The document describes a retrofit solution for replacing aging gas-insulated switchgear circuit breakers with a new self-compression circuit breaker model. The retrofit involves installing two adapters to connect the new three-phase circuit breaker to the existing single-phase gas insulated switchgear sections. The retrofit solution lowers maintenance costs and brings the switchgear up to the latest technical standards, while allowing the other components of the gas insulated switchgear to remain in service for their full lifespan. Detailed diagrams and steps are provided to illustrate the retrofit process and components.
This document provides information on Siemens medium-voltage gas-insulated arc-resistant switchgear. It discusses the switchgear's increased safety, reliability, and flexibility features. The document includes technical specifications, diagrams, and benefits such as its compact design, high personnel safety, minimized fire load, and maintenance-free components due to its SF6 gas insulation. It also describes innovative features like its video camera system for viewing the selector switch position and capacitive voltage indicators.
Power Flow Analysis using Power World SimulatorUmair Shahzad
The importance of power flow analysis cannot be overrated. In the scope of Electrical Power Engineering, it is very vital for the utility as well as the consumer to know about several electrical quantities including voltages and power flows regarding power systems. This paper successfully uses Power World Simulator software to carry out load flow analysis on a typical large power system. The results can be used to apply on a much more complex system consisting of several loads and variety of power generation sources including synchronous and induction generators.
Basics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protection
This document provides information about the design and components of a 220kV switchyard. It discusses:
1. The double main bus with transfer bus scheme used, which has two main buses (Bus-1 and Bus-2) and one transfer bus for maintenance.
2. The key equipment used including circuit breakers, current transformers, capacitor voltage transformers, isolators, lightning arresters, and insulators.
3. The testing procedures for current transformers, which include insulation resistance testing, polarity testing, excitation testing, ratio testing, and winding resistance testing.
This document discusses power line carrier (PLC) systems for transmitting data and signals over power lines. It covers PLC components like line traps, coupling capacitors, and coupling devices. It describes how to choose appropriate line traps based on system parameters. It also provides details on band-pass and high-pass coupling filters used in PLC systems and their tuning characteristics. Diagrams show examples of single phase and three phase PLC coupling configurations.
This document discusses various busbar arrangements used in substations including:
- Single busbar system
- Single bus with sectionaliser system
- Double busbar system
- One and half breaker system
It provides diagrams and explanations of how each system works, their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses the different busbar configurations adopted by the Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation (APTRANSCO) at various voltage levels.
This document discusses short circuit calculations according to ANSI and IEC standards. It provides information on different types of faults including three-phase bolted faults, line-to-line faults, and line-to-ground faults. It also discusses contributions to fault current from generators, motors, and transformers. Methods for calculating fault current include per unit calculations and considering the X/R ratio of circuits. Typical fault duties in the Philippine power system range from 15-2500 MVA depending on system voltage. Examples are provided to demonstrate short circuit calculations for three-phase faults at an infinite source and available fault duty.
This document provides an overview of power supply systems, including:
1) Electricity is generated at power stations and transmitted through high voltage transmission networks to load centers, where the voltage is stepped down for distribution through lower voltage networks to consumers.
2) Planning, construction, operation and maintenance of power supply systems require huge capital investments and operating costs to ensure a highly reliable electricity supply.
3) Generation, transmission, and distribution each represent significant portions of total system investment, with generation requiring the largest portion at around 50% of costs.
This document provides information on Siemens medium-voltage gas-insulated arc-resistant switchgear. It discusses the switchgear's increased safety, reliability, and flexibility features. The document includes technical specifications, diagrams, and benefits such as its compact design, high personnel safety, minimized fire load, and maintenance-free components due to its SF6 gas insulation. It also describes innovative features like its video camera system for viewing the selector switch position and capacitive voltage indicators.
Power Flow Analysis using Power World SimulatorUmair Shahzad
The importance of power flow analysis cannot be overrated. In the scope of Electrical Power Engineering, it is very vital for the utility as well as the consumer to know about several electrical quantities including voltages and power flows regarding power systems. This paper successfully uses Power World Simulator software to carry out load flow analysis on a typical large power system. The results can be used to apply on a much more complex system consisting of several loads and variety of power generation sources including synchronous and induction generators.
Basics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protectionBasics of busbar protection
This document provides information about the design and components of a 220kV switchyard. It discusses:
1. The double main bus with transfer bus scheme used, which has two main buses (Bus-1 and Bus-2) and one transfer bus for maintenance.
2. The key equipment used including circuit breakers, current transformers, capacitor voltage transformers, isolators, lightning arresters, and insulators.
3. The testing procedures for current transformers, which include insulation resistance testing, polarity testing, excitation testing, ratio testing, and winding resistance testing.
This document discusses power line carrier (PLC) systems for transmitting data and signals over power lines. It covers PLC components like line traps, coupling capacitors, and coupling devices. It describes how to choose appropriate line traps based on system parameters. It also provides details on band-pass and high-pass coupling filters used in PLC systems and their tuning characteristics. Diagrams show examples of single phase and three phase PLC coupling configurations.
This document discusses various busbar arrangements used in substations including:
- Single busbar system
- Single bus with sectionaliser system
- Double busbar system
- One and half breaker system
It provides diagrams and explanations of how each system works, their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses the different busbar configurations adopted by the Andhra Pradesh Transmission Corporation (APTRANSCO) at various voltage levels.
