This document provides information about participial phrases in English grammar. It defines participles and participial phrases, and explains that a participial phrase contains a participle plus other modifying words. The document discusses the forms and uses of present and past participles, including their use in reducing adjective and adverb clauses. It provides examples of participial phrases and discusses their punctuation and positioning within sentences. The document concludes with practice exercises transforming sentences containing clauses into sentences using participial phrases.

1. ESSAY WRITING
CHAPTER 14
PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
BY GROUP 5 :
1. Alfira Akhlaqul K. (1523003)
2. Anggi Febi J. (1523102)
3. Prilly Riestrianisa (1523077)
4. Putri Ika Samsulia (1523078)
5. Vita Mayasari (1523091)
6. Zulia Eviana Ade I. (1523096)
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
STKIP PGRI SIDOARJO
2017

2. CHAPTER 14
PRINCIPIAL PHRASES
A participle is an adjective formed a verb. There are two kinds of
participles: -ing participles (called present participles) and -ed participles (called
past participles).
 a sleeping baby
 a used car
 a frightening experience
 a frightened child
A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in
-ing or -ed. The term verbal indicates that a participle, like the other two kinds of
verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being.
A phrase is a group or words that express a concept and is used as a unit
within a sentence. Eight common types of phrases are: noun, verb, gerund,
infinitive, appositive, participial, prepositional, and absolute.
So, in English grammar, a participial phrase is a word group consisting
of a present participle (also known as an -ing form) or past participle (also
known as an -en form), plus any modifiers, objects, and complements. A
participial phrase commonly functions as an adjective.
Description -ing Forms -ed Forms
The general forms do not indicate
time. Time is determined by the main
clause verb.
Verb + -ing
Ex) opening
Verb + ed, en, t, d
Ex) opened
taken
bought
sold

3. The perfect forms emphasize that the
action happened before the time of
the main clause verb
Having +
past
participle
Ex) having
opened
o A participle phrase contains a participle + other words. Use participle
phrases to modify nouns and pronouns.
For examples:
 Student planning to graduate in June must make an appointment with the
registrar.
 Airport security will question anyone found with a suspicious object in
their baggage.
Reduce Adjective Clauses
o Participle phrases can be formed by reducing adjective clauses and adverbs
clauses.
o You can reduce a subject pattern adjective clause by following the ways
below:
1. Delete the relative pronoun (who, which, or that)
2. Change the verb to a participle.
3. Keep the same punctuation (comma or no comma)
4. Put the word not at the beginning of a participial phrase to make negative.
Replace the Relative Clause by a Participle Construction while keeping the
rest of the sentence unchanged. (The first sentence is given as an example.)
1. The boy who was waiting in the hall expected a phone call.
→ The boy waiting in the hall expected a phone call.

4. 2. Passengers who wanted to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester.
→ Passengers wanting to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester.
3. The girl who was picked up by her brother was very nice.
→ The girl picked up by her brother was very nice.
Position and Punctuation of Participial Phrases
Participial phrases, like adjective clauses, can be restrictive (necessary) or
nonrestrictive (unnecessary).
A nonrestrictive phrases is separated from the rest of the sentence by comma.
The position of a participial phrase in a sentence depends on whether it is
restrictive or nonrestrictive, or whether it modifies an entire clause.
1) A restrictive participial phrase can only follow the noun it modifies and
doesn’t have comma.
Ex) A woman hurrying to catch a bus tripped and fell.
2) A nonrestrictive participial phrase can go before or follow the noun it
modifies and is separated by a comma from the rest of a sentence.
Ex) David, hurrying to catch a bus, stumbled and fell.
Hurrying to catch a bus, David stumbled and fell.
NOTE: when you begin a sentence with a participial phrase, make certain that the
phrase modifies the subject of the sentence. If it does not, it is INCORRECT
Ex) Hoping for an A, my exam grade disappointed me.
(This example is incorrect because the participial phrase “hoping for an A” cannot
modify “my exam grade” A grade cannot HOPE.)
Hoping for an A, I was disappointed in my exam grade. (correct)

5. 3) Sometimes a participial phrase modifies an entire independent clause. In
this case, it follows the clause and requires a comma.
Ex) The team won the championship, shocking their opponents.
Punctuation: When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma should be
placed after the phrase.
 Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed.
 Washing and polishing the car, Frank developed sore muscles.
If the participle or participial phrase comes in the middle of a sentence, it should
be set off with commas only if the information is not essential to the meaning of
the sentence.
 Sid, watching an old movie, drifted in and out of sleep.
 The church, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt.
Note that if the participial phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no
commas should be used:
 The student earning the highest grade point average will receive a special
award.
 The guy wearing the chicken costume is my cousin.
If a participial phrase comes at the end of a sentence, a comma usually precedes
the phrase if it modifies an earlier word in the sentence but not if the phrase
directly follows the word it modifies.
 The local residents often saw Ken wandering through the streets.
(The phrase modifies Ken, not residents.)
 Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence.
(The phrase modifies Tom, not woman.)

