This document summarizes the manufacturing processes for glass and plastic. It describes the key steps for glass manufacturing as batch preparation, heating the materials, refining, conditioning, annealing, and molding. The main plastic manufacturing methods covered are injection molding for thermoplastics and casting for thermosetting materials. The document also outlines the lens surfacing process from blank to finished lens, including marking, blocking, grinding, smoothing, polishing, and cleaning.
How spectacle lenses are made.
In this section you will get the information about lens manufacturing (part 1),i.e, how lens blanks are manufactured and in lens surfacing (part 2) you will get the information about how lenses are surfaced and a finished lens is manufactured.
ophthalmic plastic lens manufacturing, their history, merits, demerits and specifications, difference between CR-39 and Polycarbonate lenses and their durability
How spectacle lenses are made.
In this section you will get the information about lens manufacturing (part 1),i.e, how lens blanks are manufactured and in lens surfacing (part 2) you will get the information about how lenses are surfaced and a finished lens is manufactured.
ophthalmic plastic lens manufacturing, their history, merits, demerits and specifications, difference between CR-39 and Polycarbonate lenses and their durability
Spectacle dispensing in Pediatric patient Anurag Shukla
A complete discription of spectacle dispensing in Pediatric children
included: Frame Adjustment and Modification,Fitting Parameters Of The Frame,Lens Material and Quality,Type of frame for children,Ways to reduce the weight of spectacle lenses,Usden crutch technique,Flexifit Bridge,Saddle Conversion,Adjustable Bridge
,Non Adjustable Bridge
toughened glass/tempered glass sheet introduction、properties.
Steps involved in manufacturing of toughened glass;
Specifications & sizes of toughened glass;
toughened glass Uses and Advantages;
Matters needing attention;
Other type of glass;
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. A glass may be colorless or colored. It is usually transparent, but may be made translucent or opaque (such as in white, opal glass). Objects made of glass are loosely and popularly referred to as glass; such as glass for a tumbler, a barometer, a window, a magnifier, or a mirror. The subject of studying glass in materials science is an important part.
The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
Spectacle dispensing in Pediatric patient Anurag Shukla
A complete discription of spectacle dispensing in Pediatric children
included: Frame Adjustment and Modification,Fitting Parameters Of The Frame,Lens Material and Quality,Type of frame for children,Ways to reduce the weight of spectacle lenses,Usden crutch technique,Flexifit Bridge,Saddle Conversion,Adjustable Bridge
,Non Adjustable Bridge
toughened glass/tempered glass sheet introduction、properties.
Steps involved in manufacturing of toughened glass;
Specifications & sizes of toughened glass;
toughened glass Uses and Advantages;
Matters needing attention;
Other type of glass;
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. A glass may be colorless or colored. It is usually transparent, but may be made translucent or opaque (such as in white, opal glass). Objects made of glass are loosely and popularly referred to as glass; such as glass for a tumbler, a barometer, a window, a magnifier, or a mirror. The subject of studying glass in materials science is an important part.
The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
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PROCESSING OF CONTAINERS
A. Glass container
List of inorganic compounds used to impart color in glass
Manufacturing Process of glass
B. Plastics container
Classification of plastics
Manufacturing process of plastic container-
Additives of plastics
B. Metal
2. CLOSURES
Materials used for closures
Types of closures
3. CHILD RESISTANT PACKING
4. TAMPER EVIDENT PACKING
*List of inorganic compounds used to impart color in glass
*Manufacturing process of plastic container-
Injection molding
Extrusion
Composite film manufacturing
Blow molding
Solvent casting
Compression molding
In 1992 FDA approves the following configurations as tamper evident packaging:-
1.Film wrappers 11. Metal/cans
2.Blister package
3.Strip package
4.Bubble pack
5.Shrink seals and bands
6.Foil, paper, plastic pouches
7.Bottle seals
8.Tape seals
9.Breakable caps
10.Aerosol containers
A discussion on glass packaging materials, including composition and structure of glass, its physical properties, manufacturing, defect and design
Report in Food Packaging and Labelling
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
3. BRIEF HISTORY OF GLASS:
History doesn't show when people first began to manufacture glass or even who
discovered how to turn sand into glass.
What we do know is that the oldest pieces of manufactured glass are beads that
date to around 3500 BC.