This document discusses short circuit calculations according to ANSI and IEC standards. It provides information on different types of faults including three-phase bolted faults, line-to-line faults, and line-to-ground faults. It also discusses contributions to fault current from generators, motors, and transformers. Methods for calculating fault current include per unit calculations and considering the X/R ratio of circuits. Typical fault duties in the Philippine power system range from 15-2500 MVA depending on system voltage. Examples are provided to demonstrate short circuit calculations for three-phase faults at an infinite source and available fault duty.
This document provides an overview of power supply systems, including:
1) Electricity is generated at power stations and transmitted through high voltage transmission networks to load centers, where the voltage is stepped down for distribution through lower voltage networks to consumers.
2) Planning, construction, operation and maintenance of power supply systems require huge capital investments and operating costs to ensure a highly reliable electricity supply.
3) Generation, transmission, and distribution each represent significant portions of total system investment, with generation requiring the largest portion at around 50% of costs.
The document is a seminar report on switchyard equipment and protection systems at NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited in Rourkela, India. It provides an overview of the captive power plant, including its major equipment like generators, transformers, and switchyard components. The switchyard contains 20 operating bays including generators, grid feeders, smelter feeders, and transformers. Important switchyard components discussed include busbars, bus couplers, insulators, circuit breakers, isolators, current and voltage transformers, and lightning arresters.
Power stations generate electricity at different locations depending on resource availability. High voltage transmission networks carry this power, which is generated at medium voltages. Substations classify and distribute power for transmission or distribution. Air insulated substations (AIS) use air as an insulator but have limitations regarding space, maintenance and stability. Gas insulated substations (GIS) enclose equipment in SF6 gas for insulation, allowing for more compact and reliable operation in space-constrained and difficult locations. GIS are more expensive initially but require less maintenance and outages over time due to their enclosed and reliable design. Ongoing research focuses on safer insulating gases and optimization of GIS for higher voltages and availability.
This document provides an overview of the key components in a 132kV substation, including:
- Lightning arresters that divert high voltage waves to earth for protection.
- Coupling capacitors that allow communication over power lines.
- Wave traps that offer low impedance to carrier frequencies for communication.
- Current and potential transformers that reduce currents and voltages for safe measurement and protection.
- Circuit breakers, transformers, and busbars that distribute power throughout the substation.
- Control rooms that monitor and control the substation operations.
- Earthing systems that provide grounding for safety.
Design aspects of high voltage transmission linejournalBEEI
The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.
The document discusses various busbar arrangements used in power systems, including single busbar, single busbar with sectionalizer, main and transfer bus, double busbar, one and a half breaker, and ring/mesh arrangements. It provides details on each arrangement, including pros and cons as well as typical voltage applications. Simulation diagrams are also presented for single and double busbar schemes in Simulink. The key points are that busbar arrangements allow flexibility in distribution and maintenance while considering factors like cost, reliability, and complexity. Higher voltage systems typically use more sophisticated redundant arrangements to minimize outages.
This document provides information about local breaker backup (LBB) and breaker failure relay (BFR) protection. It discusses the basics of LBB/BFR protection including definitions, applications, and operation. It describes relay-based and breaker-based backup protection. The document includes diagrams of LBB/BFR logic, coordination, and connections for static and numerical relays. It provides guidelines on requirements, settings, and recommendations for implementing LBB/BFR protection.
As the AIS (Air-Insulated Substation) is having more limitations, More and more people are going for the Gas-Insulated Substation which is environment friendly as well.
In these presentation, We discussed about theoritical and technological advancement and advantages related to GIS as compared to other substations.
We discussed different parts of the GIS as well as their operations and advantages.
By going through this presentation, you will have idea regarding comparative advantages and disadvantages of both substations.
Medium-Voltage, Gas-Insulated Arc-Resistant Switchgear Types 8DA10 & 8DB10Power System Operation
- Siemens medium-voltage gas-insulated arc-resistant switchgear provides increased safety, improved reliability, and increased flexibility with innovative features in a compact design that is easy to use and cost effective.
- It uses SF6 gas insulation for all primary components, which provides advantages over air insulation including a compact footprint, higher dielectric strength, and maintenance-free operation in a controlled gas environment.
- Key benefits include enhanced personnel safety due to its arc-resistant design, high operational availability and reliability due to its sealed pressure system, and minimized maintenance requirements over its lifetime.
A presentation explaining how to calculate fault currents for 3-phase or 1-phase faults in power grid. Particularly useful for engineers working in electrical power transmission company.
Random switching of power system equipment may lead to high-frequency overvoltage transient and inrush current.
This, in turn, may stress the equipment, leading to rapid aging or dielectric failure.
What is ?
Point on Wave Controller/ Switch?
Point on Wave Switch (PoW), often called Point on Wave Controller is a high speed microprocessor based relay used for the controlled switching of circuit breaker of HVAC system. Controlled switching refers to open or close a breaker at a pre-determined point on the voltage waveform.
Underground cables have several key components and requirements:
- Conductors are made of stranded copper or aluminum to provide flexibility and high conductivity. Insulation provides voltage isolation and comes in materials like paper, rubber, or mineral compounds.
- Cables include protective layers like metallic sheathing to prevent damage from the environment, bedding to protect the sheath, and armoring for mechanical protection during laying.
