Global Environmental Governance and Politics of Ecotourism: Case Study of Cambodia

Global Environmental Governance and Politics of Ecotourism: Case Study of Cambodia Baromey Neth, Sam Ol Rith & Béatrice Knerr Department of Development Economics, Migration and Agricultural Policy, Faculty 11, University of Kassel, Germany 12 th EADI General Conference Global Governance for Sustainable Development: The Need for Policy Coherence and New Partnerships

What is This Research about? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

How This Research is Done? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Neoliberalism and Tourism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Global Environmental Governance (GEG) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ecotourism – Definition and Facts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Politics of Ecotourism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: SNV, 2007 Source: http://www.ccben.org/

Facts about Cambodia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/Cambodia.htm

Environmental Management in Cambodia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Communal Management State Appropriation Community Common Property Resources State / Open Access Timber, Land & Fishery Concessions / Logging, Poaching & Encroachment Private Ownership / Community Management Industrial / illegal Activities & Spontaneous Settlement Conversion to Other Uses Communal Management State Appropriation State Appropriation Industrial/Illegal Activities & Spontaneous Settlement State Appropriation Conversion to Other Uses Community Common Property Resources State / Open Access Timber Concession / Logging, Poaching & Encroachment Private Ownership / Community Management Transformation of natural resources in Cambodia Source: Ferrari (2002) Source: Ministry of Environment, Cambodia (2004)

Environmental Management in Cambodia (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Forest 6.5 mill. ha Agriculture 705,394 ha Fishing 1 mill. ha Economic Zone (e.g. 10 islands ) Concession Laws http://www.licadho.org/articles/20070208/51

Tourism in Cambodia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Neth Baromey (2007)

Definitions of Ecotourism and CBET in Cambodian Context ,[object Object],[object Object],Source: http://www.ccben.org/

Global Environmental Governance and Politics of Ecotourism in Cambodia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: http://www.ccben.org/ Source: MoT-Cambodia (2007)

Global Environmental Governance and Politics of Ecotourism in Cambodia (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ecotourism Politics of State and Non-State Institutions in Cambodia Economic Growth-Oriented Conservation- Oriented Main Benefit Receivers:  Executing agency (MoE) and its responsible staffs  Government via taxes Main Benefit Receivers:  Selected members of local communities Neoliberal Actors Populist/Neo-Populist Actors

Constraints of Ecotourism Politics in Cambodia State & Non-state Limited capacities of local communities and executing agencies’ staffs State Lack of community involvement; lack of institutional collaboration/partnership; trend towards mass ecotourism; etc. Non-state Participation & benefits are hard to measure; insecure land ownership & resource accessibility; people’s limited legitimacy & access to livelihood resources; problem of identifying & selecting community members; disparities in economic generation & distribution; etc. Implementation State & non-state Client-patron relationship; top-down management; etc. Structural State low capacity; political pressure; corruption; bureaucracy and centralized management plans; nepotism; economic monopoly; lack of community’s awareness and support; overlapped responsibilities; etc. Institutional State Different interpretations and lack of supportive document; unclear mandate; more economic opportunity focused; poor law enforcement strategies; unspecified key provisions of laws; political instability and frequent change of laws; etc. Legal State Unclear accountabilities and definitions; weak & complex legal & institutional frameworks Policy State & non-state Conversion of ideology into “classical approach” to conservation Theoretical Actors Descriptions Constraints

Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: SNV (2007)

Implications for Policy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Global Environmental Governance and Politics of Ecotourism: Case Study of Cambodia

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Global Environmental Governance and Politics of Ecotourism: Case Study of Cambodia