1. Grammar
“We study grammar to reach the sentence’s structure”
Sentence structure:
Subject +verb+ object
Ex: We learn English as a second language
We: subject
Learn: verb
English: Object
As a second language: complement
Parts of speech: 9 parts
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Article
9. Interjection

2. 1- Sentence: Give a complete meaning and has subject, verb and object
2- Clause: Long sentence, which consists of more than one sentence, they are
joined with conjunction, but each one alone has no meaning
Ex: I was tired so I slept early
3- Phrase: group of words which has no verb and no meaning
Ex: during the first day in my new job
Noun:
Proper nouns:
1- Names of countries, nations, capitals
2- Names of oceans, rivers, and seas
3- Names of People
Ex: Ali, Huda, Egypt, London, the Pacific Ocean, Asia, the River Nile
Common noun:
Ex: Man, Noun, Country, Capital, Ocean, continent, river
Collective nouns:
EX: Team, Union, Group, Committee, Syndicate, Flock, Swarm
Abstract noun:
Ex: Wisdom, Courage, Envy, Cowardice, Justice, Jealousy, Love, Hatred

3. Pronouns
1- Subject pronoun: Before the verb and it indicate who is the subject of the
verb
1st Person Singular: I
1ST Person Plural: We
2nd Person Singular: You
2nd Person Plural: You
3rd Person Singular: He, she, it
3rd Person Plural: They
Note: My brother and I went to the cinema
Not: I and my brother went to the cinema
2- Object Pronoun: After the verb or the preposition, it indicates who is the
object of the verb
• Me
• You
• Him
• Her
• Us
• Them
• It

4. 1- Direct Object
2- Indirect Object
Ex: She gave me a book
Me: Indirect Object
A book: direct object
He advised her a lot
Her: direct object
We laughed a lot: has no object
3- Possessive adjective
Pronouns
Mine
Your
His
Her
Our
their
Its
Followed by noun
4- Possessive Pronouns
mine
Yours
his
hers
ours
theirs
----Not followed by noun, and it is used to
answer the Question “Whose… !”
We can’t repeat the same possessive in
the same sentence, so we use the
possessive pronoun

5. Ex:
My flat is near the station
5- Emphasizing pronoun:
It is used to emphasize the action
Myself
Yourself/Your selves
Himself
Herself
Ourselves
Themselves
Itself
Ex: I myself saw him at the party
She hurts herself badly
I blamed myself a lot (Reflexive pronoun)
Ex:
1- Whose pen is this? It’s mine
2- My flat is near, but yours is far

6. Ex:
My flat is near the station
5- Emphasizing pronoun:
It is used to emphasize the action
Myself
Yourself/Your selves
Himself
Herself
Ourselves
Themselves
Itself
Ex: I myself saw him at the party
She hurts herself badly
I blamed myself a lot (Reflexive pronoun)
Ex:
1- Whose pen is this? It’s mine
2- My flat is near, but yours is far