- Cables are classified based on voltage range as low, high, extra high tension etc. Common cable types include belted cables below 11kV, screened cables from 22kV-66kV, and pressure cables over 66kV which use oil or gas insulation.
A protective device coordination study involves organizing the time-current characteristics of protective devices from the utility to downstream devices. The study determines device ratings, settings, and ensures minimum load is interrupted during faults while protecting devices. Results include instrument transformer ratios, relay settings, fuse ratings, and circuit breaker ratings. The study should be revised every 5 years or when devices are added or modified.
The document discusses the main equipment used in 400kV power transmission and distribution substations. It describes some of the key components including transformers, switchgear, isolators, circuit breakers, wave traps, and current transformers. Switchgear is explained in more detail, noting that it is used to control, protect, and isolate electrical equipment by de-energizing circuits for work and clearing faults downstream, improving the reliability of the power supply. The 400kV substation in Bareilly, India is also briefly outlined, including its division into 400kV, 220kV, and 33kV sections served by a common control room.
This document discusses gas insulated substations (GIS). It begins by defining substations and their purpose in the electric power system. It then discusses the classifications of substations and compares air insulated substations (AIS) to GIS. GIS use sulfur hexafluoride gas for insulation inside grounded metal enclosures, making them more compact than AIS. The document outlines the components, advantages, and operating conditions of GIS, noting they require less maintenance and space than AIS. It concludes with growth projections for the global GIS market.
Installation Operation & Maintenance of 33kV & 11kV SwitchgearSheikh Nazmul Islam
In-Country Training On Operation, Maintenance, Protection & Control of 33/11 kV Substation Project Name: Design, Supply, Installation, Testing & Commissioning of 33/11 kV sub-stations with source end feeder bays. Contract No: BREB/UREDS/W-01A-001/02/2016-2017 BREB/UREDS/W-01A-002/03/2016-2017 BREB/UREDS/W-01A-004/04/2016-2017
This document lists standard electrical power system device function numbers from ANSI C37.2. It includes 99 device functions numbered 1 through 99 with descriptions such as master element, time-delay starting or closing relay, AC time overcurrent relay, AC circuit breaker, exciter or DC generator relay, and machine or transformer thermal relay.
Dear All,
Here i glad to introduced with a basics of Design Electrical which is helpfull to understand the concept of electrical.
I hope you like these concept & prefered the same.
Thanks& Regards,
Pankaj V. Chavan
( 95615 73214 )
The document describes the STV8172A vertical deflection booster IC. It can generate flyback voltages up to 70V and provide up to 3A of output current to drive a CRT yoke. It has features like a power amplifier, flyback generator, and thermal protection. The document provides details on the IC's electrical specifications, application hints for DC and AC-coupled configurations, and considerations for ripple rejection and peak current calculations.
The document is a seminar report on switchyard equipment and protection systems at NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited in Rourkela, India. It provides an overview of the captive power plant, including its major equipment like generators, transformers, and switchyard components. The switchyard contains 20 operating bays including generators, grid feeders, smelter feeders, and transformers. Important switchyard components discussed include busbars, bus couplers, insulators, circuit breakers, isolators, current and voltage transformers, and lightning arresters.
Power stations generate electricity at different locations depending on resource availability. High voltage transmission networks carry this power, which is generated at medium voltages. Substations classify and distribute power for transmission or distribution. Air insulated substations (AIS) use air as an insulator but have limitations regarding space, maintenance and stability. Gas insulated substations (GIS) enclose equipment in SF6 gas for insulation, allowing for more compact and reliable operation in space-constrained and difficult locations. GIS are more expensive initially but require less maintenance and outages over time due to their enclosed and reliable design. Ongoing research focuses on safer insulating gases and optimization of GIS for higher voltages and availability.
This document provides an overview of the key components in a 132kV substation, including:
- Lightning arresters that divert high voltage waves to earth for protection.
- Coupling capacitors that allow communication over power lines.
- Wave traps that offer low impedance to carrier frequencies for communication.
- Current and potential transformers that reduce currents and voltages for safe measurement and protection.
- Circuit breakers, transformers, and busbars that distribute power throughout the substation.
- Control rooms that monitor and control the substation operations.
- Earthing systems that provide grounding for safety.
Design aspects of high voltage transmission linejournalBEEI
The transmission lines are very important in the transmitted of electrical power, and the process of selecting the voltage of the line is an important task in the design and implementation process. The process of transferring electrical power from one side then onto the next place for long away. While maintaining the percentage regulation within the permissible limits is an important problem in the transfer of energy. In electrical transmission line there are important elements are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The purpose of this paper is to study and calculate economic high-tension voltage and selection of overhead line conductor ACSR.
The document discusses various busbar arrangements used in power systems, including single busbar, single busbar with sectionalizer, main and transfer bus, double busbar, one and a half breaker, and ring/mesh arrangements. It provides details on each arrangement, including pros and cons as well as typical voltage applications. Simulation diagrams are also presented for single and double busbar schemes in Simulink. The key points are that busbar arrangements allow flexibility in distribution and maintenance while considering factors like cost, reliability, and complexity. Higher voltage systems typically use more sophisticated redundant arrangements to minimize outages.
