Presentation made during ‘How to conduct courses on Environmental Management and Sustainability’ at NITK

1. Prasad Modak
Environmental Management Centre LLP
Director, Ekonnect Knowledge Foundation
Global Warming and Us

2. 2
Green House Effect: Global Warming
Increase in average temperature
on Earth due to Green House
Gases like CO2, NOx , CFC, CH4 ,
O3

3. Is it real?
Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change
confirms GlobalWarming and Climate Change as
Real Phenomena. Find More on
http://www.ipcc.ch/
Several local phenomena support the scientific
evidences reported world over. India responds
with NationalAction Plan on Climate Change.
Refer
http://www.energymanagertraining.com/N
APCC/main.htm

4. Observed changes
Global average
sea level
Northern
hemisphere
snow cover
Global average
temperature
Source: Direct observations of
recent climate change. GW1 SPM
p.5. Figure SPM.3. by AR5

5. Surface, balloon & satellite temperatures agree
Source: Met Office Hadley Centre Database, UK

6. Temperature
increases are
non-uniform:
higher mid-
continent,
highest of all in
far North.
(These are
observations,
not modeling
results.)
J. Hansen et al.,
PNAS 103: 14288-293
(26 Sept 2006)
2001-2005 mean ∆Tavg above 1951-80 base, °C

8. The frequency of heavy precipitation events
has increased over most land areas
- Rainfall in Mumbai (India), 2005:
1 million people lost their
homes

9. Source: climatecrisis.net

10. Source: climatecrisis.net

11. Source: climatecrisis.net

12. Muir Glacier, Alaska, 1941-2004
NSIDC/WDC for Glaciology, Boulder, compiler. 2002, updated 2006. Online glacier
photograph database. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center.
August 1941 August 2004
Coastal glaciers are retreating

13. NASA photograph
Extent of Arctic summer ice in 1979
(top satellite image) and in 2003 (lower
satellite image).
North Polar ice cap is sea ice -- it’s
floating and so does not change sea
level when it melts.
But the reduced reflectivity when the
ice is replaced by water amplifies the
warming effect of greenhouse gases.
Sea ice is shrinking

14. People exposed to increased water stress by 2020
 120 million to 1.2 billion in Asia
 75 to 250 million in Africa
 12 to 81 million in Latin America
Possible yield reduction in agriculture:
 50% by 2020 in some African countries
 30% by 2050 in Central and SouthAsia
 30% by 2080 in Latin America
Crop revenues could fall by 90% by 2100 in Africa
Impacts on poor regions

15. Impacts on India
• Rise in temperature: 2-5 C
• Subsequent Heat Waves
• Increase in 1-day and 5-
day extreme rainfalls,
particularly Maharashtra,
MP, AP and Karnataka
Source: High-resolution climate
change scenarios for India for
the 21st century by K. Rupa
Kumar et all, IITM, 2006

16. How much of Global Warming is human-
caused?
HUMAN INFLUENCES ON GLOBAL CLIMATE
• rising concentration of “greenhouse gases” (GHG)
from deforestation, agricultural practices, fossil-fuel
burning
• rising concentration of particulate matter from
agricultural burning, cultivation, fossil-fuel burning,
• alteration of Earth‟s surface reflectivity by
deforestation, desertification
• increased high cloudiness from aircraft contrails
NATURAL INFLUENCES ON GLOBAL CLIMATE
• variations in the energy output of the Sun
• variations in the Earth‟s orbit and tilt
• continental drift
• changes in atmospheric composition from volcanoes,
biological activity, weathering of rocks
• “internal” dynamics of ice-ocean-land-atmosphere
system

17. The main cause of the CO2 build-up in the last 250 years has been
emissions from fossil fuels & deforestation

19. 19
Industrial production is
responsible for 21% of all
CO2 emissions
9% of CO2 emissions are
transportation related.
57% of CO2 emissions result
from electricity generation
Residential sources account for
about 9% of carbon dioxide
emissions
CO2 emission by other
sectors is 4%
India: Sectoral
Contribution to
CO2
Source: CC Mitigation &
Adaptation An Indian
Perspective by Prof. S Kumar,
Dean, Asian Institute of
Technology

20. Science and Politics of
Global Warming

24. Mitigation,
meaning measures
to reduce the pace
& magnitude of the
changes in global
climate being
caused by human
activities.
Adaptation,
meaning measures
to reduce the
adverse impacts on
human well-being
resulting from the
changes in climate
that do occur.
Suffering? (is
this a Choice)
the adverse impacts
that are not
avoided by either
mitigation or
adaptation
THE CHOICES

25. Promote a new development path?
The dominant path to industrialization has been
characterized by high concurrent GHG emissions
Committing to alternative development paths requires
major changes in a wide range of areas:
 Economic structure : Low Carbon
Economy
 Geographical distribution of activities
 Consumption patterns
 Demography

