This document provides information on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and addresses some common facts and fallacies about them. It begins by defining what a GMO is and explaining the process of genetic engineering. It then discusses how genetic modification differs from traditional breeding methods and provides some examples of commercially grown GM crops. The document outlines both benefits and challenges of GM crops, such as herbicide-resistant weeds, and considers debates around their regulation and testing. It concludes by discussing alternative agricultural methods and the potential for coexistence of GM and non-GM approaches.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified (GM) crops. It discusses the history of GM crop development, objectives of GM crop development like increased yield and stress tolerance, methods of producing GM crops, economics of GM crops, advantages like increased resistance to pests and diseases, and disadvantages like potential impacts on human health. The document also discusses some examples of transformative GM traits for herbicide and insect resistance. It notes that while GM has increased yields for some crops, efforts to develop GM crops for improved yield and resilience to stresses like drought have had limited success to date.
With this document, which has a strong multidisciplinary character, devoted in particular to GMOs, we are trying to find answers to the following questions:
1) Can GMOs provide an effective and lasting solution to the problems of access to food in the world? Or, on the contrary, do they risk increasing inequality?
2) Can GMOs contribute to solving problems of environmental sustainability and the scarcity of natural resources? Or, on the contrary, are they a threat to biodiversity?
3) Are there risks connected with eating the genetically modified food now on the market?
4) What information do people have about biotechnologies and GMOs? And how is the subject handled by the media?
In this study we have attempted to integrate the different perspectives to arrive at a synthetic but detailed opinion, based on the representation of the different positions compared and on the facts that compose them.
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific factsRajdeeep sidhu
Genetically modified crops can help increase food security in several ways:
1) They can increase yields through traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and drought tolerance. This helps increase food availability.
2) GM crops that are drought resistant or produce higher yields allow food to be grown in more difficult conditions, improving stability of food sources.
3) Some GM crops aim to directly enhance nutrition, such as golden rice which is engineered to produce higher amounts of vitamin A to address deficiencies.
Dr. Marty D. Matlock - Impacts of GMO Products on Food Security and TradeJohn Blue
Impacts of GMO Products on Food Security and Trade - Marty D. Matlock, PhD PE BCEE, Executive Director, Office for Sustainability, Area Director, Center for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
Genetically Modified Crops presented by David Taussig December 8, 2005. The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops, which have been altered to express desirable traits like herbicide resistance or increased nutrients. The most common method of creating GM crops uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria to insert genes into plant cells. Potential benefits include increased economic profits, lower food prices, and reduced environmental impacts. Potential dangers include health concerns, contamination of other crops, and difficulties containing or eradicating GM crops. The document concludes future research should continue cautiously to address safety issues while finding ways to increase global food output.
Impacts of genetically modified crops and seedsDebbie-Ann Hall
Genetically-modified (GM) seeds are a significant step forward in the production of agricultural crops. GM seeds are seeds that have been modified to contain specific
characteristics such as resistance to herbicides (in the case of "Roundup Ready" products)
or resistance to pests (in the case of Bt corn). But the method of modification used with GM seeds varies from the traditional method in an important respect: the genes have not been modified over generations of cross-fertilization, but rather inserted directly into the
DNA of the seed.
Although this method is more efficient, critics fear that the result — a "novel gene combination" — may have health or environmental impacts that are not
being adequately addressed. As a result, the technology is surrounded by significant
controversy.
This document discusses genetically modified foods, providing a history of GM foods beginning with the Flavr Savr tomato in 1994. It outlines the process of genetic engineering and identifies potential benefits like increased yields and nutrition, as well as risks including monopolization of agriculture and unknown effects on ecosystems. While labeling is presented as informing consumers, it is also suggested this could hinder the industry. Ultimately the author argues that GM foods are safe and produce more affordable food, so labeling is not necessary.
This document provides an overview of genetically modified (GM) crops. It discusses the history of GM crop development, objectives of GM crop development like increased yield and stress tolerance, methods of producing GM crops, economics of GM crops, advantages like increased resistance to pests and diseases, and disadvantages like potential impacts on human health. The document also discusses some examples of transformative GM traits for herbicide and insect resistance. It notes that while GM has increased yields for some crops, efforts to develop GM crops for improved yield and resilience to stresses like drought have had limited success to date.
With this document, which has a strong multidisciplinary character, devoted in particular to GMOs, we are trying to find answers to the following questions:
1) Can GMOs provide an effective and lasting solution to the problems of access to food in the world? Or, on the contrary, do they risk increasing inequality?
2) Can GMOs contribute to solving problems of environmental sustainability and the scarcity of natural resources? Or, on the contrary, are they a threat to biodiversity?
3) Are there risks connected with eating the genetically modified food now on the market?
4) What information do people have about biotechnologies and GMOs? And how is the subject handled by the media?
In this study we have attempted to integrate the different perspectives to arrive at a synthetic but detailed opinion, based on the representation of the different positions compared and on the facts that compose them.
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific factsRajdeeep sidhu
Genetically modified crops can help increase food security in several ways:
1) They can increase yields through traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and drought tolerance. This helps increase food availability.
2) GM crops that are drought resistant or produce higher yields allow food to be grown in more difficult conditions, improving stability of food sources.
3) Some GM crops aim to directly enhance nutrition, such as golden rice which is engineered to produce higher amounts of vitamin A to address deficiencies.
Dr. Marty D. Matlock - Impacts of GMO Products on Food Security and TradeJohn Blue
Impacts of GMO Products on Food Security and Trade - Marty D. Matlock, PhD PE BCEE, Executive Director, Office for Sustainability, Area Director, Center for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
Genetically Modified Crops presented by David Taussig December 8, 2005. The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops, which have been altered to express desirable traits like herbicide resistance or increased nutrients. The most common method of creating GM crops uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria to insert genes into plant cells. Potential benefits include increased economic profits, lower food prices, and reduced environmental impacts. Potential dangers include health concerns, contamination of other crops, and difficulties containing or eradicating GM crops. The document concludes future research should continue cautiously to address safety issues while finding ways to increase global food output.
Impacts of genetically modified crops and seedsDebbie-Ann Hall
Genetically-modified (GM) seeds are a significant step forward in the production of agricultural crops. GM seeds are seeds that have been modified to contain specific
characteristics such as resistance to herbicides (in the case of "Roundup Ready" products)
or resistance to pests (in the case of Bt corn). But the method of modification used with GM seeds varies from the traditional method in an important respect: the genes have not been modified over generations of cross-fertilization, but rather inserted directly into the
DNA of the seed.
Although this method is more efficient, critics fear that the result — a "novel gene combination" — may have health or environmental impacts that are not
being adequately addressed. As a result, the technology is surrounded by significant
controversy.
This document discusses genetically modified foods, providing a history of GM foods beginning with the Flavr Savr tomato in 1994. It outlines the process of genetic engineering and identifies potential benefits like increased yields and nutrition, as well as risks including monopolization of agriculture and unknown effects on ecosystems. While labeling is presented as informing consumers, it is also suggested this could hinder the industry. Ultimately the author argues that GM foods are safe and produce more affordable food, so labeling is not necessary.
Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14 Angele L'Heureux
This document summarizes information about genetically modified (GM) foods. It discusses what genetic modification means, potential benefits of GM foods like increased crop yields and drought resistance. It also covers controversies around GM foods like safety concerns and social equity issues. The document provides examples of GM products like cheeses made with a genetically modified enzyme called chymosin. It examines reviews of GM crop safety research that have found no differences in risks between GM and traditionally bred crops. The document also discusses debates around the safety of GM salmon and analyses of risks from the growth hormone gene and containment measures.
Genetically modified foods are foods that have been modified through genetic engineering to alter their DNA. The document discusses how GM foods are created by inserting or deleting genes to make foods more resistant, nutritious, or efficient to grow. It provides examples of cotton modified to be pest resistant and sweet peppers resistant to viruses. While GM foods may be more nutritious or productive, some argue they could provoke allergic reactions or be dominated by a few companies. The document explores both pros and cons of genetically modified foods.
GM mustard poses risks to India's food supply according to a coalition against GM crops in India. The document outlines several concerns with GM mustard including contamination of non-GM crops, increased pesticide usage, negative health impacts, and threats to India's food sovereignty. It argues that GM mustard is unnecessary given India's mustard yields have doubled with traditional breeding methods. The document claims GM mustard trials have not proven the technology is safe and could permanently contaminate India's center of diversity for mustard.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create new genes, which are then transferred to an organism to give it modified or novel genes. GMOs have widespread applications in biological research, medicine, agriculture, and more. Some advantages of GMOs include higher crop yields, lower food prices, and using fewer pesticides. However, some disadvantages include possible harm to other organisms, cross-pollination with non-GMO plants, and concerns about risks to health and the environment. Views on GMOs are mixed, as some see benefits in addressing issues like hunger and malnutrition, while others have concerns about their effects.
