by anand sharma

1. CLIMATE CHANGE
AND
MITIGATION

8. Build-up of atmospheric carbon
dioxide over time
Source: IPCC, 2007

9. Most of the greenhouse gas emissions are
from the industrialized countries
Europe
Africa
Japan, Australia
and New zealand
South AsiaEast Asia
USA and Canada
Latin America
Middle East
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Region
tonsofCO2eq/capita

10. What is the contribution of different sectors in
India to climate change?
(Sources of greenhouse gas emissions in India)
Industrial
processes
8%
Wastes
2%
Land use
changes
1%
Agriculture
28%
Energy
61%
Source: India’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change, 2004
Fossil fuel used in agriculture considered in energy sector

12. Warmest 12 years:
1998,2005,2003,2002,2004,2006,
2001,1997,1995,1999,1990,2000
Source: IPCC, 2007
Global mean temperatures have increased by
0.74oC during last 100 years.
The rate has become faster in recent years

13. 1. Try using cycle for short distances.
2. Whenever you use electricity, you help put greenhouse gases
into the air.
3. Turning off lights, the television, and the computer when you
are through with them.
4. Also, planting trees is fun and a great way to reduce
greenhouse gases.
5. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the air
Global Warming may be a big
problem,
but can you make a difference?

15. Future Climate is Likely to be Warmer
Source: IPCC, 2007
Although there
is considerable
uncertainty
about future, all
climate models
indicate a rising
trend in
temperature.
By 2100 a rise
of 1.8 to 4oC is
expected.
Higher values
cannot be ruled
out

17. 9 Severe vulnerability
7 Moderate
6 Moderate
5 Modest
4 Modest
3 Little
2 Little
No data
10 Extreme
9 Severe
8 Serious
7 Moderate
6 Moderate
5 Modest
No data
Year 2100
Distribution of vulnerability

24. Climate Impact Human Impact Over all impact
Sea Level Rise
• Flooding
• Sea surges
• Erosion
• Salination of land and water
• Loss of land
• Drowning, injury
• Lack of clean water, disease
• Damage to coastal infrastructure, homes, and
property
• Loss of agricultural lands & Livestock
• Threat to tourism, lost beaches
• Salinity ingress root – level of crops and trees
• Increase in poverty
Temperature Increase
• Change in disease vectors
• Coral bleaching
• Impact on fisheries
• Spread of disease
• Changes in traditional fishing
• livelihood and commercial fishing
• Threat to tourism, lost coral and fish diversity
• Decline productivity – overall
production
- Agriculture
- Livestock
- Fishes
ExtremeWeather Events
• Higher intensity storms
• Sea surges
• Delayed monsoon
• Long interval between rain –
spells
• Early withdrawal of monsoon
• Dislocation of populations
• Contamination of water supply
• Damage to infrastructure: delays in medical
treatment, food crisis
• Psychological distress
• Increased transmission of disease
• Damage to agricultural lands
• Disruption of educational services
• Damage to tourism sector
• Massive property damage
• Threat to food and health
security of hungry million
Changes in Precipitation
• Change in disease vectors
• Erosion
• Outbreak of disease – both in crops and trees &
Human beings
• Depletion of agricultural soils
• New health problems
Source:Adapted from Climate Change: tackling the greatest human rights challenge of our time - Centre for International
Environmental Law & CARE International – Feb 2015 24

25. Heavy rainfall events
(>10cm)
Very heavy rainfall
events (>15cm)
Heavy precipitation events over Central
India have increased during last 50 years
Source: IITM, Goswami et al. 2006; data is the
frequency in each of 143 grids in the region
Light to moderate rainfall
events (5-100 mm)

26. Crop yields are projected to decrease in the
tropics/sub-tropics, but increase at high latitudes
Source: IPCC, 2007
2020
2050

37. CLIMATE CHANGE
MYTH
AND
REALITY

38. 2 2 =
4 billion tons go out
Ocean
Land Biosphere (net)
Fossil Fuel
Burning
+
8
800
billion tons carbon
4
billion
tons go in
billion tons added
every year
Climate Change Mitigation
Read:
NYS Interim Climate Action plan – executive Summary http://www.nyclimatechange.us/ewebeditpro/items/O109F24046.pdf
Stabilization Wedges - Science,Vol 305, Issue 5686, 968-972, 13 Aug. 2004 (on moodle)

39. Energy Efficiency and
Conservation
Fuel Switching
Forests & Soils
CO2 Capture
and Storage
Nuclear Fission
What are the options?
Renewable Electricity and
Fuels

40. Substitute 1400 natural gas electric plants for an equal
number of coal-fired facilities
Fuel Switching
Photo by J.C. Willett (U.S. Geological
Survey).

41. Use only LOW-CARBON FUELS
 Replace 1,400 large coal-fired power
plants with natural-gas-fired plants.
 Displace coal by increasing production of
nuclear power to three times today’s
capacity.