This document provides information about local breaker backup (LBB) and breaker failure relay (BFR) protection. It discusses the basics of LBB/BFR protection including definitions, applications, and operation. It describes relay-based and breaker-based backup protection. The document includes diagrams of LBB/BFR logic, coordination, and connections for static and numerical relays. It provides guidelines on requirements, settings, and recommendations for implementing LBB/BFR protection.
As the AIS (Air-Insulated Substation) is having more limitations, More and more people are going for the Gas-Insulated Substation which is environment friendly as well.
In these presentation, We discussed about theoritical and technological advancement and advantages related to GIS as compared to other substations.
We discussed different parts of the GIS as well as their operations and advantages.
By going through this presentation, you will have idea regarding comparative advantages and disadvantages of both substations.
Medium-Voltage, Gas-Insulated Arc-Resistant Switchgear Types 8DA10 & 8DB10Power System Operation
- Siemens medium-voltage gas-insulated arc-resistant switchgear provides increased safety, improved reliability, and increased flexibility with innovative features in a compact design that is easy to use and cost effective.
- It uses SF6 gas insulation for all primary components, which provides advantages over air insulation including a compact footprint, higher dielectric strength, and maintenance-free operation in a controlled gas environment.
- Key benefits include enhanced personnel safety due to its arc-resistant design, high operational availability and reliability due to its sealed pressure system, and minimized maintenance requirements over its lifetime.
A presentation explaining how to calculate fault currents for 3-phase or 1-phase faults in power grid. Particularly useful for engineers working in electrical power transmission company.
Random switching of power system equipment may lead to high-frequency overvoltage transient and inrush current.
This, in turn, may stress the equipment, leading to rapid aging or dielectric failure.
What is ?
Point on Wave Controller/ Switch?
Point on Wave Switch (PoW), often called Point on Wave Controller is a high speed microprocessor based relay used for the controlled switching of circuit breaker of HVAC system. Controlled switching refers to open or close a breaker at a pre-determined point on the voltage waveform.
Underground cables have several key components and requirements:
- Conductors are made of stranded copper or aluminum to provide flexibility and high conductivity. Insulation provides voltage isolation and comes in materials like paper, rubber, or mineral compounds.
- Cables include protective layers like metallic sheathing to prevent damage from the environment, bedding to protect the sheath, and armoring for mechanical protection during laying.
- Cables are classified based on voltage range as low, high, extra high tension etc. Common cable types include belted cables below 11kV, screened cables from 22kV-66kV, and pressure cables over 66kV which use oil or gas insulation.
A protective device coordination study involves organizing the time-current characteristics of protective devices from the utility to downstream devices. The study determines device ratings, settings, and ensures minimum load is interrupted during faults while protecting devices. Results include instrument transformer ratios, relay settings, fuse ratings, and circuit breaker ratings. The study should be revised every 5 years or when devices are added or modified.
The document discusses the main equipment used in 400kV power transmission and distribution substations. It describes some of the key components including transformers, switchgear, isolators, circuit breakers, wave traps, and current transformers. Switchgear is explained in more detail, noting that it is used to control, protect, and isolate electrical equipment by de-energizing circuits for work and clearing faults downstream, improving the reliability of the power supply. The 400kV substation in Bareilly, India is also briefly outlined, including its division into 400kV, 220kV, and 33kV sections served by a common control room.
This document discusses gas insulated substations (GIS). It begins by defining substations and their purpose in the electric power system. It then discusses the classifications of substations and compares air insulated substations (AIS) to GIS. GIS use sulfur hexafluoride gas for insulation inside grounded metal enclosures, making them more compact than AIS. The document outlines the components, advantages, and operating conditions of GIS, noting they require less maintenance and space than AIS. It concludes with growth projections for the global GIS market.
Installation Operation & Maintenance of 33kV & 11kV SwitchgearSheikh Nazmul Islam
In-Country Training On Operation, Maintenance, Protection & Control of 33/11 kV Substation Project Name: Design, Supply, Installation, Testing & Commissioning of 33/11 kV sub-stations with source end feeder bays. Contract No: BREB/UREDS/W-01A-001/02/2016-2017 BREB/UREDS/W-01A-002/03/2016-2017 BREB/UREDS/W-01A-004/04/2016-2017
This document lists standard electrical power system device function numbers from ANSI C37.2. It includes 99 device functions numbered 1 through 99 with descriptions such as master element, time-delay starting or closing relay, AC time overcurrent relay, AC circuit breaker, exciter or DC generator relay, and machine or transformer thermal relay.
Dear All,
Here i glad to introduced with a basics of Design Electrical which is helpfull to understand the concept of electrical.
I hope you like these concept & prefered the same.
Thanks& Regards,
Pankaj V. Chavan
( 95615 73214 )
The document describes the STV8172A vertical deflection booster IC. It can generate flyback voltages up to 70V and provide up to 3A of output current to drive a CRT yoke. It has features like a power amplifier, flyback generator, and thermal protection. The document provides details on the IC's electrical specifications, application hints for DC and AC-coupled configurations, and considerations for ripple rejection and peak current calculations.
This document provides a detailed description of the bq24195/bq24195L single-cell USB/adapter charger IC. It includes:
1. An overview of the IC's high-efficiency switch-mode charging capabilities and safety features for charging single-cell Li-ion/polymer batteries.
2. A description of the IC's functional blocks including input and system power management, autonomous battery charging in three phases, and safety protections.
