Brief intro about crystalline and amorphous structures,
glass transition temperature,
free volume theory of glass transition temperature,
factors effecting glass transition temperature etc.
A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many
repeated subunits. The structure of a polymer is defined in terms of
crystallinity. This might also be thought of as the degree of order or regularity
in how the molecules are packed together. A well-ordered polymer is
considered crystalline. The opposite is an amorphous polymer. Almost
all amorphous polymers possess a temperature boundary. Above this
temperature the substance remains soft, rubbery and flexible, and below
this temperature it becomes hard, glassy and brittle.
The temperature, below which a polymer is hard and above which
it is soft is called the glass transition temperature.
For example:-
When an ordinary natural rubber ball if cooled below -70oC becomes so
hard and brittle that it will break into several pieces like a glass ball falling on a
hard surface.
This happens because there is a temperature boundary for amorphous.
The transition from the rubber to the glass-like state is an important feature of
polymer behavior, marking as it does a region where dramatic changes in the
physical properties, such as hardness and elasticity, are observed.
The hard, glassy, brittle state is known as the glassy state and the soft,
rubbery, flexible state is the rubbery or viscoelastic state. The glass transition
temperature is denoted by Tg.
Tf is another term for temperature, when a polymer is heated further, it forms
a viscous liquid and starts flowing, this state is known as viscous-fluid state
and the temperature is termed as flow temperature (Tf).
Tg is an important characteristic property of any polymer as it has an
important bearing on the potential application of a polymer.
Brief intro about crystalline and amorphous structures,
glass transition temperature,
free volume theory of glass transition temperature,
factors effecting glass transition temperature etc.
A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many
repeated subunits. The structure of a polymer is defined in terms of
crystallinity. This might also be thought of as the degree of order or regularity
in how the molecules are packed together. A well-ordered polymer is
considered crystalline. The opposite is an amorphous polymer. Almost
all amorphous polymers possess a temperature boundary. Above this
temperature the substance remains soft, rubbery and flexible, and below
this temperature it becomes hard, glassy and brittle.
The temperature, below which a polymer is hard and above which
it is soft is called the glass transition temperature.
For example:-
When an ordinary natural rubber ball if cooled below -70oC becomes so
hard and brittle that it will break into several pieces like a glass ball falling on a
hard surface.
This happens because there is a temperature boundary for amorphous.
The transition from the rubber to the glass-like state is an important feature of
polymer behavior, marking as it does a region where dramatic changes in the
physical properties, such as hardness and elasticity, are observed.
The hard, glassy, brittle state is known as the glassy state and the soft,
rubbery, flexible state is the rubbery or viscoelastic state. The glass transition
temperature is denoted by Tg.
Tf is another term for temperature, when a polymer is heated further, it forms
a viscous liquid and starts flowing, this state is known as viscous-fluid state
and the temperature is termed as flow temperature (Tf).
Tg is an important characteristic property of any polymer as it has an
important bearing on the potential application of a polymer.
Introduction
Why do we need plasticizers?
Mechanism of action of plasticizers
Properties of plasticizers
Classification of plasticizers
Selection of plasticizers
Effect of plasticizer on permeability of film.
Effect of plasticizer on mechanical properties of film.
Effect on residual internal stress.
Effect of plasticizers on release rates of drug.
Texture of plasticized films.
Limitations.
Conclusion.
Presentation on photo degradation and photo stabilization of polymersIEI GSC
Presentation made by Joel Lalucherian, Prof R.N.Desai & Prof Bhakti D Patel at All India Seminar on Polymer Processing, reclamation and its end-of-life impact on environment at Gujarat State Center of The Institution of Engineers (India)
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Introduction
Why do we need plasticizers?
Mechanism of action of plasticizers
Properties of plasticizers
Classification of plasticizers
Selection of plasticizers
Effect of plasticizer on permeability of film.
Effect of plasticizer on mechanical properties of film.