This document discusses genetically modified foods and organisms (GMOs). It notes that GMOs have had specific genetic changes introduced through engineering, unlike traditional methods. While GMOs may be more productive and resistant to pests, the document also expresses concerns that GMOs pose risks to health, biodiversity, and agriculture through increased toxin and genetic pollution. Both advantages and disadvantages of GMOs are outlined. Regulations around GMO labeling in Europe are also mentioned.
This document discusses genetically modified crops and differences in public opinion about them between the US and Europe. It hypothesizes that public opinion is more negative and exaggerated compared to the actual risks and effects. The document reviews the science and goals of GM crops, potential costs and environmental/health concerns. It finds that consumer fears are possible risks but the actual impacts found in studies have been small. Public opinion differs between the US and Europe with Europeans more concerned about long term effects and supporting mandatory labeling.
South Africa is the only African country commercially producing GM crops, with Bt cotton and herbicide-resistant maize and soybean approved. Egypt is approaching commercialization of GM potatoes, squash, maize, and cotton. While global GM crop area is increasing, it remains a small percentage of total cultivated land. Debate continues around GM crops' ability to sustainably address food security concerns versus potential human health and environmental risks.
1. Genetically modified (GM) foods are derived from crops that have been altered through genetic engineering to enhance desired traits. Common GM crops include soybeans, corn, cotton, canola, and papaya.
2. Supporters argue that GM crops increase yields, boost nutrition, use fewer pesticides and herbicides, and can be engineered for drought resistance. Critics worry about potential health effects, environmental impacts like loss of biodiversity, and the spread of transgenes to wild plants.
3. Many countries have restrictions or bans on GM foods due to uncertainties about safety and ethics. Sri Lanka banned imports of GM soy, tomato products, and brewer's yeast in 2001.
Gm crops and its environmental feasibiltyAshim Abir
Genetically modified crops and its effect on environmental. positive and negative impacts of gm crops. pesticide uses although decreased but in some region it does its not always same. Recently it has been reported that Glyphosate (used in glyphosate crop production) cause cancer (not shown here).
Is there anything wrong with genetically modified crops?BHU,Varanasi
As per United Nation’s projection the global population expected to become between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050. While food production has increased accordingly, some 800 million people, primarily in the developing world, still do not have access to sufficient food. Forty thousand people die every day from malnutrition, over half being children under the age of 5. In addition to lack of food, deficiencies in micronutrients, such as vitamins and iron, leading to illness and death are widespread. To meet this challenge over the next 50 years, we must double-to-triple the production of food on, essentially, the same area of land in the face of decreasing water supplies and with respect to the environment. This will be made more difficult by the consequences of global warming, such as increased climatic variability, changing patterns of rainfall and new pests and diseases. At the same time there must be a cessation of wilderness erosion to protect biodiversity and maintain ecosystems. Since the 1970s, the world has also seen a revolution in our understanding of how organisms function at the molecular, biochemical and physiological level. An integral part of this revolution has been the development of technologies that allow the transfer of genes from one species to another using biotechnological tools and which has become an important field in the global market. Genetically modified (GM) crops involves the deliberate modification of plants and animals' genetic material using innovative recombinant DNA technology.It is believed that the application of biotechnology to agriculture—together with plant breeding and improved agricultural practice—may provide solutions to some of the challenges outlined above without jeopardizing the environment, cliamte, biodiversity and human well being . Feeding the increasing world population in a sustainable and nutritious manner is definite and commited role and at the same time assuming responsibility for fully evaluating any technology for future generations is another important task.As with many new technologies, people are keen to embrace the benefits but reluctant to accept potential risks. The manner of introduction of GM crops onto the market has led to widespread loss of public confidence, which has been exploited by non-representative groups and activists for their own political ends. Some hypothesised threats of GM crops to the environment are elevated as being more important than the security of mankind. And the future that the critics offer is bleak: hard-won knowledge is rejected in favour of ideology. They require an absolute safety guarantee for GM crops, but such a warranty cannot be given everything cannot be known about anything. There are mixed views, confusions and confidence about GM crops and their probable effect on soil-water-plant animal continuum system. Thus, a standard of absolute certainty will effectively stop the attainment of the benefits of this or any other technology.
Genetically modified foods are foods that have had genes altered through genetic engineering to express new traits. This can include foods with added or deleted gene sequences or products from animals fed GM feed. While GM foods could help ease world hunger and use resources more sustainably, there are also risks like gene transfer, allergies, and impacts on other organisms that require further study. Overall, genetically modified crops have potential to increase yields and crop quality while reducing pesticide use and improving disease and drought resistance.
This document discusses GM crops and food security in India. It notes that India's population is projected to increase significantly by 2050, greatly increasing future food demands. Current agriculture faces challenges in meeting these demands due to issues like diminishing farmland and water resources. Biotechnology can help address these challenges by developing crops with higher yields, improved nutrition, and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Examples discussed include Bt cotton, which has significantly increased yields while reducing pesticide use in India. The document also covers potential future applications of GM crops to further improve food security.
Genetically modified foods are crops that have been altered through genetic engineering to enhance desired traits. Scientists can transfer genes from one organism to another, such as adding bacterial or viral genes, to rapidly create plants with exact desired traits like improved nutritional value, disease resistance, or tolerance to weather changes. While genetically modified foods may provide benefits, some argue they can also cause allergies, harm animals, and increase costs. There is debate around whether these foods should require labels to help consumers make informed choices. Supporters of labeling say it is a right for people to know what is in their food, while opponents argue that labeling could unnecessarily alarm people and drive up food costs without clear evidence that genetically modified foods are actually harmful.
This document discusses genetically modified foods (GMFs) and outlines some of their potential risks and benefits. It begins by differentiating genetic engineering, which alters an organism's DNA, from traditional crossbreeding. The document then provides examples of GMFs like crops modified to be pesticide-resistant. Both the projected disadvantages of GMFs, like unpredictable genetic effects and increased resistant pests, and advantages, like higher yields and need for less water, are listed. It concludes by asking readers to evaluate the most important risks and benefits of GMFs.
This document summarizes information about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically modified foods. It discusses how GMOs are created through genetic engineering, lists the major GMO crops grown in the US, and outlines both potential risks and benefits of GMOs. It also describes the federal agencies that regulate GMOs and common foods containing GMO ingredients. The document presents perspectives from both sides of the GMO debate and considers possible solutions around GMO labeling laws.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. While GMOs promise benefits like increased crop yields and pest resistance, there are also risks to consider regarding their safety for human consumption and their environmental impacts. Long-term health and environmental safety testing on GMOs has been limited, and more research is needed to fully understand the risks and benefits of this new technology. The debate around GMOs involves scientific uncertainties as well as issues of corporate control and food labeling policies.
Disadvantages of Genetic Modification Organisms (GMOs)brenel93
This document summarizes potential health risks of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It discusses how GMOs may cause cancer, damage the immune system, and cause infertility. Specifically, it claims that GMOs can lead to breast cancer, kidney and liver failure, and lung cancer. It also suggests that GMOs may increase allergies, harm tissues, and contaminate blood. Further, the document asserts that GMOs are linked to issues like sterility, infant mortality, and miscarriage.
This document discusses biotechnology and genetically modified crops. It provides examples of GM crops developed for traits like herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, and virus resistance. It also discusses the global area under cultivation of major GM crops and countries growing them. Both benefits and risks of biotechnology are outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing ecological risks and managing risks through strategies like conducting laboratory, small-scale and large-scale field trials before commercial release of GM crops.
How transgenic plant is used in agricultural fieldFOODCROPS
The document summarizes the work of the Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS. It has over 150 staff members working in departments focused on plant biotechnology and molecular biology and molecular microbiology. The institute has made notable achievements including developing insect-resistant Bt cotton and producing transgenic corn that expresses phytase to increase phosphorus availability. The document also provides an overview of plant biotechnology techniques, including defining biotechnology, cloning genes, and developing transgenic plants by introducing transformation cassettes containing genes of interest and selectable markers via Agrobacterium or particle bombardment.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14 Angele L'Heureux
This document summarizes information about genetically modified (GM) foods. It discusses what genetic modification means, potential benefits of GM foods like increased crop yields and drought resistance. It also covers controversies around GM foods like safety concerns and social equity issues. The document provides examples of GM products like cheeses made with a genetically modified enzyme called chymosin. It examines reviews of GM crop safety research that have found no differences in risks between GM and traditionally bred crops. The document also discusses debates around the safety of GM salmon and analyses of risks from the growth hormone gene and containment measures.
