The Ebola-Silent Enemy. By Nelson Giovanny Rincon SIlva

2
Some images may hurt the
susceptibility of the public

CONTENT
Introduction
VIRUSES
What are them?
THE EBOLA
History
Characteristics
3
Ebola virus disease
The Ebola outbreak Vaccines
Nowdays

5 Jordan MC, Jordan GW, Stevens JG, Miller G. Latent herpesviruses of humans. Annals of Internal Medicine. (1984),
100: pp 866–80

7
Concepts- Nucleic acid
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409 (2014): pp 860–921.
http://www.tripadvisor.co/Attraction_Review-g187484-d240430-Reviews-Biblioteca_y_Casa_Museo_de_Menendez_Pelayo-Santander_Cantabria.html. October 2014.

8
Concepts- Nucleic acid
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409 (2014): pp 860–921.
http://www.tripadvisor.co/Attraction_Review-g187484-d240430-Reviews-Biblioteca_y_Casa_Museo_de_Menendez_Pelayo-Santander_Cantabria.html. October 2014.

 Viruses display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes,
called morphologies
 viruses are much smaller than bacteria.
Diameter between 20 and 300 nm.
 A complete virus particle, known
as a virion, consists of nucleic acid
surrounded by a protective coat of
protein called a capsid
9
Jordan MC, Jordan GW, Stevens JG, Miller G. Latent herpesviruses of humans. Annals of Internal Medicine. (1984),
100: pp 866–80

10 http://www.humanillnesses.com/General-Information-and-Infectious-Diseases-A-Co/The-Nature-of-
Germs-and-Infection.html. October 2014.

GENOMIC DIVERSITY AMONG VIRUSES
Property
Parameters
Nucleic acid
DNA
RNA
Both DNA and RNA (at different stages in the life
cycle)
Shape
Linear
Circular
Segmented
Strandedness
Single-stranded
Double-stranded
Double-stranded with regions of single trandedness
11 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ch13-virus-2/deck/11402878. October 2014

Sense
Positive sense (+)
Negative sense (−)
Ambisense (+/−)
Size 25 nm (pico or nano virus) to 250 - 350 nm
12 http://www.humanillnesses.com/General-Information-and-Infectious-Diseases-A-Co/The-Nature-of-
Germs-and-Infection.html. October 2014
Edit by: Giovanny Rincon

In general, there are four main morphological virus types:
13 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-13-viruses-viroids-prions/deck/2245264.
October 2014

Icosahedral virus
14 Mohammad W. Bahar, Stephen C. Structure. 19 2011), pp 1011-1020

Prolate virus
15 Molecular architecture of the prolate head of bacteriophage T4. Andrei Fokine. Current Issue. 01 (2012)
pp 412-425.

Enveloped virus
16 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ch13-virus-2/deck/11402878. October 2014

17 http://healthfavo.com/hiv-virus-structure-anatomy-picture-reference.html . October 2014

Virus replication
How Viruses Infect Cells?
19 Regina Bailey. http://biology.about.com/od/virology/ss/Virus-Replication_7.htm. October 2014

20
Virus replication
Regina Bailey. http://biology.about.com/od/virology/ss/Virus-Replication_7.htm. October 2014

21
Virus replication

22
Virus replication

23
Virus replication

24
Virus replication

25 http://neurodojo.blogspot.com/2009/04/how-do-viruses-swap-genes.html. October 2014

RNP, RNA-protein; ppp, triphosphate; AAAAA, poly(A) tail; vRNA (−), negative-strand viral
RNA; mRNA (+), positive-strand mRNA; cRNA (+), positive-strand complementary RNA.
26 Nan Yan & Zhijian J Chen. Nature Immunology. 13 (2012) pp 214–222.

27
http://neurodojo.blogspot.com/2009/04/how-do-viruses-swap-genes.html. October 2014

28
http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/03/ebola-outbreak-kills-59-guinea, October 2014 28

Named after the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(formerly Zaire), near the first epidemics.
The Ebola virus was first discovered
in 1976 when an outbreak occurred
in Sudan.
So far, five subtypes have been
identified:
Two species:
 Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) and
 Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV)
Case fatality rates of 83% and 54%.
29 Ebola virus disease". Fact sheet N°103. World Health Organization. April 2014.