6. Points to remember
1. A participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -
ne (past) that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun.
2. A participial phrase consists of a participle plus modifier(s), object(s),
and/or complement(s).
3. Participles and participial phrases must be placed as close to the nouns or
pronouns they modify as possible, and those nouns or pronouns must be
clearly stated.
4. A participial phrase is set off with commas when it:
o a) comes at the beginning of a sentence
o b) interrupts a sentence as a nonessential element
o c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the word it
modifies.
General Form Participles – Active Voice
Verb
Tenses
Sentence with
Adjective Clauses
Sentence with Participial
Phrase
Simple
Present
Many students who study at this
university are from foreign
countries.
Many students studying at this
university are from foreign
countries.
Present
Continuous
Students who are taking calculus
must buy a graphing calculator.
Students taking calculus must
buy a graphing calculator.
Simple Past The team members, who looked
happy after their victory, were
cheered by the fans.
The team members, looking
happy after their victory, were
cheered by the fans.
Past
Continuous
The crowed, which was cheering
wildly as the game ended, would
not leave the stadium
Cheering wildly as the game
ended, the crowd would not
leave the stadium.

7. Future Everyone who will take the
TOEFL next month must
preregister.
Everyone taking the TOEFL
next month must preregister.
General Form Participles – Passive Voice
Verb
Tense
Sentence with
Adjective Clause
Sentence with Participial
Phrase
Simple
Present
Lab reports that are not handed in
by Friday will not be accepted.
Lab reports not handed in by
Friday will not be accepted.
Simple
Past
The proposed law, which was
opposed by the majority of the
people, did not pass.
The proposed law, opposed by
the majority of the people, did
not pass.
Perfect bForm Participles
Verb
Tense
Sentence with
Adjective Clause
Sentence with
Participial Phrase
Present
Perfect
(Acvtive)
The secrets of the universe, which
have fascinated people for
centuries, are slowly being
revealed.
The secrets of the universe, having
fascinated people for centuries,
are slowly being revealed.
Past
Perfect
(Passive)
The senator, who had heard that
most people opposed the new law,
voted against it.

8. Participial Phrases from Adverbial Clauses
To reduce an adverb clause, follow these steps.
Step 1: Make sure that the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the
independent clause are the same.
Ex) While technology creates new jobs in some sectors of the economy, it takes
away jobs in others.
Step 2: Delete the subject of the adverb clause. If necessary, move it to the
subject position in the independent clause.
Ex) While technology creates new jobs in some sectors of the economy, it takes
away jobs in others.
(Note: delete “it” or replace “it” by “technology”)
Step 3: Change the adverb clause verb to the appropriate participle.
Ex) While creating new jobs in some sectors of the economy, technology takes
away jobs in others.
Step 4: Delete or retain the subordinator according to the rules (page 49-50 in the
book)

9. PRACTICE 1
1. Robotics is a complex field combining electronics, computer science and
mechanical engineering.
2. The number of students studying robotics is growing.
3. Soon , robots working in assembly plants will be able to follow voice
commands.
4. A . Robots, have the abillity to withstand extreme temperatures and
radiation levels , can perform jobs that are too dangerous for humans.
B. Have the abillity to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation
levels , robots can perform jobs that are too dengarous for humans.
5. A. Robots, do not need to eat , sleep , or taake restroom breaks , can work
nonstop.
6. B. Do not need to eat , sleep , or take restroom breaks , can work nonstop.
PRACTICE 2
1. Computer programs known as expect systems will combine textbook
knowledge and rules of experiences.
2. Computers programmed to diagnose disease accurately are important tools
for doctors.
3. The uses of artificial intelegence being suggested have created excitement
around the world.
4. Robots currently being designed will do many dangerous jobs.
5. A robot built to built to work outside spaceships functioned perfectly
during its first assignment.
PRACTICE 3
1. Women around the world who have traditionally been without political
power, are beginning to again influence in politics and government.

