3. Earth’s atmosphere is slightly warmer than what it should be
due to direct solar heating because of a mild case of
greenhouse effect…
• The ground is heated by visible and (some) infrared light
from the Sun.
• The heated surface emits infrared light.
• The majority of Earth’s atmosphere (N2 and O2) are not
good greenhouse gas.
• The small amount of greenhouse gases (H2O, CO2) traps
(absorb and re-emit) the infrared radiation, increasing the
temperature of the atmosphere…
4. The primary components of Earth’s atmosphere, N2 and O2
do not have absorption in the IR wavelength range,
therefore, do not have a significant role in setting the
surface temperature of the planet…
Greenhouse gas are efficient in absorbing IR light…
The most important greenhouse gases are:
H2O – Water vapor.
CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
CH4 – methane
The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere is
water vapor. Most of the greenhouse heating of Earth’s
atmosphere is due to Water vapor absorption of IR
radiation emitted by Earth, and then transferring the
energy to the surrounding air molecule
5. Shorter high energy wavelengths hit the earth’s surface.
Incoming energy is converted to heat.
Longer , infrared waves hit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere emit infrared waves back towards
earth.
6. • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
– Source: Fossil fuel burning, deforestation
Anthropogenic increase: 30%
Average atmospheric residence time: 500 years
Methane (CH4)
– Source: Rice cultivation, cattle & sheep ranching, decay
from landfills, mining
Anthropogenic increase: 145%
Average atmospheric residence time: 7-10 years
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
– Source: Industry and agriculture (fertilizers)
Anthropogenic increase: 15%
Average atmospheric residence time: 140-190 years
7.
8. Summary
Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation and prevent it from escaping
to space.
Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are very good
at capturing energy at wavelengths that other compounds
9. Greenhouse Effect &
Global Warming
• The “greenhouse effect” & global
warming are not the same thing.
– Global warming refers to a rise in the temperature of the
surface of the earth
• An increase in the concentration of
greenhouse gases leads to an
increase in the the magnitude of
the greenhouse effect. (Called
enhanced greenhouse effect)
– This results in global warming
12. Reduce the Carbon Footprint of Your Car
Drive better - Studies have shown up to 30% of the
difference in miles per gallon (MPG) is due to driving habits
alone. You could save more than a ton of CO2 per year by:
- Accelerating slowly and smoothly
- Driving the speed limit
- Maintaining a steady speed
- Anticipating your stops and starts
Maintenance - Keep your car tuned up and running
efficiently.
More Maintenance - Replace your air, oil and fuel filters
according to schedule.
Tires - Keep your tires properly inflated (just this can save
400-700 pounds of CO2 per year)
Make your next vehicle a fuel-efficient one
13. Reduce the Carbon Footprint of Your
Travel
A lot of our emissions come from just being inefficient or
not deliberate with our daily decisions. Every day think
about how you could reduce the miles you drive and pretty
soon you’ll start identifying lots of opportunities:
Combine your trip with another.
Carpool - Just once a week saves 20%.
Check out your transit options - It may not work for you
every time, but use it when it does.
What about your bike? - Get in shape, too!
Only a mile? - Walk.
Think it through - Do you need to take this trip at all?
Get it on the Internet.
Optimize - Save this trip for later and combine with
another.
Telecommute - Work from home occasionally.
14. Reduce the Carbon Footprint of Your Air
Travel
Think about the trip - Can you combine it with another or
get more done on one trip?
Train - For some trips the train may be a good choice for
you.
Fly nonstop - Nonstop flights are better than connecting
flights (for many reasons).
When you get there - Do some research ahead of time to
find better ground travel options (shuttles, transit, trains,
etc.) at your destination.
Lodging - Ask your hotel about their environmental
commitment and steps they’re taking to reduce, offset.
While you’re away - Turn your stuff off. Turn down your
thermostat and your water heater; turn off your electronics
(even smarter: unplug them to protect from electrical
storms). What’s the point of things being on with no one
there?