4. PROCESS:
Batch Preparation:
Raw materials which includes oxides or salts of metals including silica, sodium, potassium,
calcium and aluminium are carefully checked against specifications, weighted and blended
before transferring to the furnace .
Heating of Batch Material:
Above ingredients are mixed with CULLET (waste glass from previous melts) which facilitates
the mixing of ingredients. The furnace heated between 1000 – 1500 degree which in turn converts
the mixtures into a viscus stage.
5. Refining Stage:
It is the purifying stage of the composition. It is done by raising furnace temperature up
to 1600 degrees in order to eliminate all gases present in the composition.
Conditioning Stage:
The liquid form of glass from the previous processes are allow to cooled to make it more
homogenous for molding. The mixture is constantly stirred during conditioning stage.
Annealing:
The lens is slowly cooled to room temperature to avoid internal stresses.
Molding Stage:
After annealing when the correct consistency is reached the glass is cut into small pieces,
reheated and then molded into rough blanks. It is done with the help of rigid frame called
mold or matrix. The blank is then grind and polished to get the desired curvature.
7. Introduction
• A plastic material is defined as a “polymeric material” of large molecular
weight which can be shaped by flow.
• At present times if plastics are processed properly and tailored for
appropriate applications, they may offer many advantages compared with the
materials they replace.
• Most plastics are synthetic materials formed by combining various organic
ingredients with inorganic materials such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, Sulphur, chlorine etc.
8. Types
On the basis of physical properties, plastic lenses can be classified as:
i. Thermoplastic materials, which soften when heated and therefore can be
remolded.
ii. Thermosetting materials, which once hardened cannot be softened even at high
temperatures.
9. Thermoplastic Manufacturing:
Injection molding
Thermoplastic materials have their molecules arranged in long chains.
They are usually supplied in pellet, granular or sheet form.
The material softens when heated and can be stretched, pressed or moulded into
complex shapes with no appreciable changes in its chemical structure.
When cooled, the material hardens and shrinks and has the same configuration as the
mold in which it was heated.
10. Since no chemical change transpires, the softening and hardening cycle maybe
repeated indefinitely.
Thermoplastic materials are less dimensionally stable than thermosetting
materials and they can withstand less heat without deformation.
Examples of thermoplastic materials are polymethyl methacrylates, cellulose
acetate, cellulose nitrate, polycarbonate, polystyrene etc.
11. Thermosetting Manufacturing
Thermosetting materials are supplied in liquid monomer form and cast into
molds.
Plasticizers, dyes, binding monomers and catalysts may be added to the basic
chemical compound, after which polymerization occurs.
The molecules form a three dimensional cross-linked, lattice pattern rather than
the two dimensional structure of thermoplastic materials.
This process transforms a liquid monomer first into a syrup, then into a gel and
finally into a solid.
12. The relationship between the time and temperature required in the hardening process is
known as the curing cycle.
Once hardened the material cannot be softened(even at high temperatures).
If the thermosetting materials are subjected to high temperatures, the material
decomposes without melting or substantially softening.
Examples: allyl diglycol carbonate{ Columbia Resin 39 (Pittsburg plate glass)}, melamine
compounds etc.
13. LENS SURFACING (From Blank to Lens)
Spectacle lens manufacturing involving many steps , collectively called as Lens surfacing.
1. Marking
2. Blocking
3. Grinding
4. Smoothing
5. Polishing
6. De –blocking & cleaning.
14. MARKING
To correctly locate the lens for different stages of surfacing ,certain
markings are essential.
Optical center position ,cylinder axis, base apex direction in case of prism.
Done by marking with suitable ink or jugging at blocking stage.
15. Preparing Lens Blank
For all sphero-cylinder lenses axis position must be marked before blocking the
lens.
16. BLOCKING
The block holds the lens in place through entire surfacing process.
Alloy or wax is used to hold the lens blank to the surfacing block.
17. GRINDING
Optical surfaces on glass are produced by the process of grinding and polishing.
Roughing
First stage is removing the unwanted materials from the lens surface. This is followed
by trueing and smoothing.
Roughing is performed by machines known as surface generators and the process is
termed as generating.
The grinding agent is usually a diamond – bonded disc or wheel, termed as lap.
20. De –Blocking & Cleaning
The process of polishing is completed ,the lens is separated from its holder ( De-blocking )
and cleaned properly.
Lacquer can be used for cleaning.