Genetically modified foods are foods that have been modified through genetic engineering to alter their DNA. The document discusses how GM foods are created by inserting or deleting genes to make foods more resistant, nutritious, or efficient to grow. It provides examples of cotton modified to be pest resistant and sweet peppers resistant to viruses. While GM foods may be more nutritious or productive, some argue they could provoke allergic reactions or be dominated by a few companies. The document explores both pros and cons of genetically modified foods.
GM mustard poses risks to India's food supply according to a coalition against GM crops in India. The document outlines several concerns with GM mustard including contamination of non-GM crops, increased pesticide usage, negative health impacts, and threats to India's food sovereignty. It argues that GM mustard is unnecessary given India's mustard yields have doubled with traditional breeding methods. The document claims GM mustard trials have not proven the technology is safe and could permanently contaminate India's center of diversity for mustard.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create new genes, which are then transferred to an organism to give it modified or novel genes. GMOs have widespread applications in biological research, medicine, agriculture, and more. Some advantages of GMOs include higher crop yields, lower food prices, and using fewer pesticides. However, some disadvantages include possible harm to other organisms, cross-pollination with non-GMO plants, and concerns about risks to health and the environment. Views on GMOs are mixed, as some see benefits in addressing issues like hunger and malnutrition, while others have concerns about their effects.
This document discusses genetically modified foods and organisms (GMOs). It notes that GMOs have had specific genetic changes introduced through engineering, unlike traditional methods. While GMOs may be more productive and resistant to pests, the document also expresses concerns that GMOs pose risks to health, biodiversity, and agriculture through increased toxin and genetic pollution. Both advantages and disadvantages of GMOs are outlined. Regulations around GMO labeling in Europe are also mentioned.
This document discusses genetically modified crops and differences in public opinion about them between the US and Europe. It hypothesizes that public opinion is more negative and exaggerated compared to the actual risks and effects. The document reviews the science and goals of GM crops, potential costs and environmental/health concerns. It finds that consumer fears are possible risks but the actual impacts found in studies have been small. Public opinion differs between the US and Europe with Europeans more concerned about long term effects and supporting mandatory labeling.
South Africa is the only African country commercially producing GM crops, with Bt cotton and herbicide-resistant maize and soybean approved. Egypt is approaching commercialization of GM potatoes, squash, maize, and cotton. While global GM crop area is increasing, it remains a small percentage of total cultivated land. Debate continues around GM crops' ability to sustainably address food security concerns versus potential human health and environmental risks.
1. Genetically modified (GM) foods are derived from crops that have been altered through genetic engineering to enhance desired traits. Common GM crops include soybeans, corn, cotton, canola, and papaya.
2. Supporters argue that GM crops increase yields, boost nutrition, use fewer pesticides and herbicides, and can be engineered for drought resistance. Critics worry about potential health effects, environmental impacts like loss of biodiversity, and the spread of transgenes to wild plants.
3. Many countries have restrictions or bans on GM foods due to uncertainties about safety and ethics. Sri Lanka banned imports of GM soy, tomato products, and brewer's yeast in 2001.
Gm crops and its environmental feasibiltyAshim Abir
Genetically modified crops and its effect on environmental. positive and negative impacts of gm crops. pesticide uses although decreased but in some region it does its not always same. Recently it has been reported that Glyphosate (used in glyphosate crop production) cause cancer (not shown here).
Is there anything wrong with genetically modified crops?BHU,Varanasi
As per United Nation’s projection the global population expected to become between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050. While food production has increased accordingly, some 800 million people, primarily in the developing world, still do not have access to sufficient food. Forty thousand people die every day from malnutrition, over half being children under the age of 5. In addition to lack of food, deficiencies in micronutrients, such as vitamins and iron, leading to illness and death are widespread. To meet this challenge over the next 50 years, we must double-to-triple the production of food on, essentially, the same area of land in the face of decreasing water supplies and with respect to the environment. This will be made more difficult by the consequences of global warming, such as increased climatic variability, changing patterns of rainfall and new pests and diseases. At the same time there must be a cessation of wilderness erosion to protect biodiversity and maintain ecosystems. Since the 1970s, the world has also seen a revolution in our understanding of how organisms function at the molecular, biochemical and physiological level. An integral part of this revolution has been the development of technologies that allow the transfer of genes from one species to another using biotechnological tools and which has become an important field in the global market. Genetically modified (GM) crops involves the deliberate modification of plants and animals' genetic material using innovative recombinant DNA technology.It is believed that the application of biotechnology to agriculture—together with plant breeding and improved agricultural practice—may provide solutions to some of the challenges outlined above without jeopardizing the environment, cliamte, biodiversity and human well being . Feeding the increasing world population in a sustainable and nutritious manner is definite and commited role and at the same time assuming responsibility for fully evaluating any technology for future generations is another important task.As with many new technologies, people are keen to embrace the benefits but reluctant to accept potential risks. The manner of introduction of GM crops onto the market has led to widespread loss of public confidence, which has been exploited by non-representative groups and activists for their own political ends. Some hypothesised threats of GM crops to the environment are elevated as being more important than the security of mankind. And the future that the critics offer is bleak: hard-won knowledge is rejected in favour of ideology. They require an absolute safety guarantee for GM crops, but such a warranty cannot be given everything cannot be known about anything. There are mixed views, confusions and confidence about GM crops and their probable effect on soil-water-plant animal continuum system. Thus, a standard of absolute certainty will effectively stop the attainment of the benefits of this or any other technology.
Genetically modified foods are foods that have had genes altered through genetic engineering to express new traits. This can include foods with added or deleted gene sequences or products from animals fed GM feed. While GM foods could help ease world hunger and use resources more sustainably, there are also risks like gene transfer, allergies, and impacts on other organisms that require further study. Overall, genetically modified crops have potential to increase yields and crop quality while reducing pesticide use and improving disease and drought resistance.
This document discusses GM crops and food security in India. It notes that India's population is projected to increase significantly by 2050, greatly increasing future food demands. Current agriculture faces challenges in meeting these demands due to issues like diminishing farmland and water resources. Biotechnology can help address these challenges by developing crops with higher yields, improved nutrition, and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Examples discussed include Bt cotton, which has significantly increased yields while reducing pesticide use in India. The document also covers potential future applications of GM crops to further improve food security.
Genetically modified foods are crops that have been altered through genetic engineering to enhance desired traits. Scientists can transfer genes from one organism to another, such as adding bacterial or viral genes, to rapidly create plants with exact desired traits like improved nutritional value, disease resistance, or tolerance to weather changes. While genetically modified foods may provide benefits, some argue they can also cause allergies, harm animals, and increase costs. There is debate around whether these foods should require labels to help consumers make informed choices. Supporters of labeling say it is a right for people to know what is in their food, while opponents argue that labeling could unnecessarily alarm people and drive up food costs without clear evidence that genetically modified foods are actually harmful.
This document discusses genetically modified foods (GMFs) and outlines some of their potential risks and benefits. It begins by differentiating genetic engineering, which alters an organism's DNA, from traditional crossbreeding. The document then provides examples of GMFs like crops modified to be pesticide-resistant. Both the projected disadvantages of GMFs, like unpredictable genetic effects and increased resistant pests, and advantages, like higher yields and need for less water, are listed. It concludes by asking readers to evaluate the most important risks and benefits of GMFs.
This document summarizes information about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically modified foods. It discusses how GMOs are created through genetic engineering, lists the major GMO crops grown in the US, and outlines both potential risks and benefits of GMOs. It also describes the federal agencies that regulate GMOs and common foods containing GMO ingredients. The document presents perspectives from both sides of the GMO debate and considers possible solutions around GMO labeling laws.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. While GMOs promise benefits like increased crop yields and pest resistance, there are also risks to consider regarding their safety for human consumption and their environmental impacts. Long-term health and environmental safety testing on GMOs has been limited, and more research is needed to fully understand the risks and benefits of this new technology. The debate around GMOs involves scientific uncertainties as well as issues of corporate control and food labeling policies.
Disadvantages of Genetic Modification Organisms (GMOs)brenel93
This document summarizes potential health risks of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It discusses how GMOs may cause cancer, damage the immune system, and cause infertility. Specifically, it claims that GMOs can lead to breast cancer, kidney and liver failure, and lung cancer. It also suggests that GMOs may increase allergies, harm tissues, and contaminate blood. Further, the document asserts that GMOs are linked to issues like sterility, infant mortality, and miscarriage.