15. Reduce the Carbon Footprint of Your
Home
Programmable thermostat – Costs about $50 or less and will save
you that much or more in the first year.
Weather-stripping and Caulking – Costs almost nothing while
reducing your energy use, reducing drafts and improving comfort.
Lighting – Compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) have that cool
curly shape and save more than 2/3rds of the energy of a regular
incandescent.
Heating and Cooling - Keep your heating and cooling system(s)
tuned. When it’s time to replace, do your research and ask for
ENERGY STAR.
Insulation – Weatherstripping, caulking and insulation work
together to save you energy, improve the comfort of your home,
make it quieter and help you save money.
Water-Conserving Showerheads & Toilets – You can reduce water
and heating costs, even in your bathroom. To save even more
water, turn the faucet off when brushing or shaving.
16. Appliances – Always pay attention to the total lifetime
cost, including energy—not just the price tag. Look for
the ENERGY STAR label
Bigger isn’t always better - Just get the size you need
Electronics – Likewise, look for ENERGY STAR. If you’re
going away or not using an item for awhile, unplug it to
prevent energy loss from electricity usage on standby.
Windows – These can be expensive, but when it’s time
to replace them, make sure they are ENERGY STAR
rated.
Solar – We love solar, but make sure you reduce your
energy load first to keep your costs down.
17. Reduce the Carbon Footprint of Your
Wedding
Knowledge – There is a surprising amount to learn when it
comes to planning a wedding. Though primarily a resource
for training green wedding planners,
(New Wedding Planet is a great site for new couples to learn
the ins and outs of planning everything from cake design to the
elements of traditional or cultural ceremonies.)
Invitations – Utilize recycled or post-consumer waste paper
for all your invitations, thank you notes, place cards, etc.
Or cut out the paper waste altogether by choosing to go
digital and putting Save the Dates, maps, and reception
cards on your wedding website.
Flowers and Food – Same idea for both: make it local,
organic and seasonal. Almost all caterers and florists can
help you with this, and you can get educated by going to
your farmer’s market and asking what will be in season.
18. Décor – Let the natural beauty of your outdoor wedding
shine or consider using potted plants to adorn your
indoor event – guests can take them home and
transplant them, as opposed to wreaths of cut flowers
that only survive a day or two. by reusing floral
arrangements from your ceremony at the reception.
Transportation – The biggest carbon footprint from any
event is the transportation. Try holding the wedding in a
location central to most guests
19. Reduce the Carbon Footprint of Your
Office
Enable your power management - so your computer and monitor shut down.
Consider using PC energy-saving technology - The system monitors/minimizes
computer and printer energy usage.
Do you need to print?- Consider saving a file on your computer, in a flash drive or
emailing it.
Double-side print - Saves paper too.
Can you carpool or transit or bike to work?
Open up - If you have windows you can open, use them to intelligently save energy.
Turn ‘em off - Only use the lights you need. If you’re using your computer you may
not need your office lights on too.
Occupancy sensors - Shut off lights in unused rooms. Better, get your building to
install occupancy sensors.
Bring your lunch - Or walk to the local eatery instead of driving.
20. Overall summary
10 things a individual can do
1. Change Your Light bulbs
2. Unplug Your Gadgets
Completely powering off your gadgets isn't just good for
your devices, it's good for the planet. What's even better is
unplugging your chargers when they're not in use
3. Take Public Transit or Carpool
One car uses less gas than two and much less than three.
Similarly, riding the bus or train to work helps to slash
down the number of cards on the road.
21. 4. Choose a Laptop Over a Desktop
Laptops, unlike desktop computers, are designed to be
energy-efficient, because battery life is a major factor to
laptop design. a laptop can be up to 80% more energy-
efficient than a desktop
5. Filter Your Own Water
Buying packaged drinking water leads to rise in plastic
consumption.If you live in most western countries, tap
water is perfectly suitable for consumption, especially if
you use a filtration pitcher.
22. 6. Adjust Your Curtains and Thermostat
Simple adjustments to moderate the temperature in your
house. turning off your thermostat while you're not in your
home can save you 15% on your energy bill.