3. Pin definitions and specifications for the IC's 24-pin VQFN package, including power, control, status and temperature monitoring pins.
Dual Bridge Rectifier for PMSG Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion SystemsIRJET Journal
This document proposes a dual bridge rectifier topology for variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind energy conversion systems. The rectifier consists of two three-phase diode bridges connected in series or parallel using thyristors. This allows the output voltage to be doubled at half the wind speed compared to a single bridge rectifier. Simulation results show the rectifier provides adjustable output voltage through thyristor firing control. The dual bridge rectifier has advantages of low cost, low switching losses, and simple control compared to other rectifier topologies.
Designed a microwave amplifier circuit with a required bandwidth of 250MHz at a center frequency of 3.7GHz experiencing 6.5dB gain within Keysight ADS.
This document presents the final report for a power inverter circuit designed by three students. It describes the various components of the circuit including a boost converter, pulse width modulator, full-bridge, oscillator, and output filter. It discusses the design specifications, operation of each component, simulation and experimental results, efficiency calculations, and proposed optimizations. The power inverter is designed to convert a DC input voltage of 8-9V to a 30Vpp sine wave AC output with over 85% efficiency.
Original MOSFET P20NM60 20NM60 20N60C3 20N60 NewAUTHELECTRONIC
The document describes several power MOSFET devices. It provides key information on their electrical ratings and characteristics including:
- Maximum voltage, current, and power ratings.
- On-resistance, threshold voltage, capacitance values.
- Safe operating area curves and switching/recovery times.
- Package details for TO-220, D2PAK, TO-247, and TO-220FP packages.
The document provides information on C60H-DC supplementary protectors for direct current circuits. It includes key specifications such as operating voltage ranges from 12-250V DC and 12-500V DC. Critical electrical data is listed, such as rated breaking capacity from 5-20kA depending on voltage. Installation and connection diagrams are displayed along with temperature derating charts and tripping curves. Standards compliance to IEC/EN 60947-2 is noted.
Original IGBT IGW25N120 G25H1203 25A 1200V TO-3P Newauthelectroniccom
This document provides specifications for an IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) chip called the IGW25N120H3. It is a 1200V high speed switching IGBT using Trenchstop technology. Key features include low switching losses, low saturation voltage, and a maximum junction temperature of 175°C. Electrical characteristics including static performance, switching performance, and maximum ratings are provided. The document also includes package details and application recommendations.
Dienhathe.com catalogue epcos-capacitor_phasecapDien Ha The
Khoa Học - Kỹ Thuật & Giải Trí: http://phongvan.org
Tài Liệu Khoa Học Kỹ Thuật: http://tailieukythuat.info
Thiết bị Điện Công Nghiệp - Điện Hạ Thế: http://dienhathe.vn
Modeling and Analysis of a 3-Phase 132kv GasInsulated SubstationIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses modeling and analysis of very fast transient overvoltages in a 3-phase 132kV gas insulated substation using MATLAB 7.8 software.
2) Equivalent circuits for different components of the substation were developed in MATLAB to simulate transient overvoltages caused by switching operations and faults.
3) Transient overvoltages were analyzed for different lengths of the gas insulated bus duct and various voltages on the source and load sides to determine maximum overvoltage levels.
Implementation of Buck-Boost Converter as Low Voltage Stabilizer at 15 VIJECEIAES
This paper presents the implementation of the buck-boost converter design which is a power electronics applications that can stabilize voltage, even though the input voltage changes. Regulator to stabilize the voltage using PWM pulse that triger pin 2 on XL6009. In this design of buck-boost converter is implemented using the XL6009, LM7815 and TIP2955. LM7815 as output voltage regulator at 15V with 1A output current, while TIP2955 is able to overcome output current up to 5A. When the LM7815 and TIP2955 are connected in parallel, the converter can increase the output current to 6A.. Testing is done using varied voltage sources that can be set. The results obtained from this design can be applied to PV (Photovoltaic) and WP (Wind Power), with changes in input voltage between 3-21V dc can produce output voltage 15V.
The document provides specifications for the UniStar VP 6 & 10 kVA uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. The UPS systems offer 6kVA and 10kVA power capacity and can be paralleled for increased capacity or redundancy. They utilize an online double conversion topology with galvanic isolation, sealed lead acid batteries, and an external maintenance bypass switch. The document includes detailed product information, specifications, dimensions, and optional communication and cabinet accessories.
This paper presents a step up DC-to-DC converter with hybrid switch capacitor technique having high voltage conversion ratio with small switch voltage stress . The converter is suitable for the applications where high voltage conversion is required. The proposed DC-DC converter has low voltage ratted MOSFET switch and is connected to PV array to get high output voltage at small duty ratios. Hence it has high efficiency. The principles of operations and the theoretical analysis are presented in this paper. All the simulations are done in MATLAB- SIMULINK Environment and results were obtained with voltage conversion ratio of 4.9.
Original MOSFET N-Channel STGF10NC60KD GF10NC60KD 10NC60 10N60 10A 600V NewAUTHELECTRONIC
This document provides information on N-channel 600V-10A IGBTs from STMicroelectronics' PowerMESH product family. The IGBTs feature low saturation voltage, low CRES/CIES ratio to prevent cross-conduction, and a soft recovery diode. They are optimized for high frequency motor control applications and can withstand short circuits up to 10 microseconds. Electrical characteristics, switching performance curves, package details, and test circuits are included for the D2PAK, TO-220, and TO-220FP packaged devices.