Effect on residual internal stress.
Effect of plasticizers on release rates of drug.
Texture of plasticized films.
Limitations.
Conclusion.
Presentation on photo degradation and photo stabilization of polymersIEI GSC
Presentation made by Joel Lalucherian, Prof R.N.Desai & Prof Bhakti D Patel at All India Seminar on Polymer Processing, reclamation and its end-of-life impact on environment at Gujarat State Center of The Institution of Engineers (India)
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY(A PHYSICAL SEPARATION METHOD).pptxHetav Patel
an analytical technique for physical separation of the compounds. mainly used in the pharmaceutical analytical fields.
helpful to understand how separation process works in chemical fields.
helpful for the preparation of gas chromatography topic.
Chromatography is a procedure for resolving A multicomponent mixture of minor or major constituents into its individual fractions.
GC is one of the most widely used chromatographic technique.
In gas chromatography the substance to be analyzed is partitioned between the mobile phase and stationary phase during the separation the sample is vaporized and carried through the column by the mobile phase.
.
polymerization is a process of bonding monomer, or "single units" together through a variety of reaction mechanisms to form longer chains named Polymer.
This slide is about the historical development of loom
Weaving machine
Loom machine
History of loom
Horizontal loom
Vertical loom
Chronological loom
Pit loom
Frame loom
Automatic loom
Power loom
Modern loom
Air jet loom
Water loom
projectile loom
Rapier loom
Multiphase loom
Textile engineering
This slide is about winding machine.
what is winding in textile
different winding process
Types of winding machine
Winding production
winding calculation
Winding efficiency
Factors of winding machine
Textile engineering
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
3. Contents
• Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
• Free Volume Theory For Tg
• Factors Influencing Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg)
1
4. Glass Transition Temperature
• Glass transition temperature is a temperature at which the
polymer experiences the transition from the glassy state to the
rubbery state.
• Glassy state is hard & brittle state of material which is consist of
short-range vibrational & rotational motion of atoms in polymer
chain, while Rubbery state is soft & flexible state of material
which is a long-range rotational motion of polymer chain
segments.
Glassy State
Hard & Brittle
Rubbery State
Soft & Flexible
Tg
4
5. 5
• Some polymers are used above their glass transition
temperature, and some are used below.
• Hard plastics like polystyrene and poly methyl
methacrylate are used below their glass transition
temperature; that is in their glassy state. Their Tg’s are
well above room temperature.
• Elastomers like polyisoprene and polyisobutylene are
used above their Tg’s, that is in the rubbery state, where
they are soft & flexible.
6. Heating through Leads to following
• Break down of Van Der Waals Forces.
• Onset of large scale molecular motion.
• Polymer goes from glassy/rigid to rubbery behaviour.
• Upper service temperature in amorphous polymers.
6
7. 7
FreeVolumeTheory
• One of the most useful approaches to analysing the glass
transition temperature of polymer is to use the concept of Free
Volume.
• The free volume is the space in a solid or liquid sample that is not
occupied by molecules, that is the ‘empty space’ between
molecules.
• Free volume is high in liquid state than solid, so molecular motion
is able to take place relatively easy because the unoccupied
volume allows the molecules to move.
• The theory was originally developed for amorphous polymers and
the glass-transition in those polymers.
8. 9
• But semi-crystalline polymers also consist of
amorphous regions, so this theory can
also be applied to semi-crystalline polymers.
• An amorphous polymer can be considered to be made
up of occupied volume and free volume. As the
temperature is changed, the free volume and the
occupied volume both will change.
• As the temperature of the melt is lowered, the free
volume will be reduced until eventually there will not be
enough free volume to allow molecular motion or
transition to take place.
11. • The total sample volume V therefore consists of volume occupied by
molecules V0 and free volume Vf such that
V= Vf+Vo
• At any given temperature, the fraction of the free volume is
• Around Tg and above Tg, the fraction of free volume can be expressed as,
• Where fg is the fraction of free volume at Tg and αf is an expansion
coefficient for the fraction free volume. αf is approximately αm – αg, or the
difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the polymer above
and below Tg.