This document discusses biotechnology and genetically modified crops. It provides examples of GM crops developed for traits like herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, and virus resistance. It also discusses the global area under cultivation of major GM crops and countries growing them. Both benefits and risks of biotechnology are outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing ecological risks and managing risks through strategies like conducting laboratory, small-scale and large-scale field trials before commercial release of GM crops.
How transgenic plant is used in agricultural fieldFOODCROPS
The document summarizes the work of the Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS. It has over 150 staff members working in departments focused on plant biotechnology and molecular biology and molecular microbiology. The institute has made notable achievements including developing insect-resistant Bt cotton and producing transgenic corn that expresses phytase to increase phosphorus availability. The document also provides an overview of plant biotechnology techniques, including defining biotechnology, cloning genes, and developing transgenic plants by introducing transformation cassettes containing genes of interest and selectable markers via Agrobacterium or particle bombardment.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
This document summarizes a seminar on breeding concepts and crop improvement in chickpea. It discusses the floral biology of chickpea, including emasculation and pollination techniques. Breeding objectives for chickpea include increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and quality traits. Key breeding techniques used are mass selection, pure line selection, and hybridization methods like bulk hybridization and pedigree breeding. Varieties developed through these techniques with important traits are mentioned. The document provides information on the present uses of chickpea and production constraints.
Transgenic plants can be created through several methods. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium, can be used to transfer foreign genes into plants using its Ti-plasmid system. The Ti-plasmid contains genes that are inserted randomly into the plant genome. The binary vector system was later developed to separate the essential transfer functions from the T-DNA. The gene gun is also used to directly bombard plant cells with coated microprojectiles containing the gene of interest. Genetically engineered crops have been developed for insect resistance using cry genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that code for insecticidal proteins. Over 25,000 field trials of transgenic plants have been conducted worldwide in various crops.
This document discusses a student project on plant breeding tomatoes. It will involve growing tomatoes from two varieties, Marimar and Diamante, in controlled and experimental groups. The project aims to develop a new high-yielding tomato variety or observe differences in fruit yield between the groups. The document outlines the project activities, which include preparing planting materials and soil, planting the tomato seeds, and observing and caring for the young plants. It is hoped that the project will help address issues of malnutrition, food shortage, and poverty through improving tomato yields.
This document discusses transgenic plants and their production methods. It describes how transgenic plants are created using genetic engineering techniques to introduce foreign genes. The main plant transformation methods discussed are Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, gene guns, electroporation, and microinjection. Examples of commercial transgenic crops and their traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and virus resistance are provided. Both advantages like higher yields and reduced pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like potential health risks and creation of pesticide-resistant super bugs are summarized.
This document provides information on various plant breeding methods. It discusses the production of new crop varieties through selection, introduction, hybridization, ploidy, mutation, and tissue culture. Popular plant breeders like M.S. Swaminathan and Venkataramanan are mentioned. Introduction of plants from their native places to new locations for crop improvement is described. Breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis are explained. The theories of heterosis like dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis are presented. The document highlights the effects and advantages of hybrid vigor in crops.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
Transgenic plants and plant biotechnologyAmith Reddy
This document discusses transgenic plants and plant biotechnology. It begins with definitions of key terms like transgene, transgenesis, and transgenic plants. It then provides a brief history of plant breeding, including selective breeding, Mendel's genetics studies, and the disadvantages of traditional breeding. Next, it covers mutation breeding using mutagens or radiation. It discusses the process of transgenic plant creation by inserting foreign genes from sources like animals or bacteria. The remainder of the document details various gene transfer methods in plants, including Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using Ti plasmids, direct transformation techniques like particle bombardment, and methods for detecting inserted genes.
Transgenic crops are genetically modified crops containing genes artificially inserted from another species. The first GM crop was a tobacco plant in 1982, and the first approved for sale in the US was the FlavrSavr tomato in 1994. GM crops are developed using genetic engineering techniques to speed up traditional breeding and introduce a wider variety of genes. Potential benefits include increased yields, insect and disease resistance, and improved nutrition. However, there are also concerns about the impacts on human and environmental health.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms whose DNA has been altered through genetic engineering. This document discusses GMOs and their benefits and risks. It explains how GMOs differ from traditional selective breeding through being more precise and able to introduce genes between unrelated species. Potential benefits include higher crop yields, drought/pest resistance, and improved nutrition. However, risks include possible human and environmental impacts if GMO genes spread widely. The document outlines several specific risks and ethical concerns around GMO usage.
This document discusses genetically modified crops and their potential impact. It begins by introducing how GM crops could help address the problem of chronic hunger by increasing yields and environmental stress resistance. It then provides definitions of GM crops, examples of GM crops grown in India including Bt cotton, corn, and golden rice. It discusses the history and development of GM crops. It also outlines some objectives and benefits of GM crops, as well as potential problems associated with them including health and environmental risks. Finally it discusses future applications of GM crop technology.
The first section of the presentation provides background information on GMOAnswers.com – who we are, what we do and the resources we provide. The second section covers common misconceptions and the basics and science behind GMOs.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be engineered in several ways to alter plant traits. Some common applications include making crop plants resistant to herbicides, allowing farmers to spray fields without damaging crops. Corn, soybeans, and cotton in the US are often engineered for herbicide resistance. GMOs are also used to improve crop quality, increase nutrient levels, and produce pharmaceuticals and vaccines in plants. However, the ethics and impacts of GMO technology are debated, with concerns about environmental effects, corporate control of seeds and genes, and impacts on developing countries.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are created using recombinant DNA technology to alter an organism's genes. While proponents argue GMOs can increase crop yields and resistance to pests, there are also many potential risks and uncertainties. These include unintended harm to other organisms from toxic genes, the development of undesirable traits in GMOs, reduced biodiversity as only a single type of plant is grown, and gene contamination of other species. The long-term and indirect effects of GMOs on ecosystems, soil microbes, and human and animal health are difficult to predict due to the unpredictability of where genes insert into genomes and whether they spread from GMOs. The precautionary principle argues that given these uncertainties, commercialization of
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are created using recombinant DNA technology to alter an organism's genes. While proponents argue GMOs can increase crop yields and resistance, there are also many risks and uncertainties. Gene transfer techniques are unpredictable, resulting in unintended effects on the recipient organism's metabolism, physiology, and the environment. Once released, there is no recalling GMOs or predicting how they will interact with ecosystems. Due to these uncertainties and the possibility of long-term harms, a precautionary approach is prudent when developing and releasing GMOs.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering. While GMOs aim to improve traits like pest resistance, there are many potential risks and uncertainties. Gene transfer techniques are unpredictable and may lead to unintended effects on an organism's metabolism, physiology, or the environment. Once released, GMOs could transfer genes to wild species and their effects on ecosystems are difficult to predict. Given these uncertainties, a precautionary approach is prudent until long-term safety can be established.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves inserting or deleting genes, usually from a different species, to give the organism modified or novel genes. GMOs have a variety of uses including agricultural crops that are resistant to herbicides or pests. Common genetically modified crops include soybeans, corn, and papaya. While GMOs can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, they remain a controversial application of biotechnology.
This document discusses genetically modified crops. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants that have had their DNA modified through genetic engineering techniques. It then provides a brief history of genetically modified crop development, including the first genetically engineered tobacco plant in 1982. The document outlines the main objectives and methods used to develop genetically modified crops, including increasing pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, and nutritional value. Examples of common genetically modified crops like Bt cotton, golden rice, and corn are given. Both the economic benefits and debates around the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified crops are summarized.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves transferring genes from one organism into another, such as genes from bacteria being inserted into crops like corn and soybeans. Potential advantages include increased pest and disease resistance, higher yields, and using fewer pesticides and fertilizers. However, potential disadvantages include risks to human health, the environment if GMO genes spread to weeds and pests, and economic concerns about corporate control of the food supply. Golden rice is an example of a GMO developed to increase vitamin A levels, but critics argue this could increase corporate dependence for farmers.
genetically modified organisms (related to IPR) by Tahura MariyamTahura Mariyam Ansari
this presentation is about What are GMO’s?
and its contents include How does this differ from Mendel and his peas?
Why to do it?