10.  Women around the world having traditionally been without political
power, are beginning to again influence in politics and goverment.
2. England which has been ruled by queens several times in its history,
elected a women prime minister in 1979.
 England having been ruled by queens several times in its history, elected a
women prime minister in 1979.
3. On the other hand, voters in the united states who have not experienced
strong female leaders at the national level, may never elect a women
president.
 On the other hand, voters in the united states having not experienced
strong female leaders at the national level, may never elect a women
president.
4. Both India and Pakistan, which have elected women prime ministers in the
past, are more progressive in this area than the united states.
 Both India and Pakistan, having elected women prime ministers in the
past, are more progressive in this area than the united states.
5. Indira Ghandi, who had been raised in a political family, became one of
India’s most powerfull leaders.
 Indira Ghandi, having been raised in a political family, became one of
India’s most powerful leaders.
PRACTICE 4
1. The purchase of Alaska, which was negitiated by secretary of state seward,
became a good investment.
a. The purchase of Alaska, negotiated by secretary of state seward,
became a good investment.
b. Negotiated by secretary of state seward, the purchase of Alaska
become a good investment.

11. 2. The people of the united states, who did not understand the value of the
purchase, called it "seward folly".
a. The people of the united states, did not understand the value of the
purchase, called it "seward folly".
b. Did not understand the value of the purchase, the people of united
states called it "seward folly".
3. The state which was once connected to Asia by a land bridge, is now
separated from it by only a few miles of water.
a. The state, once connected to Asia by a land bridge, is now separated
from it by onlu a few miles of water.
b. Once connected to Asia, the state is now separated from it by only a
few miles of water.
4. The ancient inhabitants of alaska, who had migrated across this land
bridge from Asia, can be considered distant cousins of modern Alaska.
a. The ancient inhabitants of Alaska, had migrated acrossthis land bridge
from Asia, can be considered distant cousins of modern Asians.
b. Had migrated across this land bridge from Asia, the ancient inhabitants
of Alaska can be considered distant cousins of modern Asia.
5. The eskimos, who have lived in Alaska for million of years, have adapted
well to their harsh environment.
a. The eskimos, have lived in Alaska for million of years, have adapted
well to their harsh environment.
b. Have lived in Alaska for million of years, the eskimos have adapted
well to their harsh environment.
6. The eskimos have to live in cold and darkness most of the year, which
causes the to develop a lively sense of humor and a hospitable attitude.
a. Causes them to develop a lively sense of humor and a hospitable
attitude, the eskimos have to live in cold and darkness most of the
year.
7. The eskimos, who had been hunters and fishermen before the arrival of the
Europeans, are experiencing a difficult time adapting to modern ways.

12. a. The eskimos, had been hunters and fishermen before the arrival of the
europeans, are experiencing a difficult time adapting to modern ways.
b. Had been hunters and fishermen before the arrival of the europeans,
the eskimos are experiencing a difficult time adapting to modern ways.
8. A problem that is being discussed by the Alaskan government concerns
the rights of Alaska's natives.
a. A problem, discussed by the Alaskan government, concerns the rights
of Alaska's natives.
b. discussed by the Alaskan government, a problem concerns the rights of
Alaska's natives.
9. Eskimos who want to preserve their traditional way of life do not care
about the modern world.
a. Eskimos, want to preserve their traditional way of life, do not care
about the modern world.
b. Want to preserve their traditional way of life, Eskimos do not care
about the modern world.
10. On the other hand, eskimos who want to improve their standart of living
hope that they can combine both worlds-old and new.
a. On the other hand, eskimos want to improve their standard of living
hope they can combine both worlds-old and new.
PRACTICE 5
A
1. - Before leaving home, i promised my parents that i would return.
- I promised my parents that i would return before leaving home.
2. - Since i have thought about it often, i made that promise years ago.
- I made that ptomise four years ago since i have thought about it often.
3. - I am responsible for taking care of my parents, i am the eldest son.
- I am the eldest son since i am responsible for taking care of my parents

13. 4. They grow older, they will need my assistance.
5. After receiving my b.a., i went to graduate graduate school for two years.
6. While study at university of chicago, i am enjoy living in a big city.
7. When thinking about my future, i always remember my promise
B
1. Since coming to indonesia two years ago, doni hasn't been back home
2. While preparing for the toefl, she lived with an united kingdom's family.
3. Before teacher choose a student, he or she consider them.