26. Leverage against CO2 emissions
• It could be accelerated. It entails more efficient cars, trucks, planes,
buildings, appliances, manufacturing processes.This opportunity
offers the largest, cheapest, fastest leverage on carbon emissions.
GETTING MORE GDP OUT OF LESS
ENERGY
• the mix of fossil & non-fossil energy sources (most importantly more
renewables and/or nuclear)
RIGHT MIX OF ENERGY SOURCES
FOCUSING ON RENEWABLE ENERGY
• new frontiers in fossil-fuel technologies (most importantly with
carbon capture & sequestration).
PRACTICING NEW PARADIGMS OF
TECHNOLOGIES

27. 0
Historical
emissions
Reduced carbon
intensity of the
baseline economy
Emissions proportional to
economic growth
205520051955
14
7
1.9
28
21
StabilizationTriangle
Flat path
Virtual
Triangle
GtC/yr
Stabilizing would be possible if emissions were
flat for ~50 years, then declined.
The green “stabilization
triangle” represents the
emissions that should &
could be avoided by new
policies (a depiction due to
Socolow & Pacala).
Source: Pacala S & R Socolow: „Stabilizing wedges to solve climate problem in next 50
years‟ with current technologies‟, Science, 305

28. Corporate Commitments and
Results
10% reduction
10% reduction
$650 million saved
69% reduction
$2 billion saved
65% reduction
$791 million saved
25% reduction
9% reduction
6% reduction
10% reduction
“It’s made us
more competitive”
25% reduction
$100 million saved
13% reduction
Absolute cap
35% reduction
$200 million saved
19% reduction
37% reduction
17% reduction
5% reduction
72% reduction
1% reduction
$1.5 billion clean tech R&D

29. I am concerned..What Next?
 The amount of GHGs emitted due to
an individual’s every day activities on a
personal level is called “Personal
Carbon Footprint (CFP)”. The carbon
footprint of an average Indian is 1.4
metric tons of CO2 equivalent in a
year.
 CFP of an Urban Indian is expected to
be higher, perhaps close to 3.0 metric
tons of CO2 equivalent
(Source: International Energy Agency, 2010)

30. Our Carbon footprint depends on…
• The resources we consume
• The mode of transport we use
• The electricity we use
• The waste we generate
The way we live!!!
Your
transport
choices
for
vacations
No. of
LPG
cylinder
s for
cooking
you buy
How
often and
how long
you travel
on
vacations
Your
monthly
expenses
for daily
commute
to work
Your
monthly
electricit
y bill
Six Things
you should know to
estimate your carbon
footprint…

31. What Can I Do? KnowCo2Now
• KnowCO2Now is a easy-to-use designed by EMC will
help you estimate your carbon footprint based on your
response to 14 easy questions.
• The questions posed relate to a few carbon-intensive
activities in your everyday life. An honest answer will
help you know your CFP and CFI and how your lifestyle
choices could influence the same.
• More on http://www.emcentre.com/knowco2now

32. Every unit of electricity(kWh) used
generates 0.82 kg of CO2at the power station
http://www.flickr.com/photos/davipt/164341428/sizes/z/in/photostream/
Use CFLs at homes and offices. Reduce annual CO2
emissions by 84kg on every replacement. Reduce
annual electricity bill by Rs. 409

33. http://www.flickr.com/photos/krossbow/4316763553/sizes/z/in/photostream/
Switch off
unnecessary
lights and fans
Reduce annualCO2 emissions by
28 kg
Reduce annual electricity bills by `
134
per bulb and fan kept off for just
an extra hour each day
If just 1000 homes do
that, that’s 28000 kg of
CO2 less per year
Switch off theTV, Set top
box and DVD player at
the plug, not with a
remote.
Reduce annual CO2
emissions by 106 kg
Reduce annual electricity
bills by ` 518
Source: Bureau of Energy
Effiiciency

34. Buying a new home appliance?
Look out for the 5 star label and buy a higher star rated product
Fans (1200mm sweep)
Reduce annual CO2 emissions by 36 kg
Reduce annual electricity bills by ` 176
Refrigerators (Frost-free)
Reduce annual CO2 emissions by 269 kg
Reduce annual electricity bills by ` 1312
Air conditioners (1.5 tons split)
Reduce annual CO2 emissions by 283 kg
Reduce annual electricity bills by ` 1382
Source: Bureau of Energy Efficiency

35. Per replacement you reduce
annual CO2 emissions by 205 to 279 kg
annual electricity bills by ` 1000 to 1360http://www.flickr.com/photos/arbron/56216464/
Replace old desktops with laptops