7. Buy Local Food
Purchasing foods that are both in season and grown locally
can drastically cut down the carbon emissions of the
vehicles used to transport your winter watermelon across
the country
8. Plant a Tree
Trees provide shade and oxygen while consuming carbon
dioxide
23. 9. Print or Digital, Be Mindful Reading the News
If you subscribe to a print paper, be sure to recycle your
paper every day. If online news is your preferred medium,
chose an unplugged laptop or e-reader, rather than a
plugged-in device for the majority of your browsing time.
10. Chose Energy-Efficient Kitchen Appliances
microwaving your food is faster and often uses less energy
than the stove
24. COCA-COLA CASE STUDY
Coca-Cola teamed up with the Carbon Trust to establish
how consumers can be empowered to cut their personal
environmental impact.
The ultimate goal: how to stimulate behavioural change
among global consumers, in terms of the products and
services they consume, in order to minimise the carbon
emissions these emit, and reduce their personal and
collective contribution to climate change.
25. Context is critical - Providing the environmental context
for typical consumer lifestyle choices can help inform
their decision making process.
Behaviour change is a challenge - The intense emotional
attachment to certain (high carbon) lifestyle choices
are difficult to change. In order to influence change,
brands need to stress the secondary or tertiary direct
benefits to consumers' health, wealth and quality of
life.
Simple measures can add up - Brands have a clear role
to play to help motivate consumers to make changes by
illustrating that event small changes when combined
contribute to a significant impact.
26. WHAT COCA COLA WANTED TO DO
Establish how to harness the power of the Coca-Cola
brand to inform, educate and empower individual
consumer to reduce their personal carbon footprint.
27. WHAT COCA COLA DID
Teamed up with the Carbon Trust to develop a robust
concept and methodology for a Personal Carbon
Allowance and identify the ingredients for success.
28. WHAT COCA COLA
ACCOMPALISHED
Developed a robust methodology, identified the
opportunities and challenges of this approach and
created the evidence needed for the Coca-Cola
Company to move forward with confidence and
credibility, recruit other brand leaders to support this
ambitious new drive towards global sustainability and
develop a coherent communications strategy.
29. Actions Taken
"Together we considered the concepts and public education
campaigns that have been understood and embraced by
consumers. Nutritional Guideline Daily Amounts (GDA) -
the system which sets an ideal standard for daily calorie
and nutrient consumption - provided us with a possible
blueprint for action."
"We agreed that, by calculating a Personal Carbon
Allowance for individual consumers on a daily basis, we
could establish a meaningful target. Then we needed to
develop and test the best ways of communicating this
concept in order to trigger behavioural change." Said
Ulrike Sapiro, Environmental Sustainability Director of the
Coca-Cola Company.
Based on this premise a three-phase feasibility study was
mapped out by the Carbon Trust.
30. Phase 1
Develop the concept of a carbon GDA - Guideline Daily
Allowance (GDA), using existing national consumption
data sets for UK consumers to calculate the daily
amounts used for everyday events. Then assess an
appropriate reduction factor to encourage reductions in
2011 on a trajectory towards the UK's 80% reduction
target by 2050.
31. Phase 2
Test the personal carbon allowance concept as a 'carbon
GDA' with consumers
Assess whether the carbon GDA concept helps
consumers make more informed decisions
Collect qualitative data from consumers experience
living with carbon GDAs Develop and test options for
communicating the carbon GDA.
32. Phase 3
Review the findings and develop a series of
recommendations for shaping related policy decisions in
future.
33. Result
After extensive analysis, eight lifestyle segments were
identified where consumers had the influence to alter
their habits. These were commuting, personal daily
travel, electricity, gas, food and drink consumption,
holidays, and emissions from leisure and lifestyle
activities. Further analysis by the Carbon Trust revealed
that the average consumer is responsible for 23.1kg of
embodied CO2e emissions per day from these lifestyle
segments.