Closed Loop Control of Hybrid Boosting Converter for Renewable Energy Applica...IRJET Journal
This document presents a hybrid boosting converter used to boost input DC voltage for renewable energy applications. A closed-loop control technique for the hybrid boosting converter is proposed to achieve the required output voltage. Simulation results show the converter operation under different duty cycles, boundary conduction mode, and discontinuous conduction mode. The closed-loop control allows the converter to maintain the desired output voltage compared to open-loop control.
IRJET- Implementation of Low Power 32-Bit Carry-Look Ahead Adder using Ad...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a low power 32-bit carry look ahead adder using adiabatic efficient charge recovery logic (ECRL). ECRL is an adiabatic logic that allows for energy recovery, leading to lower power consumption than conventional CMOS logic. The authors designed inverters, AND, OR, and EX-OR gates as well as 4, 8, 16, and 32-bit carry look ahead adders using ECRL in a 45nm technology. Simulation results showed the ECRL implementations consumed less average power than equivalent static CMOS designs. For example, the 32-bit ECRL carry look ahead adder consumed 36.76μw on average
IRJET- Photovoltaic 10MW Power Plant Simulation & Design using Mathwork &...IRJET Journal
This document describes the simulation and design of a 10 MW photovoltaic power plant using MATLAB and Simulink software. It includes:
1) The design of a PV array made up of photovoltaic panels arranged in series and parallel combinations to produce 10 MW of power.
2) The inclusion of a DC-DC boost converter to regulate output voltage and an inverter to export power to the grid at 0.4 kV or 20 kV.
3) A simulation model built in Simulink that represents one 360 kW section of the plant, including components, control systems, and testing under varying solar irradiance and temperature conditions.
4) Analysis of the simulation results
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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2. Page 2 of 23
Table of Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4
2 Description of retrofit circuit-breaker 8DN8 ................................................................ 5
3 Technical data for retrofit circuit-breaker 8DN8 .......................................................... 6
4 Adapter - retrofitting circuit-breaker 8DN8 - existing switchgear ................................. 7
5 Retrofitting steps ..................................................................................................... 12
6 Circuit-breaker maintenance comparison old vs. new ............................................... 19
7 Time schedule for retrofit solution............................................................................ 21
8 Scope of delivery ..................................................................................................... 21
9 Life time expectation of existing GIS without new circuit-breaker.............................. 21
10 Type tests ................................................................................................................ 21
11 Options ................................................................................................................... 22
3. Page 3 of 23
List of Figures
Fig. 1: Existing substation with 8D2 double-pressure circuit-breaker............................................... 4
Fig. 2: Main dimensions of retrofit circuit-breaker 8DN8................................................................. 5
Fig. 3: 8D2 bay with old blast piston circuit-breaker........................................................................ 7
Fig. 4: 8D2 bay with 8DN8 circuit-breaker ...................................................................................... 8
Fig. 5: 8DN8-circuit-breaker with two adapters equipped with gas-tight bushings towards the GIS
section ............................................................................................................................... 9
Fig. 6: Side view of the 8DN8 circuit-breaker with two adapters...................................................... 9
Fig. 7: Top view of 8DN8-circuit-breaker with two adapters.......................................................... 10
Fig. 8: Top view of contact arrangement ...................................................................................... 11
Fig. 9: Side view of an 8D switchgear with doublel-pressure circuit-breaker .................................. 12
Fig. 10: Electrical view ................................................................................................................. 12
Fig. 11: SF6 pressure view............................................................................................................ 13
Fig. 12: Third retrofitting step (a)................................................................................................. 14
Fig. 13: Third retrofitting step (b)................................................................................................. 14
Fig. 14: Fourth retrofitting step (a)............................................................................................... 15
Fig. 15: Fourth retrofitting step (b) .............................................................................................. 15
Fig. 16: Fifth retrofitting step (a).................................................................................................. 16
Fig. 17: Fifth retrofitting step (b).................................................................................................. 17
Fig. 18: Sixth retrofitting step: Bay after retrofitting ..................................................................... 18
Fig. 19: Standardized maintenance costs ..................................................................................... 20
List of Tables
Tab. 1: Technical data for circuit-breaker 8DN8 .............................................................................. 6
Tab. 2: Technical data of the adapter ............................................................................................. 7
Tab. 3: Comparison SF6 content old/new........................................................................................ 8
Tab. 4: Comparison of the maintenance intervals of the different circuit-breakers......................... 19
4. Page 4 of 23
1 Introduction
The first SF6-gas insulated switchgear of type 8D1 and 8D2 delivered by Siemens are now 40 years
and older. These substations have proved outstanding in operation. They are rugged, reliable, and
virtually leak-free (SF6 or oil) and still fulfill their function perfectly.
Today, stricter and more economically focused standards apply with respect to the maintenance of
gas-insulated switchgear. Especially the SF6 – double -pressure circuit-breakers used since GIS
systems were first introduced on the market are highly maintenance-intensive. However, since the
other GIS components (excluding the original circuit-breaker) require very little maintenance and
have an expected life span of over 50 years provided the Siemens maintenance recommendations
described in the operating manual are followed, Siemens offers a retrofit solution. This is in the
form of a state-of-the-art SF6-circuit-breaker with spring mechanism based on more than 40 years
of accumulated experience and intensive research.