Benefits of Genetic Engineering and Modifying, Risks associated with Genetic Modification, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Guidelines for GMO creation and release, Transformation of plant cells, Gene flow, Patent protection can be conferred on plant materials in the following ways and Genetically Modified Plants: Patent Protection
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document lists many potential advantages and disadvantages of GMOs. Some advantages mentioned include increased crop yields, reduced use of pesticides, development of drought-resistant crops, and potential health benefits. Some disadvantages include possible environmental and health risks, the rise of resistant pests and weeds, and ethical concerns regarding genetic modification of organisms. The document discusses the debate around GMOs and concludes that while risks exist, consumer fears may be exaggerated, and the choice regarding GMOs should be left to informed consumers.
This document discusses genetically modified (GM) foods. GM foods are derived from organisms whose DNA has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally, often by transferring genes between unrelated species. Common GM crops include corn, canola, soybeans, and cotton. Potential benefits include improved yields and nutritional content, while risks involve possible health effects and environmental impacts if GM crops spread unchecked. The conclusion acknowledges GM foods could help address hunger but governments must regulate safely to avoid unintended harm.
This document discusses GMO foods in Bangladesh. It provides background on genetic modification and lists some common GMO foods like soybeans, corn, and cotton. The top GMO crop producing countries are identified as the US, Brazil, Argentina, India, and Canada. The document also outlines both the advantages and disadvantages of GMO foods. The advantages include increased crop yields and reduced use of pesticides, while disadvantages include potential effects on other organisms and insects developing resistance. Overall, the conclusion is that GMO foods are generally considered safe but public understanding needs to be improved.
Genetically modified crops are plants whose DNA has been modified using genetic engineering techniques to enhance desired traits such as increased herbicide resistance or improved nutritional content. While conventional breeding methods are time-consuming and imprecise, genetic engineering allows for more precise introduction of specific genes. However, there are also concerns about the environmental and health impacts of GM crops, including the potential for gene transfers to cause unintended consequences or allergic reactions in humans.
1. The document discusses transgenic or genetically modified crops. Transgenic crops are defined as plants containing genes artificially introduced from other organisms.
2. The history of transgenic crop development is reviewed, noting the first transgenic tobacco in 1983, and first commercial crops like Bt cotton in 2002. Methods of genetic engineering allow direct transfer of one or few genes between closely or distantly related species.
3. GM crops can help address climate change by reducing fuel use and soil erosion from practices like no-till farming. However, there are also risks to consider from unintended effects of gene transfer and development of pest resistance.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. Common types of GMOs include food crops like soybeans, corn, and canola, as well as some medicines produced through genetic engineering. The document then provides a brief history of GMO development, including the creation of the first GMO in 1973 and the commercialization of genetically engineered foods in the 1990s. It discusses both perceived benefits of GMOs, such as increased crop yields and disease resistance, as well as concerns about their environmental and health impacts. In conclusion, the document notes that the debate around GMOs centers on whether the risks outweigh the benefits.
1) Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms whose DNA has been artificially altered, not through natural processes. Most current GM crops are modified for increased yield, herbicide tolerance, or disease resistance.
2) While scientific consensus is that currently available GM foods pose no greater risk than conventional foods, critics cite concerns about safety, the environment, and economic issues related to intellectual property.
3) The document discusses the methods of genetic engineering for plants, the regulatory approval process for GM crops, perceived benefits of GM foods like reduced pesticide use and increased yields, and potential risks like increased toxin or allergen exposure and effects on human genetics.
1. The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) which are plants, animals, or microorganisms that have been genetically engineered by combining genes from different species.
2. While proponents say GMOs increase food production and make it more affordable, critics are concerned about long term health and environmental impacts.
3. Over 60% of soy in the US comes from GMO stock and is present in many processed foods, raising health concerns about allergies and nutrition.
This document provides a summary of woody plant identification for 55 different plant species across 16 plant families. It includes the scientific and common names of species like red maple (Acer rubrum), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), butterfly bush (Buddliea davidii), Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), snowball bush (Viburnum opulus), Austrian pine (Pinus nigra), Leyland cypress (× Cupressocyparis leylandii), and Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis). For each species, brief descriptive details are given. Contact information is provided
This document provides an overview of soils, fertilizers, and potting mixes for green industry training. It discusses the importance of soil texture, structure, and organic matter for plant growth. Different fertilizer types like slow-release and those suitable for turfgrass are described. The challenges of Nevada's alkaline, coarse-textured soils are addressed, emphasizing the need to choose adapted plants and amend soils for optimal growing conditions.
This document provides information on saving seeds for a food-secure future. It discusses the importance of genetic diversity in crops and examples where lack of diversity has led to famines. It then provides a 5 step process for saving seeds: 1) choose open-pollinated varieties, 2) protect varietal purity, 3) rogue plants for trueness to type, 4) harvest seeds, and 5) clean and store seeds properly. Details are given on seed harvesting and storage methods for many common vegetable crops to help people get started with seed saving.
This document provides information about plant structure and growth processes. It discusses the main plant parts including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It explains how plants transport water and nutrients as well as photosynthesis. The document also covers plant reproduction, classification, growth stages from germination to senescence, and how plant growth is regulated by hormones and environmental triggers.
This document provides information on selecting and caring for water-efficient native plants for the Intermountain West region. It discusses choosing plants that are adapted to the local climate and conditions, and that provide benefits like pollinator habitat, wildlife food sources, and reduced water and resource demands. Care tips emphasize using mulch, watering infrequently, and avoiding fertilizers. Specific plant profiles give details on suitable growing conditions and maintenance for over 50 native shrub, tree, perennial, and grass species.
Lower Risk Pest Control Products & PracticesHeidiKratsch
This document provides information from a training for master gardeners on lower risk pest control methods. It defines what a pest is and lists common examples. It then discusses non-chemical control methods like pruning, mulching, and hand picking. It also covers lower risk chemical controls like insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, botanical insecticides like neem and pyrethrins, and microbial pesticides like Bt. Finally, it discusses monitoring pests and enhancing beneficial insect populations through proper habitat management.
The document summarizes the history and process of composting. It discusses how composting began in Mesopotamia and was referenced in religious texts. It then explains the key parts, materials, and microorganisms involved in the composting process. The document provides tips on building optimal compost piles and potential issues and solutions. It also discusses uses for finished compost and brewing compost tea.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
GMOs: Facts and Fallacies
1. GMOS: FACTS AND FALLACIES
Dr. Heidi Kratsch
University of Nevada Cooperative
Extension
2. WHAT ARE GMOS ANYWAY?
GMO = Genetically Modified Organism
A GMO is an organism whose genome
has been altered by the techniques of
genetic engineering so that its DNA
contains one or more genes not
normally found there.
The process is referred to as Genetic
Engineering (GE).
4. WHAT IS A GENE?
A short sequence of DNA that codes for a
protein
Humans have 20,000 to 25,000 genes.
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/chromosome
5. ALL LIVING ORGANISMS SHARE MANY
COMMON GENES
One-fourth of human genes are also
found in rice.
We share 99 percent of our genome with
the chimpanzee.
Humans even have the genetic
information necessary to develop wings.
Source: www.geneticliteracyproject.org
6. HOW IS GE DONE?
Use of viruses or
bacteria to
"infect" the plant
cells with the
new DNA.
Coat DNA onto
tiny metal
pellets, and firing
them into cells
with a special
gun.
Gene Gun
7. FARMERS HAVE BEEN GENETICALLY
MODIFYING CROPS FOR THOUSANDS OF
YEARS!
Well…not exactly
Agricultural revolution about
12,000 years ago
Humans evolved from a hunter-
gatherer lifestyle to a farming
lifestyle.
Systematic “modification” of
crops began in the 1940’s
8. HOW WOULD YOUR FOOD
LOOK IF NOT GENETICALLY
ALTERED OVER MILLENNIA?
9.
10. FARMERS HAVE BEEN SYSTEMATICALLY ALTERING
CROPS GENETICALLY SINCE THE GREEN
REVOLUTION (1940’S TO 1960’S)
Increase in agricultural production due
to:
Improvement in irrigation infrastructure
Modernization of farm management
Development of synthetic fertilizers
Development and use of pesticides
Development of high-yielding varieties of
cereal grains
Distribution of hybridized seeds
12. HOW DOES GE DIFFER FROM
CONVENTIONAL BREEDING?
Both alter genetic makeup and
properties of the product.
Classical breeding operates on
traits, only indirectly selecting genes.
Biotechnology targets genes,
attempting to influence traits.
The potential of biotechnology is to
rapidly accelerate the rate of progress
and efficiency of breeding.
13. FLAVR SAVR TOMATO
First commercially
grown genetically
engineered food
to be granted a
license for human
consumption.