34. "A host of complex issues were considered as part of this process, such as
the merits of a global versus country-specific allowance, the need for
carbon emissions to be gradually reduced over time and the fact that the
reduction rate necessary varies depending on the consumers' individual
life style as well as their stage of life. After crunching the numbers a daily
PCA of 19.9kg CO2e was agreed. Now we were ready to test the idea."
35. RESPONSE FROM THE
POPULATION
“I think the idea of having a carbon GDA would be very
beneficial on the whole and I believe that the majority
of people would appreciate the guidance so they have
the choice to alter their lifestyles a little more.”
“Importantly, it also revealed that most people view
climate change as an issue of such magnitude and
complexity that it is beyond their personal sphere of
influence. They simply do not see how altering their
own every day habits can have a significant impact on a
challenge of this scale.”
37. INTRODUCTION
Carbon offsetting is a mechanism by which the impact of
the emission of a ton of GHGs is neutralised through the
implementation of an action elsewhere that will
consume or reduce emissions by an equivalent ton of
GHGs.
The idea of offsetting emissions by investing in projects
elsewhere is a fundamental component of the Kyoto
Protocol.
38. HOW IT WORKS
Carbon offsets are a form of trade.
When you buy an offset, you fund projects that
reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Carbon offsets let you pay to reduce the global GHG
total instead of making radical or impossible reductions
of your own.
GHG emissions mix quickly with the air and, unlike
other pollutants, spread around the entire planet.
39. Sources of carbon offsets
The CDM identifies over 200 types of projects suitable
for generating carbon offsets, which are grouped into
broad categories.
These project types include renewable energy, methane
abatement, energy efficiency, reforestation and fuel
switching.
40. Renewable energy
These commonly include wind power, solar
power, hydroelectric power and biofuel.
41. Methane collection and
combustion An example of a project using
an anaerobic digester can be found in
Chile.
In order to reduce greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions.
42. Land use, land-use change
and forestry (LULUCF)
Avoided deforestation is the protection of existing
forests.
Reforestation is the process of restoring forests on land
that was once forested.
Afforestation is the process of creating forests on land
that was previously unforested, typically for longer than
a generation.
Soil management projects attempt to preserve or
increase the amount of carbon sequestered in soil.
43. Other means
Energy efficiency
1. Cogeneration plants
2. Fuel efficiency projects
3. Energy-efficient buildings
Destruction of industrial pollutants
Purchase of carbon allowances from emissions trading
schemes
44. Carbon offsets are voluntary. People and businesses buy
them to reduce their carbon footprints or build up their
green image.
Carbon offsets can counteract specific activities like air
travel and driving or events like weddings and
conferences.
45. In corporate sense
Because carbon offsets are voluntary, generous
purchases can help strengthen a company's
environmental image.
Some companies make real efforts to modify their
operations, create fewer GHG emissions and offset the
rest.
But businesses can also conceal lax environmental
standards with highly promoted carbon offsets.
Environmentalists call this type of
deception greenwashing.
46. Hypothetical Situation
Consider the following example of a hypothetical and
admittedly oversimplified situation.
Houses A and B can reduce their energy consumption by
1 tCO2e each. The reduction would require an
investment of Rs 10,000 in each.
House C has a reduction option of 4 tCO2e but because
of the older equipment will require a greater
investment of Rs 20,000. Unfortunately the owner does
not have these funds available at the present time.
47. The Three Options
Do nothing, we should not be spending money on GHG
reduction.
Each individual should do what they can. House A and
House B should spend Rs 10,000 each for a total GHG
reduction of tCO2e of 2.
House A and House B should contribute Rs 10,000 each
towards funding the modifications in House C to for a
total GHG reduction of tCO2e of 4.
48. In A Nutshell
Offsetting and carbon trading ensure that investments
materialize the largest GHG reductions at the lowest
possible cost.
So, Option C , is the correct method for carbon
offsetting and trading.
This is Carbon Offset in a nutshell.
49. Thank You !
Credits :-
Pragya Sharma
Shruti Sundaram
Sanaya Kansara
Smeet Gala
Kushal Bheda
Rohan Raisoni
