The document provides an overview of verbs in English grammar, including their forms in different tenses (present, past, and participle). It discusses the distinction between regular and irregular verbs, linking verbs, phrasal verbs, and auxiliary verbs. Additionally, it offers references and recommended readings for further study on English grammar.

1. GRAMMAR: VERB
Most verbs are action words. They tell what people, animals or things are doing.
VERB OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
The base form/infinitive form: play, kick, study
The -s form or third person singular: plays, kick, studies
VERB OF PRESENT PARTICIPLE
---- The –ing form: playing, kicking, studying.
VERB OF PAST TENSE
---- It shows action or condition in the past: played, kicked, studied.
VERB OF PAST PARTICIPLE
---- It is used to form the perfect tense: played, kicked, studies.
Base form /
infinitive form
3rd
Person
Singular
Present
Participle
Past
Past
participle
Play plays Playing Played Played
Kick Kick Kicking Kicked Kicked
Study Studies Studying Studied Studied
IRREGULAR VERBS
Verbs change in form; it is divided into two groups.
One group of verbs uses a predictable pattern in changing form, such as in the
table above (play – played – played) and regular verbs. The second group does not
follow a regular pattern. Verb forms in this group change for no apparent reason;
it is called an irregular verb.
Base form
3rd
Person
Singular
Present
Participle
Past
Past
participle
Go Goes Going Went Gone
Eat Eats Eating Ate Eaten
Sit Sits Sitting Sat Sat

2. LINKING VERB
Other verbs do not indicate actions. These are most commonly called linking
verbs. It helps the main verb to make a statement, ask a question, or give a
command
1. Verbs to be
The words am, is, are are also verbs, but they are not action words. They are
the simple present tense of the verb be. Meanwhile, was and were are also forms
of the verb be. Was is the simple past tense of am and is.
2. Verbs of the sense
They describe states: conditions or situations that exist. When verbs have stative
meanings, they are usually not used in progressive tenses.
Mental State: know, believe, realize, feel, understand, suppose, recognize, think,
imagine, want
Emotional State: Love, like, appreciate, please, prefer, hate, dislike, fear, envy,
mind, care, astonish, amaze
Possession: possess, have, own, belong
Sense Perceptions: taste, hear, see, smell, feel
Other Existing States: seem, cost, be, consist of, look, owe, exist, contain, appear,
weigh, matter include, sound, equal, resemble, look like
PHRASAL VERB
While most verbs are single words, some are phrasal: they contain two words. In
phrasal verbs, the first word is a verb, and the second word is called a particle.
---- add up, call up, clean up, cut up, fill up, get up, and give up.
AUXILIARY VERB
It helps the main verb to make a statement, ask a question, or give a command. It
is divided into four areas: to do, to have, and modals.

3. TODO TO BE TO HAVE MODALS
Do Am Has Can
Does Is Have Could
Did Are Had Must
Was Have to
Were Would
Will
Ought
Should
Might
May
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING
 Altenberg, E. P., & Vago, R. M. (2010). English grammar: Understanding
the Basics. Cambridge University Press.
 Azar, B. S. (1996). Basic English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
Regents.
 Azar, B. S. (2003). Fundamentals of English Grammar: Chartbook: a
Reference Grammar. White Plains, NY: Longman.
 Azar, B. S., & Hagen, S. A. (2009). Understanding and using English
grammar: Workbook. White Plains, N.Y.: Pearson Longman.
 Ansell, M. (2000). Free English Grammar Second Edition.
 Barduhn, S., & Hall, D. (2016). English for Everyone–English Grammar
Guide. New York: DK Publishing.
 Herring, P. (2016). Complete English Grammar Rules. California:
Createspace Independent Publishing Platform.
 Murphy, R., Smalzer, W. R., & Nguyễn, T. T. (2000). Grammar in Use:
Intermediate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Murphy, R., & Čhakramāt, S. (2002). Essential grammar in use (Vol. 20010).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.