Available from
1994-1997 by
Calgene
14. CAN I BUY GMO SEEDS AT MY
LOCAL GARDEN CENTER?
NO…!
GMO seeds are purchased by
farmers from the biotech
company that produced them.
The farmer must sign a use
agreement that he/she will not
replant the seeds and will follow
EPA-mandated stewardship
programs.
17. GMO SEEDS ARE NOT STERILE
Monsanto owns a patent on the
“Terminator” gene or terminator
technology, which results in sterile
seeds.
…however, Monsanto has committed to
never using this technology, and
it has yet to commercialize a crop
using the technology.
18. MOST FRESH PRODUCE IS NOT GMO
Commercially available GMO food crops (U.S.):
Soybean
Corn
Cotton
Canola
Sugar beet
Papaya (Hawaiian)
Squash (zucchini and yellow summer)
19. FIRST GENERATION GE CROPS
Crops engineered to tolerate
herbicides (mostly glyphosate).
Crops engineered to produce their own
insecticide (Bt crops).
These traits are incorporated into over
90 percent of the soybean, corn and
cotton grown in the U.S.
20. HERBICIDE-TOLERANT CROPS HELP
IMPROVE SOIL AND WATER QUALITY
Have increased
adoption of no-till.
No-till systems may
prevent:
soil erosion
compaction
runoff of water,
sediments, chemicals
Have the potential to
benefit soil and water
quality.
21. BUT USE OF THE
GLYPHOSATE-RESISTANCE GE
TRAIT IS NOT WITHOUT ITS
CHALLENGES
22. GLYPHOSATE-TOLERANT CROPS
The Good News:
Glyphosate has replaced more
toxic and persistent herbicides.
The Challenge:
Evolution of glyphosate-resistance
in some weed species.
Herbicide resistance was happening
prior to the introduction of GE crops.
23. RELIANCE ON ONE HERBICIDE REDUCES THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDE TOLERANCE
Glyphosate-
resistance has
been documented
in 28 weed species
worldwide (14
species in the U.S.)
Source: University of Minnesota
24. Source: Ian Heap, International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds
www.weedscience.org/graphs/soagraph.aspx (2013)
27. WHAT CAUSED GLYPHOSATE RESISTANCE?
Overreliance on glyphosate for weed
management.
Reduction in the diversity of weed
management practices adopted by
crop producers.
In both GE and non-GE systems, a
greater emphasis on integrated weed
management is needed.
28. PENDING INTRODUCTION OF CROPS WITH
TOLERANCE TO 2,4-D AND DICAMBA
Different site of action than
glyphosate.
Historically few weed-resistance issues
with these chemicals.
Will need to monitor for:
Increase in weed-resistance
Potential for “drift” onto nontarget
plants
Farmer simultaneous adoption of other
integrated weed management
strategies
29. IPM MAY HELP SUSTAIN EFFECTIVENESS OF
HERBICIDE-TOLERANT CROPS
USDA NRCS supports:
Diversification of weed management
strategies
Crop rotation
Increased intensity of tillage for weed
control
Union of Concerned Scientists supports:
Increased crop rotation and cover
crops
Decreased emphasis on monoculture
cropping systems
30. GE CROPS ENGINEERED TO EXPRESS THE BT
TOXIN
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
is a naturally occurring soil
bacterium that produces a
protein toxic to certain
insects.
Genes from Bt are
inserted into crop plants
so they make the protein.
Bt sprays are permitted in
organic production; crops
engineered to produce Bt
toxin are not.
32. INSECT RESISTANCE TO BT CROPS
Incidence of insect resistance to
Bt crops has been remarkably low
but is increasing:
Pink bollworm (cotton, India)
Corn rootworm (corn, U.S.)
34. NON-TARGET EFFECTS OF BT
Initial study in 1999 indicated harm.
Monarch caterpillars feed exclusively on
milkweed leaves.
Early concern that pollen from Bt corn could
blow onto milkweed leaves.
Later extensive work showed (published in
PNAS):
Current Bt corn varieties do not express large
amounts of Bt proteins in their pollen.
Levels of pollen shed on milkweed leaves is
much lower than amounts shown to cause harm.
35. EFFECTS OF GE ON CROP YIELDS
Current GE crop varieties not
engineered for increased yield over
conventional varieties.
Economic benefit comes from
enhanced protection from yield loss
due to pests.
The greatest yields are seen with
crops engineered to have multiple
(stacked) GE traits.
36. WHO BENEFITS FROM FIRST
GENERATION GE CROPS?
Mostly farmers and seed
companies
Focus has been on two traits:
Bt crops decrease amount of
insecticides sprayed
Glyphosate-resistant crops reduce
use of the most toxic chemicals to
fight weeds
38. WHAT CROP TRAITS WOULD BENEFIT A
HOTTER, FLATTER, MORE CROWDED PLANET?
Crops engineered for increased
yield and quality
Crops engineered to use
nitrogen fertilizer more
efficiently
Crops engineered for drought,
salinity and/or heat tolerance
39. GE CROPS CAN BE NUTRITIONALLY
ENHANCED
Rice is a staple in
many developing
countries.
Rice modified to
contain beta
carotene.
Can prevent or
treat maternal
anemia and
blindness.
Golden Rice enhanced with Vitamin A
http://www.goldenrice.org/
40. GE HAWAIIAN PAPAYA: A BIOTECHNOLOGY
SUCCESS STORY?
Papaya Ringspot-Virus
(PRSV) threatened to
decimate the industry
in Hawaii.
Hawaiian papaya
engineered with
resistance to PRSV.
Viral genes encoding
capsid proteins
transferred to papaya
genome.
Elicits an immune
response in papaya.
PRSV-infected papaya on the left;
virus-resistant papaya on the right
41. WHY IS THE TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY IN THE
HANDS OF LARGE AGROCHEMICAL COMPANIES?
Cost of discovery, development and
authorization of a new plant biotechnology
trait introduced between 2008 and 2012 was
$136 million.
About 26 percent of those costs were
incurred as part of the regulatory testing and
registration process.
Average time from initiation of a discovery
project to commercial launch is about 13
years.
42. PUBLIC CONCERNS ABOUT GMOS
Antibiotic-resistance genes
Food safety – are GE foods safe to
eat?
Mistrust of the regulatory process
“Super weeds” – gene transfer of
herbicide resistance gene to weedy
relatives
Gene containment – transfer of traits
and protection of conventional or
organic crops
43. GMOS HAVE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT
GENES IN THEM
Some scientists
believe that eating GM
food containing these
marker genes could
encourage gut
bacteria to develop
antibiotic resistance.
44. HOW ARE GMOS REGULATED?
USDA
APHIS
• Determines
risk of
transgenic
crop
becoming a
pest
U.S. EPA
• Ensures
safety of
pest-
resistant
transgenic
crops
U.S. FDA
• Regulates
food and
animal feed
derived
from
transgenic
crops
45. ARE GM CROPS RIGOROUSLY TESTED?
Substantial Equivalence (U.S.)
Product tested by the manufacturer
for unexpected changes in a limited
set of components (toxins, nutrients
or allergens that are present in the
unmodified food).
If these tests show no significant
difference between the modified and
unmodified products, no further food
safety testing is required.
46. IS THIS RIGOROUS ENOUGH?
Substantial equivalence not a strict
definition.
Compositional analysis tests only a
limited number of components.
Regulations focus on the product, not
the technology.
If a GE food is deemed substantially
equivalent, it is exempt from further
testing.
Both GE and conventional breeding
can lead to unexpected results.
47. PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE (EU)
Invoked in the event of a potential
risk – even if it cannot be fully
demonstrated or quantified, or its
effects determined.
Appropriate measures to anticipate
and prevent harm should be taken.
It is impossible to precisely predict
every possible outcome from GE
technology.
48. AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
“Our AMA supports mandatory pre-market systematic
safety assessments of bioengineered foods and
encourages: (a) development and validation of
additional techniques for the detection and/or
assessment of unintended effects; (b) continued use of
methods to detect substantive changes in nutrient or
toxicant levels in bioengineered foods as part of a
substantial equivalence evaluation; (c) development and
use of alternative transformation technologies to avoid
utilization of antibiotic resistance markers that code for
clinically relevant antibiotics, where feasible; and (d)
that priority should be given to basic research in food
allergenicity to support the development of improved
methods for identifying potential allergens. The FDA is
urged to remain alert to new data on the health
consequences of bioengineered foods and update its
regulatory policies accordingly.”
