The document discusses self-driving cars, known as Google Cars. It describes the technologies and components that enable autonomous driving, including sensors like LIDAR, radar, cameras and ultrasonic sensors. These sensors gather data about the vehicle's environment that is processed by the car's CPU to navigate safely without human assistance. Some challenges for self-driving cars are legal restrictions, security issues, difficulty driving in heavy rain or differentiating objects. The document concludes that with further development, self-driving cars could be in use by 2020 to reduce accidents by following traffic rules efficiently.

1. A SELF
DRIVING
CAR
By MD IMRAN
AFTAB
ECE (IVTH YEAR)

2. Contents
 INTRODUCTION
 WHY WE NEED GOOGLE CAR
 TECHNOLOGIES
 COMPONENTS
 SENSORS
 LIDAR
 RADAR
 CAMERA
 ULTRASONIC SENSORS
 CAR’S CPU
 MAJOR CHALLENGES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
It is a vehicle that
can drive itself
from one point to
another without
assistance from a
driver. It
has neither a
steering wheel nor
pedals in other
words, with
an autopilot
system.

4. WHY WE NEED GOOGLE CAR?
 Driver error is the most common cause of traffic accidents.
 In 2013 1.4 million deaths are only due to road accidents.
 India contributes 6 % of the world's road accident deaths
 Cell phones in-car ,entertainment systems, more traffic and more
complicated road systems making it more frequent
 By this improving technology our car will do the concentrating for us.

5. Technologies
 Anti-lock brakes(ABS)
 Electronic stability control
(ESC)
 Cruise control
 Lane Departure Warning
System
 Self Parking
 Automated Guided Vehicle
Systems

6. COMPONENTS:
Google Maps
Provides the car with road
information
GPS
Provides with real time
location
Sensors
Provides the car with real
time environment conditions
Artificial Intelligence
Provides the car with real
time decisions

7. SENSORS

8. LIDAR
The heart of Google’s self driving car is the rotating roof top camera, Lidar,
which is a laser range finder. With its array of 64 laser beams, this camera
creates 3D images of objects helping the car see hazards along the way. This
device calculates how far an object is from the moving vehicle based on the
time it takes for the laser beams to hit the object and come back. These high
intensity lasers can calculate distance and create images for objects in an
impressive 200m range.

9. RADAR
4 radars mounted on the car’s front and rear bumpers enable the car to be
aware of vehicles in front of it and behind it. Most of us are familiar with
this technology .
Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine
the range, angle, or velocity of objects.

10. CAMERA
A camera mounted on the windshield. This camera with the help of IMAGE
PROCESSING and ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE rightly interpret
common road behavior and motorist signs. For example, if a cyclist gestures
that he intends to make a turn, the driverless car interprets it correctly and
slows down to allow the motorist to turn. Predetermined shape and motion
descriptors are programmed into the system to help the car make intelligent
decisions.

11. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
As we are very familiar with this technique, this technique
uses sound propagation to detect object. An ultrasonic sensor on one of the
rear wheels helps keep track of the movements of the car. It also calculates
number of rotation of the wheel to find exact location of the car with the help
of GPS and GOOGLE MAP.
And it also alert the car about the obstacles in the rear.

12. CAR’S CPU
All the data gathered by these sensors is collated and interpreted
together by the car’s CPU or in built software system to create a
safe driving experience.

13. MAJOR CHALLENGES
 99% countries till now not allowed the driving of Google car.
 If the vehicle is using internet which is have less security then From
the hackers point of view in some cases the vehicle can be switched
off on the road.
 Hackers can also change the rout which is plotted in the system.
 Car has some issues driving in heavy rain.
 It have problem in differentiating between a plastic bag and a rock.

14. CONCLUSION
 Google Car is very useful.
 It will reduce the rate of road accidents.
 It will follow the traffic rules and regulations.
 It will make the efficient use of highways.
 All the issues will be short out by the year 2020, and then we
can enjoy the ride of Google Car.

15. REFERENCES
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/driverlesscar/
 http://www.national.co.uk/tech-powers-
google-car
 http://www.national.co.uk/tech-powers-
google-car/
 http://www.techtimes.com/articles/14625/2
0140902/rain-or-snow-rock-or-plastic-bag-
google-driverless-car-cant-tell.htm