• αm stands for melt
• αg stands for glass
Where, the
approximation is based on
Vf << V0.
12
12. 13
Factors Influencing Glass Transition Temperature
• From the previous discussion we know that at the glass
transition temperature there is a large scale cooperative
movement of chain segments. Therefore it is expected
that any structural features or externally imposed
conditions that influence chain mobility will also affect
the value of Tg.
13. 14
• Some of these factors are shown below.
1. Chain Flexibility & Rigidity
2. Steric Effects
3. Effect of Intermolecular Forces
4. Copolymerization
5. Cross linking & Crystallinity
6. Plasticizer
14. 1. Chain Flexibility & Rigidity
79.85°C
15
• As Tg depends on the ability of a chain to undergo internal rotations, we
expect chain flexibility to be associated with low glass transitions.
• For Example, Poly(dimethyl siloxane) is an extremely flexible polymer due
to the large separation between the methyl substituted silicon atoms. As
compared to other polymeric materials, poly(dimethyl siloxane) has the
lowest glass transition temperature (Tg = -123.15°C)
-93.15°C
-67.15°C
89.85°C
n
15. • As shown in previous slide, polymers that contain
−CH2−CH2− sequences and ether linkages in the main-
chain have relatively easy internal rotations and
therefore low Tg values.
• While substitution of ethylene groups with p-phenylene
units leads to increased chain rigidity and high glass
transition temperature.
16
16. 2. Steric Effects
17• The presence of bulky side groups hinders rotation of the
backbone atoms due to steric hindrance, and therefore results in
an increase in Tg. The magnitude of this effect depends on the
size of the side groups.
• This is illustrated in the following Table for vinyl polymers
having the general structure,
—[CH2 — CHX ]—
-93.15°C
-20.15°C
99.85°C
134.85°C
17. 3. Effect of Intermolecular Forces
18
• The presence of polar side groups leads to strong intermolecular
attractive interactions between chains which hinders molecular
motion thus causing an increase in Glass transition
temperature.
• This effect is illustrated in the following table for the polymers of
type −[CH2−CHX ]−
-20.15°C
80.85°C
84.85°C
18. 4. Copolymerization
19• It is possible to alter the glass transition of a homo polymer by
copolymerisation with a second monomer. If the two homo polymers
prepared from the monomers have different Tgs, then it is reasonable to
expect that their random copolymer should have a glass transition which
is intermediate between the Tgs of the homo polymers. This is observed
experimentally.
• The glass transition of a random copolymer is related to the Tgs of the
homo polymers, Tg1 and Tg2, as follows
• Where w1 is the weight fraction of homo polymer 1 and w2
fraction of homo polymer 2.
is the weight
1/Tg = w1/Tg1 + w2/Tg2
*
19. 5. Cross-linking & Crystallinity
20
• Both cross-linking and crystallinity cause an increase of the
glass transition temperature.
• It is very easy to explain why cross-linking increases Tg since
the presence of covalent bonding between chains reduces
molecular freedom and thus the free volume.
• Similarly, the presence of crystalline regions in an semi-
crystalline material restricts the mobility of the disordered
amorphous regions; thus the glass transition temperature
increases which is totally depends on the percentage of
crystallinity.
20. 6. Plasticizer
• Sometimes, a polymer has a high Tg than our requirement. To
tackle this proble we just mix something in it called a plasticizer.
• Plasticizers are small molecules which will get in between the
polymer chains, and space them out from each other. Thus
the free volume will increase. When this happens they can slide
past each other more easily. When they slide past each other
more easily, they can move around at lower temperatures than
they would without the plasticizer.
• By this way, the Tg of a polymer can be lowered, to make a
polymer more applicable, and easier to work with.
21