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MainstreamingCCAin 2 road projects ACCARNSI
- 1. Mainstreaming environmental and climatechange adaptation into road projects in Cambodia: Institutional challenges 2015 ACCARNSI Early Career Research Forum -------------- Bunlong LENG, PhD Candidate University of Melbourne 20-22 July 2015 1
- 2. 2 1. Research Gaps Developmentaid invests largely in climate-vulnerable areas. “Investment-as-usual” can increase vulnerability to climate change. (Adger, Lorenzoni, & O'Brien, 2009, p. 2; Boakye- Agyei, 2011) Evidence of little research on climate-resilient road investment (Matus Kramer, Prudent-Richard, Sainsbury, & Schreitter, 2012) Source: Vutha Cambodian Post Timelines, 2014 Source: the Author, 2013
- 3. 3 2. Research Significance •Climate-proofing road in theory and practice. • Climate-integrated environmental assessment (Agrawala, et al., 2012; Stephen, 2013) • -Climate vulnerability risk assessment (ADB, 2010) • Institutional change (Inderberg & Eikeland, 2009, Goldman, 2005; Sietz, et al., 2008; Tang, 2011). Source: MWPT, 2012
- 4. 4 3. Research Aim Donoraid Institutional change Climate Resilience Environmental assessment & Climate vulnerability assessment E.g. a Road Project Appraisal Design ImplementationMonitoring Identification Source: the Author
- 5. 4. Two CaseStudies Case 1: Commune road improvement 2012-13 • Global Climate Change Alliance • EU & Sub-national administration • Government’s Environmental Assessment Policy Case 2: Provincial road improvement 2011-15 • Pilot Program for Climate Resilience • ADB & Ministry of Transport • ADB’s Environmental Assessment Policy 5
- 6. 5. Environmental Assessment? Case1: • No climate in its IEE/EMP • IEE/EMP includes grass and tree planting Case2: • Climate in its IEE/EMP • IEE/EMP includes ecosystem-based adaptation • A debatable answer on adaptation 6
- 7. 7 5. Environmental Assessment? “EnvironmentalAssessment 2009 covers elements of climate change, but not on adaptation measures.” Participant 1.6. • Lack of coherent climate-proofing approach— comprehensive guideline
- 8. 6. What isclimate resilience? Case 1: • Vulnerability risk assessment (VRA) at commune level • Mainstream adaptation into sub- national (commune) development policy Case 2: • Climate change survey at community level • Mainstream adaptation into road transport policy 8
- 9. 9 6. What isclimate resilience? Ownership to government, but to follow climate resilience criteria. Resource dependency—exert power, with an ideological purpose, by supplying resources that are depended upon by the government (Caroline Hughes, 2009). “Making road resilience to climate change requires additional costs. We need donors to support ... “, participant 49.
- 10. 10 7. What areinstitutional challenges? Resource dependency, decision power, & ownership capacity: 1. “…week institutional capacity, ADB has leverage to drive and control the project quality”. Participant 1.61 2. “…as long as we can get free grant, governments are happy to accept anything”. Participant 1.4 3. “…government will entertain donor requirements so that the project can move forward”. Participant 1.9
- 11. 11 7. Institutional challenges? Resource dependency • Fixed budget vs. higher costs—why pay incremental cost (15%-30%)? • Expect adaption fund. “We know the potential risks, but …because people are waiting for roads and government has budget limitation”. Participant 1.11 Decision Power • Pressure of time and results vs. cost/benefit with uncertainty. • Resilience is part of risk management vs. $$
- 12. 12 7. Institutional challenges? •Information, knowledge and ownership capacity—value-added to grassroots and all others.
- 13. 13 8. Conclusion Mainstreaming isnot simply a result or outcome, but rather an ongoing process that enables climate-proofing development. Source: the Author, 2013
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