36. Print responsibly
Just 500 sheets of double sided printing a
month
Reduce annual CO2 emissions by 87 kg
http://www.flickr.com/photos/der_dennis/1824103662/
Reduce printing in each department by just one ream of
paper a month
Reduce annual CO2 emissions by 87 kg

37. Use the geyser efficiently. Have baths in quick succession
Reduce annualCO2 emissions by 344 kg
Reduce annual electricity bills by ` 1676
Reduce the temperature setting on the geyser. Geysers come with a factory
setting of 60oC but you need water at only 40oC for a comfortable bath.
Reduce annualCO2 emissions by 172 kg
Reduce annual electricity bills by ` 838
Source: Bureau of Energy Efficiency
http://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisandhilleary/159821463/

38. http://www.flickr.com/photos/stevendepolo/4226949360/
Use a pressure cooker
Reduce annualCO2 emissions by 125 kg
Save ` 1048 (cost of 3 cylinders)
Use fuel efficient cooking
methods
Reduce gas usage by 20 minutes a day to
reduce annualCO2 emissions by 62 kg
and
save ` 524
Eat together
Heating food at one go to reduce
unnecessary use of the microwave for
just 5 minutes can reduce up to 30 kg
of CO2 emissions per year
Reduce annual electricity bills by ` 146
Source: Operating manual of IFB
microwave oven

39. Install a solar water
heater
Reduce annualCO2 emissions by 687 kg
Reduce annual electricity bills by ` 3352
http://www.flickr.com/photos/90417577@N00/2413226470/
Don‟t use the hot wash
setting
Reduce CO2 emissions by 98 kg annually
Reduce annual electricity bills by ‘478
Source: Operating manual of IFB
machine

40. http://www.flickr.com/photos/stevendepolo/3761878381/
Conserve water

41. Transportation & Carbon
Modern cars emit more CO2!!!
 Post-2000 petrol cars, with engine size more than 1,400 cc,
emits 143 gm/km of CO2. Average Fuel economy 16 km/litre
 But post -2005 models of same engine size emit 173 gm/km.
Average Fuel economy 13 km per litre.
ARAI data analysis by CSE
Public transport contribute
much less of CO2 load
 Bus carry several times more people and consume
significantly less fuel per passenger
 Trains are even more attractive

42. Every small car that goes
off the road reduces
Annual CO2 emissions by
1321 kg
Annual fuel cost by `
29352
http://www.flickr.com/photos/naturewise/4947484737/

43. Get driven to work….in a bus
Reduce annual CO2 emissions by 1194 kg
Save ` 29352 if you use the company bus
http://www.flickr.com/photos/85296574@N00/795107184/

44. Reduce annual CO2 emissions by 48 to 64 kg
Reduce annual fuel cost by ` 1071 to 1417
http://www.flickr.com/photos/paulk/26896050/
Source: Central Road Research Institute, July 2010

45. Regularly inflate vehicle tyres
Reduce annual CO2 emissions by 150 kg
Reduce annual fuel cost by ` 3344
http://www.flickr.com/photos/truckpr/3990952616/

46. Waste Management & Carbon
 The wet garbage from home is a major
contributor of methane
 Dumping is the practice followed and
with it uncontrolled emission to
atmosphere
 But by segregation, the wet garbage
can be composted locally
 Follow 4R principle: Reduce, Repair,
Reuse, Recycle
 Send dry waste for recycling; earn
money by the way !
Compost your kitchen wastes
Reduce annual CO2 emissions by 68 kg

47. Buildings & Carbon
 Green Buildings
 Use of renewable or low
energy intensive construction
material and Structures
designed optimizing on energy
use in the life cycle
 Energy Conservation
Building Code 2006
 Green Building Codes
 Energy Efficiency,
Environment Management,
Water Management,
Renewable Energy, Waste
Management and Recycling
Benefits of Green Building Green
building offers a range of economic
and environmental benefits
•30% to 40% reduction in operation
cost
•Green Corporate image
•Enhanced occupant comfort

48. Individual Action Counts
Better if done collectively

50. Let us combat global warming

51. Acknowledgement for Sources of
Slides and Statistics
1. Reports by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2. National Action Plan on Climate Change
3. Global Climate Change, Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences UW –
Madison
4. Climate Change: Can Science Save Us? By Dr R K Pachauri,
Chairman, IPCC
5. ‘Low Carbon Lifestyle’ by Low Carbon Campaign during
Commonwealth Games 2010, New
Delhi(www.cwgdelhi2010.org)
6. ‘Meeting the Climate Change Challenge’ by John P. Holdren,
Director, The Woods Hole Research Centre

52. Dr Prasad Modak
Environmental ManagementCentre
prasad.modak@emcentre.com
O22-40049210/11/12
THANK YOU