.
Normal Word Order: Gravity roots us to the earth, firmly and insistently.
Adverb first: Firmly and insistently, gravity roots us to the earth.
20. 3. Make Sentence Clear:
a. Avoid Misplaced or Dangling Modifiers :
A misplaced modifier obscure meaning, because the
modifier is placed too far away from the words it modifies. On occasion,
misplaced modifiers can be not only puzzling, but comical.
b. Make Pronouns Clear:
Pronouns--this, that , he, she, it, his, their, they--take the
place of nouns in sentences. For clarity, it is essential that the writer identify
the noun to which the pronoun refers. If the referent is not clear, the reader
can easily misread the passage or at least, become temporarily confused.