49. THE TECHNOLOGY IS ADVANCING…
Focus on use of plant (rather than
animal or bacterial) genes that
control agronomically important traits
(stress resistance, improved yield)
Chloroplast engineering to reduce risk
of pollen drift and toxicity to non-
target species.
Remove antibiotic-resistance marker
genes.
Pursue alternative technologies.
50. MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION
Molecular breeding
Precision breeding
Speeds up
conventional
breeding process
from decades to as
little as 5 years
Breeding heirloom tomatoes to
be resistant to most common
tomato diseases.
52. CAN GE AND NON-GE COEXIST?
Expand research funding for public crop
breeding programs, so that a broad range of non-
GE as well as GE crop varieties will remain available.
Expand public research funding and incentives to
further develop and adopt agroecologically based
farming systems.
Take steps—such as changes in patent law—to
facilitate independent scientific research on GE
risks and benefits.
Take a more rigorous, independently verified
approach to GE product approvals, so that
products do not come to market until their risks and
benefits are understood through non-biased review.
Support food labeling laws that require foods
containing GE crops to be clearly identified as such, so
that consumers can make informed decisions about
supporting GE applications in agriculture.
- Union of concerned scientists
53. THE LAND INSTITUTE (SALINAS, KS)
Working to develop perennial
crops using conventional
breeding for a polycultural
agricultural system
Perennials develop deeper root
systems
Outcompete annual weeds for
light
Form complex ecosystems
Prevent soil erosion
Improves soil fertility
Decreased use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides
Sequester carbon/reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions
Breeding program is focused on
perennializing wheat, and
domesticating perennial
intermediate wheatgrass (which we
have named Kernza™), several
species of sunflower, and sorghum.
http://www.landinstitute.org/our-
work/solutions/
55. INFORMATION:
Science-based info on agriculture and GE:
http://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/
http://www.ucsusa.org/our-work/food-
agriculture/our-failing-food-system/genetic-
engineering-agriculture#.VSMN05NUU8N
Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods:
Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=109
77#toc
News updates on GMO issues (global perspective):
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/home/
56. MORE INFORMATION:
Info on alternative cropping systems:
http://www.pfaf.org/user/cmspage.aspx?pag
eid=40
http://www.landinstitute.org/
Info on EPAs shift towards use of IPM and
biocontrols in agriculture:
http://blog.epa.gov/epaconnect/2015/02/far
mers-shift-towards-virtually-non-toxic-
alternatives-for-pest-control/
Biotech safety and security issues:
http://fas.org/biosecurity/education/dualuse-
agriculture/2.-agricultural-
biotechnology/index.html
Few topics in agriculture are more polarizing than genetic engineering (GE), the process of manipulating an organism’s genetic material—including genes from other species—in an effort to produce desired traits such as pest resistance or drought tolerance.
GE has been hailed by some as an indispensable tool for solving the world’s agricultural problems, and denounced by others as an example of human overreaching fraught with unknown, potentially catastrophic dangers.
The risks of GE have been exaggerated—but so have its benefits. What I’m hoping to do tonight is to separate out the exaggerated claims and tell you what is currently known about the technology and how it’s used. Just for reference, I am neither pro-GMO nor anti-GMO. I have opinions, and I will always let you know when I am expressing my own opinion.
Genetic engineering can be done with plants, animals, or microorganisms. Historically, farmers bred plants and animals for thousands of years to produce the desired traits. For example, they produced dogs ranging from poodles to Great Danes, and roses from sweet-smelling miniatures to today's long-lasting, but scent-free reds.Read more: http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/002432.htm#ixzz24Odmdu6Q
Found in every cell of every living being
Because living organisms have natural barriers to protect themselves against the introduction of DNA from a different species, genetic engineers have to find ways to force the DNA from one organism into another.
The Green Revolution refers to a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.[1] The initiatives, led by Norman Borlaug, the "Father of the Green Revolution" credited with saving over a billion people from starvation, involved the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers.
Natural breeding can take only take place among closely related forms of life
One of the first things the plant scientists noticed when they began crossing different pure lines was that hybrid plants were usually more vigorous than their parents. The simple act of crossing different strains resulted in higher yields and stronger plants. They had discovered "hybrid vigor."
Today, somewhere around 99 percent of U.S. corn is grown from hybrid seed. The same is true for wheat, soybeans, grain sorghum, cotton, peanuts, and many other crops.
So it’s up to humans to test for unintended consequences.
Produced by the California company Calgene. Approved by FDA in 1992, came onto the market in 1994. Ceased production in 1997. Bred to prevent rotting on the vine so could be picked when ripe. Had a positive effect on shelf life but not on softening, so shipping was a problem and taste was bland. Company later acquired by Monsanto.
You cannot get your hands on seeds of GMOs, only the products of GMO seeds.
First=generation GM crops… however, most processed foods contain either GMO corn, soy, canola or sugar beet.
Most current GE crops have been engineered to tolerate the herbicide glyphosate or to produce their own Bt insecticide, in some cases both. These traits have been incorporated into greater than 90 percent of the soybean, corn and cotton that is grown in the U.S. Other less prevalent GE crops include canola and sugar beets. But the current use of this technology is not without its challenges.
Let’s begin by looking at herbicide-tolerant crops. Runoff from agriculture is the single largest source of surface water pollution in the United States. The pollution caused by runoff of water, sediments and chemicals. Adoption of no-till practices, which involves leaving crop residues on fields before and after planting a crop, prevents soil erosion, compaction and runoff. A recent survey of soybean producers shows that farmers using herbicide-tolerant crops were more likely to also adopt no-till practices. And the same holds true for herbicide-tolerant corn and cotton.
GE technologies have made it easier to use "conservation tillage", or reduced plowing, a practice that significantly decreases soil erosion. Heavy tillage was previously used largely to control weeds. However, conservation tillage in the context of industrial agriculture is turning out to be a mixed blessing—and overuse of engineered herbicide-resistant crops has driven a destructive epidemic of herbicide-resistant "superweeds," which is reviving tillage.
Adoption of herbicide-tolerant crops have enabled the substitution glyphosate for more toxic and persistent herbicides, such as atrazine and paraquat. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide that moves through the plant, adsorbs to soil particles and is inactivated by soil microbes. All herbicides are subject to developing resistance in some weed species, but recently an uptick in the incidence of glyphosate-resistant weeds was noted, largely due to farmers of GE crops overreliance on glyphosate alone for weed management. But keep in mind that herbicide resistance was happening prior to the introduction of GE crops, and incidence of weed resistance to glyphosate is still relatively low.
Glyphosate-resistance has been documented in only 28 weed species worldwide (14 of them in the U.S.). Here’s how it works: Resistance occurs naturally in weed populations by random mutation. When the herbicide is applied, the susceptible individuals die and the resistant ones survive and set seed. The next time the herbicide is used, there are more resistant individuals. Eventually, if the same herbicide is used over and over, the majority of individuals will be of the resistant biotype because the more susceptible one will have been killed off.
Herbicide resistance arises because of overuse of a single herbicide, not because of genetic engineering. Note that weed resistance to other some other classes of herbicides is much greater than that of glyphosate over the same time period.
ALS inhibitors: halosulfuron (Sandea), rimsulfuron (Matrix), penoxsulam (PindarGT)
Ureas and amides: pre-emergents
The actual per-acre use rates have not changed all that much over the time period since the introduction of glyphosate-tolerance technology, although the bottom graph shows an uptick in use since 2005 by farmers who use the technology. Farmers may have raised their application rates in response to the increase in weed resistance to glyphosate.
This graph is often shown as an indictment of Roundup Ready crops but the increase in glyphosate use as you see here is attributed mostly to an increase in total acreage planted to GE crops.
So, it’s overreliance on glyphosate for weed management that has caused the increase in glyphosate resistance, not the GE technology. The adoption of the technology may have inadvertently caused a reduction in the diversity of weed management practices used, but we see similar patterns in both GE and non-GE systems. In both types of systems, there needs to be greater emphasis on use of alternative weed management strategies in addition to herbicide use.
Included in integrated weed management is rotation of herbicides with different sites of action to mitigate development of weed resistance. Crops are being introduced with tolerance to two other herbicides with relatively low toxicity – 2,4-D and dicamba – both of which are registered for use by homeowners.
What’s needed is more of an emphasis on integrated weed management, which promotes a diversity of strategies for managing weeds. Cultural, mechanical, biological,
Now let’s turn our attention to Bt crops. Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces a protein toxic to certain insects. Genes from this bacterium are inserted into crop plants (mostly corn and cotton) so they make this protein. Target insects that chew on the leaves of Bt crops are killed. As a spray, Bt is accepted for use in organic production.