Fig. 1: Existing substation with 8D2 double-pressure circuit-breaker
5. Page 5 of 23
2 Description of retrofit circuit-breaker 8DN8
The circuit-breaker employed in this retrofit solution is used in the current GIS and HIS substations
8DN8 up to 145 kV and also in 123 kV and 145 kV outdoor circuit-breakers. This type-tested breaker
has proven itself in service over the years in thousands of applications. The most important
advantages of this self-compression circuit-breaker of the latest generation are:
Significantly lower maintenance costs (see chapter 6)
Type-tested to the latest IEC standard (at the time of the development)
State-of–the-art spring mechanism with extremely low maintenance
Fig. 2: Main dimensions of retrofit circuit-breaker 8DN8
6. Page 6 of 23
3 Technical data for retrofit circuit-breaker 8DN8
Standard
IEC, latest edition (at the time of the
development)
Rated voltage 123 – 145 kV
Rated frequency 50/60 Hz
Rated short-time power-frequency withstand
voltage
230 – 275 kV
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage 550 – 650 kV
Rated normal current 3150 A
Rated short-circuit-breaking current 40 kA
Rated short-time withstand current 40 kA
Rated duration of short-circuit </= 3 s
Rated peak withstand current 100 kA
First-pole-to-clear-factor 1.5
SF6 filling pressure at 20 °C 0.56 MPa
Loss of SF6 0.52 MPa
General lockout SF6 0.50 MPa
Volume of SF6 gas: 35kg
Break time 60 ms
Opening time 32 +/- 3 ms
Arcing time (50 Hz) 24 ms
Closing time 55 +/- 6 ms
Operating sequence (IEC) CO-15s-CO or O-0.3s-CO-3min-CO
Motor spring operating mechanism
220 V DC / 3.0 A / 10 A
230 V AC / 8.0 A / 20 A
Auto reclosing 3-pole
Closing coil 225 W at 220 V DC
Tripping coil 225 W at 220 V DC
Auxiliary switch 8 NO/8 NC/1 WI; 250 V / 2.5 A
Weight of circuit-breaker without SF6 gas: 900 kg
Tab. 1: Technical data for circuit-breaker 8DN8
Replaces: Circuit- breaker for 8D1 and 8D2 up to 145 kV, double-pressure type and blast piston
type
7. Page 7 of 23
4 Adapter – retrofitting circuit-breaker 8DN8 – existing
switchgear
The adapter, two of which are needed for connecting the new circuit-breaker to the existing
switchgear, is type-tested with 650 kV rated lightning impulse withstand voltage and connects the
three-phase encapsulated circuit-breaker with the single-phase encapsulated switchgear.
The adapter forms a single SF6-gas compartment with joint gas monitoring together with the
circuit-breaker. It is connected to the existing GIS switchgear through gas-tight bushings.
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage: 650 kV
Weight of an adapter: approx. 200 kg
SF6 filling pressure at 20°C: 0.56 MPa
Volume of SF6 gas/adapter: 18.75 kg
Tab. 2: Technical data of the adapter
Fig. 3: 8D2 bay with old blast piston circuit-breaker
8. Page 8 of 23
Retrofit 8DN8 self-
compression circuit-
breaker 123 kV
8D1/2 double pressure
circuit-breaker
123 kV
8D2 blast piston circuit-
breaker 123/145 kV
Circuit-breaker 35 kg
Adapter 2 x 18.75 kg
Total volume SF6 gas 72.5 kg 105 kg 87 kg
Tab. 3: Comparison SF6 content old/new
Fig. 4: 8D2 bay with 8DN8 circuit-breaker
9. Page 9 of 23
Fig. 5: 8DN8-circuit-breaker with two adapters equipped with gas-tight bushings towards the GIS section
Fig. 6: Side view of the 8DN8 circuit-breaker with two adapters
10. Page 10 of 23
Fig. 3 shows the original system with 8D2 blast piston circuit-breaker. In Fig. 4, the circuit-breaker is
replaced by an 8DN8 circuit-breaker. The connection between the 3-phase encapsulated 8DN8
circuit-breaker and the remaining single-phase 8D2 encapsulated GIS section is implemented via
two adapters as shown in perspective in Fig. 5. Fig. 6 shows a side view from left to right:
Upper and lower adapter - transition from single-phase encapsulation to 3-phase
encapsulation
3-phase encapsulated 8DN8 circuit-breaker
Fig. 7: Top view of 8DN8-circuit-breaker with two adapters
Fig. 7 shows the top view of the three-pole encapsulated 8DN8 circuit-breaker with indicated
contact arrangement connected to the single-pole encapsulated adapters.
11. Page 11 of 23
Fig. 8: Top view of contact arrangement
Fig. 8 shows the contact arrangement of the adapter.
