Remote sensing is the observation of an object from a distance. It is the art of identifying, observing and measuring an object without coming into direct contact with it by detecting and measuring the radiation of different wavelengths reflected from distant objects.

1. BY
VIMAL PRIYA SUBRAMANIAN
Depatment of Botany

2. DEFINITION:
• Remote sensing is the observation of an object
from a distance.
• It is the art of identifying, observing and
measuring an object without coming into direct
contact with it by detecting and measuring the
radiation of different wavelengths reflected from
distant objects.
GIS:
GIS or geographic information system combines
layers of information about an particular place or
area to give a better understanding of it.

3. PRINCIPLE OF REMOTE SENSING
Detection and discrimination of objects or surface
features means detecting and recording of radiant
energy reflected or emitted by objects or surface
material.
 The energy can be solar, heat, sound, etc.
 solar energy is used for earth surface, sound for
objects below the oceans.
 The energy must come from a source, incident on
the objects and reflected into a recording system
or the objects emit the energy and recorded by
the system.
 In both cases, the energy must pass through a
medium earth objects reflect or emit energy
differently and this is key for remote sensing.

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM:
• Electromagnetic radiation is the energy source to illuminate the target.
• The Electromagnetic spectrum is the continuum of energy ranging from kilometers to
nanometers in wavelength. This continuum is commonly divided into the following ranges,
called spectral bands, the boundaries between them being gradational.

5. TYPES OF REMOTE SENSING
Passive Remote Sensing : In remote sensing
sun’s electromagnetic energy which is
reflected by different object is received by
sensors on satellite to create images is known
as passive remote sensing.
Active Remote Sensing : Active remote
sensing makes use of sensors that detect
reflect responses from objects that are
irradiating from artificial generated energy
sources, such as radar.

6. s
COMPONENTS OF GIS
Hardware: Computer System, Scanner, Printer, Plotter,
Flat Board
Software: GIS software in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info,
AutoCAD Map, etc. The software available can be said
to be application specific.
Data: A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data
resources and can even use a DBMS, used by most
organization to maintain their data, to manage spatial
data. Geographic data and related tabular data can be
collected in-house or purchased from a commercial
data provider.
People: GIS users range from technical specialists who
design and maintain.
Method: The map creation can either be automated
raster to vector creator or it can be manually victories
using the scanned images

7. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION
oBRIGHTNESS
Direction of principal variation in soil reflectance
oGREENNESS
The amount of green vegetation in the scene
oMOISTURE
Moisture in vegetation
oLEAF OPTICAL PROPERTIES
It is influenced by leaf properties such as internal or external structure, age, health of
leaf, water status, mineral stresses, leaf pigments, water content
oELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTHS
-Depends on the length of the wavelengths
-Photographic texture(smoothness and coarseness of images), total contrast or color,
relative sizes of crown images at a given photo scale and topographic location

8. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Efficient management of forest resources-wood, water, wildlife, recreation, timber
management ,maintenance and improvement of existing forest stands and fire
control.
It helps in the detection of signs of damage of forest by fire, insects or disease
When viewing air photo/satellite images, seasonal differences should be taken into
account.
Individual tree species will be identifiable through shape, size, patterns, shadow,
tone and texture
Measurements-tree height/stand height ,tree crown diameter, density of stocking
and stand area
Thus, classifying vegetation is an important component in the management and
planning of natural resources.

9. REMOTE SENSING AND SOIL
Soil studies generally provide information on soil orders and their relation to
vegetation/rock cover, colour of topsoil, conditions of soil formation ,landforms,
surface materials, regional zones, and other topographic data
Satellite imagery can provide the visible boundaries of soil types, while remote
sensing provide for a shallow penetration of soils
Remote sensing allows for classification of soils
Remote sensing can provide information on the productivity of forests, meadows,
wildlife habitat conditions, land use and recreational suitability
Multi-temporal techniques can be used to map dynamical features, erosion and soil
moisture
Remote sensing can also be used in combination with ground radar to detect
changes of diagnostic soil horizons

10. There are several factors, which influence soil reflectance in remote sensing images
.These include
Mineral composition
Soil moisture
Organic matter content
Soil texture(surface)
Size and shape of the soil aggregateS
Satellites that provide images to help achieve soil classification include
i. Land sat MSS-It allows for discrimination between the moist and dry soils.
ii. Land sat TM high resolution imagery-It provides useful information on soil
mineralogy and arid areas

11. If you want to shine like a sun first you burn like a sun- Dr.APJ Abdulkalam.
Vimal priya subramanian