Use of Bt crops has decreased per-acre insecticide use in both conventional and GE farming systems.
There have been some recent incidence of insect resistance to Bt crops, but the overall rate of insect resistance has been very low. Non-target effects of Bt crops are limited to Lepidopteran species (moths and butterflies) that feed on leaves or pollen of Bt crop plants.
The EPA instituted mandatory refuge requirements, a move that has successfully delayed and contained insect resistance to Bt crops. Refuges are blocks or strips of crops that do not contain the Bt gene. Resistance to Bt occurs naturally in insect populations. Bt-free refuge areas maintain an acceptable level of susceptible insects that do not develop resistance. These susceptible insects mate with resistant insects from the Bt. Because the resistance gene is recessive, this mating results in many offspring that maintain susceptibility to Bt, preventing or delaying resistance in that population. Some degree of resistance has been documented for every major class of insecticide used in agriculture.
There is no significant risk to monarch butterflies from environmental exposure to Bt corn, according to research conducted by a group of scientists coordinated by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture. This research was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
That Bt corn might present a risk became a matter of scientific and public concern when a small experiment in 1999 indicated caterpillars suffered when given no choice but to feed on milkweed leaves heavily dusted with Bt corn pollen.
The issue focused on the pollen of Bt corn because it, like any corn pollen, can blow onto milkweed leaves, which are the exclusive diet of monarch caterpillars.
Two major questions needed to be answered to determine whether there was any actual risk to monarch caterpillars from the Bt pollen:
How much Bt corn pollen does it take before there are any toxic effects on caterpillars?
What is the likelihood that caterpillars might be exposed to that much pollen?
The studies in this project showed that monarch caterpillars have to be exposed to pollen levels greater than 1,000 grains/cm2 to show toxic effects.
Caterpillars were found to be present on milkweed during the one to two weeks that pollen is shed by corn, but corn pollen levels on milkweed leaves were found to average only about 170 pollen grains/cm2 in corn fields.
Reports from several field studies show concentrations much lower than that even within the cornfield. In Maryland, the highest level of pollen deposition was inside and at the edge of the corn field, where pollen was found at about 50 grains/cm2. In the Nebraska study, pollen deposition ranged from 6 grains/cm2 at the field edge to less than 1 grain/cm2 beyond 10 meters. Samples collected from fields in Ontario immediately following the period of peak pollen shed showed pollen concentrations averaged 78 grains at the field edge.
Many conflicting news stories and reports have appeared concerning the economic benefits realized by farmers adopting GE crops. It is true that farmers pay a premium for genetically engineered (GE) corn, soybean, and cotton varieties, and these varieties do not have increased yield potential per se over the best available conventional varieties. The potential economic benefits of the major GE crops currently available could result from enhanced protection from yield loss due to pests, increased efficiency in the production system, or both. Actual benefits appear to vary with a number of factors including the particular crop grown, the transgenic trait in the crop (herbicide tolerance or Bt-derived insect resistance), the region where the crops are grown, the type of farm operation adopting the technology, production factors that can vary from year to year and from farm to farm, and the current premium paid for the GE seed.
The noticeable feature of the first generation GE crops is the absence of engineered traits that are not primarily for agronomic benefit. I find this disappointing, and it may be one of the reasons for such a public backlash against
Developed primarily in academia with backing from public funding and charitable institutions….
ice produces β-carotene in the leaves but not in the grain, where the biosynthetic pathway is turned off during plant development. In Golden Rice two genes have been inserted into the rice genome by genetic engineering, to restart the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway leading to the production and accumulation of β-carotene in the grains. Both genes are naturally involved in carotene biosynthesis. The difference here is that the reconstructed pathway is not subject to downregulation, as usually happens in the grain.
Since a prototype of Golden Rice was developed in the year 2000, new lines with higher β-carotene content have been generated. The intensity of the golden colour is a visual indicator of the concentration of β-carotene in the endosperm. Our goal is to make sure that people living in rice-based societies get a full complement of provitamin A from their traditional diets. This would apply to countries such as India, Vietnam, Bangladesh. the Philippines, and Indonesia. Golden Rice could still be a valuable complement to children's diets in many countries by contributing to the reduction of clinical and sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency-related diseases.
Many people are aware that vitamin A has something to do with vision, especially at night. But many are not aware of the central role it plays in maintaining the integrity of the immune system. According to the World Health Organization, dietary vitamin A deficiency (VAD) compromises the immune systems of approximately 40 percent of children under the age of five in the developing world, greatly increasing the risk of severe illnesses from common childhood infections, thus causing hundreds of thousands of unnecessary deaths among them.
In remote rural areas Golden Rice could constitute a major contribution towards sustainable vitamin A delivery. To achieve this goal a strong, concerted, and interdisciplinary effort is needed. This effort must include scientists, breeders, farmers, regulators, policy-makers, and extensionists. The latter will play a central role in educating farmers and consumers as to their available options. While the most desirable option woud be a varied and adequate diet, this goal is not always achievable, at least not in the short term. The reasons are manifold, ranging from tradition to geographical and economical limitations. Golden Rice is a step in the right direction in that it does not create new dependencies or displace traditional foodstuff.
The techniques used to transfer genes have a very low success rate, so the genetic engineers attach "marker genes" that are resistant to antibiotics to help them to find out which cells have taken up the new DNA. These marker genes are resistant to antibiotics that are commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. Some scientists believe that eating GE food containing these marker genes could encourage gut bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance.
1) Our AMA recognizes the continuing validity of the three major conclusions contained in the 1987 National Academy of Sciences white paper "Introduction of Recombinant DNA-Engineered Organisms into the Environment." [The three major conclusions are: (a)There is no evidence that unique hazards exist either in the use of rDNA techniques or in the movement of genes between unrelated organisms; (b) The risks associated with the introduction of rDNA-engineered organisms are the same in kind as those associated with the introduction of unmodified organisms and organisms modified by other methods; (c) Assessment of the risk of introducing rDNA-engineered organisms into the environment should be based on the nature of the organism and the environment into which it is introduced, not on the method by which it was produced.)
(2) That federal regulatory oversight of agricultural biotechnology should continue to be science-based and guided by the characteristics of the plant or animal, its intended use, and the environment into which it is to be introduced, not by the method used to produce it, in order to facilitate comprehensive, efficient regulatory review of new bioengineered crops and foods.
(3) Our AMA believes that as of June 2012, there is no scientific justification for special labeling of bioengineered foods, as a class, and that voluntary labeling is without value unless it is accompanied by focused consumer education.
(4) Our AMA supports mandatory pre-market systematic safety assessments of bioengineered foods and encourages: (a) development and validation of additional techniques for the detection and/or assessment of unintended effects; (b) continued use of methods to detect substantive changes in nutrient or toxicant levels in bioengineered foods as part of a substantial equivalence evaluation; (c) development and use of alternative transformation technologies to avoid utilization of antibiotic resistance markers that code for clinically relevant antibiotics, where feasible; and (d) that priority should be given to basic research in food allergenicity to support the development of improved methods for identifying potential allergens. The FDA is urged to remain alert to new data on the health consequences of bioengineered foods and update its regulatory policies accordingly.
(5) Our AMA supports continued research into the potential consequences to the environment of bioengineered crops including the: (a) assessment of the impacts of pest-protected crops on nontarget organisms compared to impacts of standard agricultural methods, through rigorous field evaluations; (b) assessment of gene flow and its potential consequences including key factors that regulate weed populations; rates at which pest resistance genes from the crop would be likely to spread among weed and wild populations; and the impact of novel resistance traits on weed abundance; (c) implementation of resistance management practices and continued monitoring of their effectiveness; (d) development of monitoring programs to assess ecological impacts of pest-protected crops that may not be apparent from the results of field tests; and (e) assessment of the agricultural impact of bioengineered foods, including the impact on farmers.
(6) Our AMA recognizes the many potential benefits offered by bioengineered crops and foods, does not support a moratorium on planting bioengineered crops, and encourages ongoing research developments in food biotechnology.
(7) Our AMA urges government, industry, consumer advocacy groups, and the scientific and medical communities to educate the public and improve the availability of unbiased information and research activities on bioengineered foods. (CSA Rep. 10, I-00; Modified: CSAPH Rep. 1, A-10; Modified: CASPH Rep. 2, A-12)
Chloroplasts are normally inherited maternally
We could now quickly screen tomato seedlings for DR alleles, and thus only evaluate segregating populations in the field that we already knew were DR --- resistant to most of the common tomato diseases. $100 million to create one variety, using GE, and an average of 7 years for regulatory approval.