12. Page 12 of 23
5 Retrofitting steps
Fig. 9: Side view of an 8D switchgear with doublel-pressure circuit-breaker
Fig. 9 shows the typical design of a 8D bay with doublel-pressure circuit-breaker
Fig. 10: Electrical view
Legend: red= voltage, green: no voltage
13. Page 13 of 23
Fig. 11: SF6 pressure view
Legend: blue= air at atmospheric pressure; yellow= SF6 at rated pressure
Views 10 and 11 show the second step of the retrofit
1) Switch off circuit -breaker -Q0
2) Switch off disconnectors -Q1, -Q2 and -Q8
3) Switch on and secure earthing switches -Q51 and -Q52
4) Switch off and earth the cable from the remote end
5) Switch off the auxiliary and tripping circuits
6) Perform gas work in accordance with diagram
7) Disassemble old circuit-breaker -Q0 with accessories
8) Check the existing 8D2 bushings and contacts
9) Install the new circuit-breaker with preassembled adapters
10) Install the new circuit-breaker module
11) Evacuate the new circuit-breaker module
12) Modify or replace the VOS (local control cubicle)
13) Top up SF6 to rated pressure
14) Commission the new circuit-breaker
15) Switch on the auxiliary and tripping circuits
16) Switch off the earthing switches -Q51, -Q52 and -Q8 and the earthing switch at the remote
end of the cable.
17) Switch on disconnectors -Q1, -Q2 and -Q8
18) Switch on circuit-breaker -Q0
19) Bay is energized
Figs. 12-18 show the individual steps of the retrofit graphically
14. Page 14 of 23
Fig. 12: Third retrofitting step (a)
Fig. 13: Third retrofitting step (b)
15. Page 15 of 23
1,5 to
-Q8
-T5
-Q52
-Q51
-Q9
-Q2 -Q1
BB II BB I
-Z1
-Q0
SF6-Gas Scheme
Fig. 14: Fourth retrofitting step (a)
Fig. 15: Fourth retrofitting step (b)
18. Page 18 of 23
1792 1115 1245 940
4000 1,5
to
1335
5335
4050
-Q8
-T5
-Q52
-Q51
-Q9
-Q2 -Q1
BB II BB I
-Z1
-Q0
3000
Fig. 18: Sixth retrofitting step: Bay after retrofitting
19. Page 19 of 23
6 Circuit-breaker maintenance comparison old vs. new
8D1/2
Double -pressure circuit-
breaker
8D2
Blast piston circuit-breaker
8DN8
Self compression circuit-breaker
Minor
inspection (or
enhanced
visual
inspection)
1000 x CO in rated nominal
current range or after 5 years
3000 x CO in rated nominal
current range or after 10 years
3000 x CO in rated nominal current
range or after 17 years
Taking out of service
necessary
Taking out of service
necessary
Taking out of service not necessary
Replacement of blast valve
Major
Inspection
(or standard
inspection)
5000 x CO in rated nominal
current range or after 10
years
6000 x CO in rated nominal
current range or after 20 years
6000 x CO in rated nominal current
range or after 25 years
Taking out of service
necessary
Taking out of service
necessary
Taking out of service necessary
Replacement of blast valve
Tab. 4 Comparison of the maintenance intervals of the different circuit-breakers
Table 4 compares the maintenance intervals of the individual circuit-breaker types over a period of
25 years. It can be plainly seen that the maintenance expenditure as well as the short maintenance
intervals for double-pressure circuit-breaker are no longer economical compared with the new
8DN8-circuit-breaker and no longer in keeping with today’s needs.
Fig. 19 shows the standardized maintenance costs (at today’s costs) of the different circuit-breaker
types over a 25-year operating period which naturally does not represent the whole life span of the
new 8DN8 circuit-breaker. Compared to the new 8DN8-circuit-breaker the maintenance costs for
the 8D1 double-pressure circuit-breaker are about 15 times higher, and the costs for the 8D2- blast
piston circuit-breaker still 3 times as high.
21. Page 21 of 23
7 Time schedule for retrofit solution
The total duration from the receipt of the order to the provisional acceptance test is approximately
9 months referred to 1 bay. The actual retrofit, for example the dismantling of the existing circuit-
breaker, installation of the new circuit-breaker, start-up and high voltage testing takes
approximately 4 weeks.
8 Scope of delivery
The scope of delivery comprises:
Circuit-breaker 8DN8, 3-phase encapsulated, including supporting structure
SF6 gas (2 x 40 kg bottles to ensure problem-free conversion); SF6 gas from the old 8D1/2
breaker is reused)
2 adapters – from 3-phase encapsulated circuit-breaker to single-phase switchgear
Small parts such as sealing material, filter material, etc.
Control cubicle adaptation components or complete new control cubicle
9 Life time expectation of existing GIS without new
circuit-breaker
A life expectancy > 50 years is predicted for the remaining GIS components, provided that the
Siemens maintenance recommendations have been followed as described in the operating manual.
Tests on the gastight insulators of an over 40-year old 8D2 GIS did not show any discrepancies. The
insulators did not produce any partial discharges. Naturally, if desired, a retrofit can be carried out
on the existing disconnector and earthing switches. These devices can then be equipped with the
latest motor drives.
10 Type tests
Type tests are available for the retrofit 8DN8-circuit-breaker.
22. Page 22 of 23
11 Options
Local control cubicle, including control cable
Service measures on the bays in conjunction with the planned retrofit
Retrofitting of the disconnector / earthing switch drives with the latest generation of drives
Overhaul of the dismantled 8D1/8D2 circuit-breaker
Decentralized SF6 gas monitoring
Replacement of old cast-resin voltage transformer with SF6-insulated transformer
UHF antennas