42. Double the fuel efficiency of the
world’s cars or halve miles traveled
Produce today’s electric capacity
with double today’s efficiency
Use best efficiency practices in
all residential and commercial
buildings
Replacing all the world’s incandescent bulbs
with CFL’s would provide 1/4 of one wedge
Efficiency
There are about
600 million cars
today, with 2 billion
projected for 2055
Average coal plant efficiency is 32% today
E, T, H / $
Photos courtesy of Ford Motor Co., DOE, EPA
Sector s affected:
E = Electricity, T =Transport, H =
Heat
Example – 1
wedge

43. EFFICIENCY AND
CONSERVATION
 Improve fuel economy of the two billion
cars expected on the road by 2057 to 60
mpg from 30 mpg.
 Reduce miles traveled annually per car
from 10,000 to 5,000.
 Increase efficiency in heating, cooling,
lighting, and appliances by 25 percent.
 Improve coal-fired power plant efficiency
to 60 percent from 40percent.
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/10/carbon-crisis/img/stabilization_wedges.pdf

44.  More effective use of energy

Renewable energy

45. Wind Electricity
Install 1 million 2 MW windmills to replace coal-based
electricity,
OR
Use 2 million windmills to produce hydrogen fuel
Photo courtesy of DOE
A wedge worth of wind electricity will require increasing current
capacity by a factor of 30
E, T, H / $-$$

46. Solar
Electricity
Photos courtesy of DOE Photovoltaics Program
Install 20,000 square kilometers for dedicated
use by 2054
A wedge of solar electricity would mean increasing current capacity 700 times
E / $$$

47. Biofuels
Photo courtesy of
NREL
Using current practices, one wedge requires planting an area the size of India
with biofuels crops
Scale up current global ethanol production by 30
times
T, H / $$

48. RENEWABLES AND BIOSTORAGE
 Increase wind-generated power to 25 times
current capacity.
 Increase solar power to 700 times current
capacity.
 Increase wind power to 50 times current capacity
to make hydrogen for fuel-cell cars.
 Increase ethanol biofuel production to 50 times
current capacity.About one-sixth of the world’s
cropland would be needed.
 Stop all deforestation.
 Expand conservation tillage to all cropland
(normal plowing releases carbon by speeding
decomposition of organic matter).

49. Natural Sinks
Photos courtesy of NREL, SUNY Stonybrook, United Nations FAO
Eliminate tropical deforestation
OR
Plant new forests over an area the size of the
continental U.S.
OR
Use conservation tillage on all cropland (1600
Mha)
B / $
Conservation tillage is currently practiced on
less than 10% of global cropland

50. Implement CCS at
• 800 GW coal electric plants or
• 1600 GW natural gas electric plants or
• 180 coal synfuels plants or
• 10 times today’s capacity of hydrogen plants
Graphic courtesy of Alberta Geological Survey
Carbon Capture & Storage
There are currently three storage projects that each inject 1
million tons of CO2 per year – by 2055 need 3500.
E, T, H / $$

51. CARBON CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
 Introduce systems to capture CO2 and
store it underground at 800 large coal-
fired plants or 1,600 natural-gas-fired
plants.
 Use capture systems at coal derived
hydrogen plants producing fuel for a
billion cars.
 Use capture systems in coal derived
synthetic fuel plants producing 30 million
barrels a day.

52. Triple the world’s nuclear electricity capacity
by 2055
Nuclear
Electricity
Graphic courtesy of NRC
The rate of installation required for a wedge from electricity is equal
to the global rate of nuclear expansion from 1975-1990.
E/ $$

53. SUMMARY MITIGATION
FOREGO FOSSIL FUEL
INFRASTRUCTURE
MOVE CLOSER TO WORK
CONSUME LESS
BE EFFICIENT
EAT SMART AND GO
VEGETARIAN
STOP CUTTING DOWN TREES
UNPLUG
POPULATION CONTROL
FUTURE FUELS
GEOENGINEERING

54. Development & mitigation
The dominant path to industrialisation has been characterised by high concurrent GHG emissions and pressure on natural resources
Committing to alternative development paths requires
major changes in a wide range of areas:
 Economic structure
 Geographical distribution of activities
 Consumption patterns
 Demography
IPCC

55. Take Home Messages
 In order to avoid a doubling of atmospheric CO2, we
need to rapidly deploy low-carbon energy technologies
and/or enhance natural sinks
 We already have an adequate portfolio of technologies
to make large cuts in emissions
 No one technology can do the whole job – a variety of
strategies will need to be used to stay on a path that
avoids a CO2 doubling
 Every “wedge” has associated impacts and costs

56. Solar lantern
Each solar lantern:
 Saves about 40-60 litres of
kerosene per year
 Mitigates 145 kg of CO2
emissions per year
Alternately:
 Saves about 182.5 kWhr of
electricity per year
 Mitigates 157 kg of CO2
emissions per year
Gandhi was once asked if he expected India to attain the same standard
of living as Britain. He replied:
It took Britain half the resources of the planet to achieve this prosperity.
How many planets will a country like India require!

57. Many small steps. They all add up.