A third species, Reston ebola virus
(REBOV), was discovered 1989 in
monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) imported
from the Philippines. (Uganda).
Ivory Coast ebola virus
(ICEBOV)
Only one case.
The virus was deposited with the CDC 2007, and was patented in
2009.
30 Ebola virus disease". Fact sheet N°103. World Health Organization. April 2014.

31
Virus classification
Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Filoviridae
Genus: Ebolavirus
Species: Zaire ebolavirus
Member virus (Abbreviation)
Ebola virus (EBOV)
Tan, DX; Reiter, RJ; Manchester, LC "Ebola virus disease: Potential use of melatonin as a treatment.". Journal of
pineal research. 12 (2014). Pp 456-460.

The Ebola outbreak
Helen Branswell. "Nancy Writebol, U.S. missionary, didn't get TKM-Ebola 34 drug, Tekmira says“. August 2014

35
The Ebola outbreak in 2014
Helen Branswell. "Nancy Writebol, U.S. missionary, didn't get TKM-Ebola drug, Tekmira says“. August 2014

36
The Ebola outbreak in 2014
Helen Branswell. "Nancy Writebol, U.S. missionary, didn't get TKM-Ebola drug, Tekmira says“. August 2014

The Ebola outbreak mapped in 2014
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization (1998).Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health
Care Setting. Atlanta, Georgia, US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 8 February 2013. 37

Hampton, Tracy. Vaccines Against Ebola and Marburg Viruses Show Promise in Primates Studies. Maedical News and
Perspectives. JAMA. Vol. 294 No. 2 July 2005. 38

45 In Liberia's Ebola-Stricken Villages, Residents Face 'Stark' Choices". n Liberia's Ebola-Stricken Villages, Residents Face 'Stark' Choices. Common Dreams. 18 August
2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014. 10

46Source: Centers for disease Contral. 2014.
10 http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/03/ebola-outbreak-kills-59-guinea

47http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/03/ebola-10 Source: Centers for disease Contral. 2014. outbreak-kills-59-guinea

Real cases of ebola
48 Ebola virus: From symptoms of common cold to bleeding out the ears and eyes, http://tribune.com.ng /news/top-stories/item/12283-ebola-virus-from-symptoms-
of-common-cold-to-bleeding-out-the-ears-and-eyes/12283-ebola-virus-from-symptoms-of-common-cold-to-bleeding-out-the-ears-and-eyes

Real cases of ebola
49 Ebola virus: From symptoms of common cold to bleeding out the ears and eyes, http://tribune.com.ng /news/top-stories/item/12283-ebola-virus-from-symptoms-
of-common-cold-to-bleeding-out-the-ears-and-eyes/12283-ebola-virus-from-symptoms-of-common-cold-to-bleeding-out-the-ears-and-eyes

52 Castillo M (2012). "Ebola virus claims 31 lives in Democratic Republic of the Congo".United States: CBS News.
Retrieved 14 September 2012.

http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/health/ebola-what-are-the-symtoms-and-treatments-how-is-it-transmitted-
30471300.html
How is it transmitted?
53

30471300.html
54

30471300.html
55

56 How is the Ebola virus transmitted?: http://article.wn.com/view/2014/08/11/How_10 is_the_Ebola_virus_transmitted/

 Antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA)
 Electron microscopy
 Virus isolation by cell culture
 Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) assay
How Do Doctors Test for Ebola?. Tanya Lewis, Staff Writer 2014. http://www.livescience.com/48141-how-doctors-test-for-
ebola.html
How Do Doctors Test for Ebola?
57

How Do Doctors Test for Ebola?. Tanya Lewis, Staff Writer 2014. http://www.livescience.com/48141-how-doctors-test-for-
ebola.html
PCR looks for genetic material from the virus and creates enough
copies of it that it can be detected
58
A strip of PCR tubes, each containing a 100 μl reaction mixture

How Do Doctors Test for Ebola?. Tanya Lewis, http://www.livescience.com/48141-how-doctors-test-for-ebola.html. Staff
Writer 2014.
59

Saiki, R.; Gelfand, D.; Stoffel, S.; Scharf, S.; Higuchi, R.; Horn, G.; Mullis, K.; Erlich, H. (1988). "Primer-directed
enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase". Science 239 (4839): 487–491
60

61 10
New Drugs and Vaccines Can't Stop This Ebola Outbreak. But researchers are ramping up efforts in the hope of saving lives in the future. Molly Redden| Mon Aug. 18, 2014
6:00 AM ED

Treatment
There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD.
 Dr E. Levy: meanwhile, common-sense basics like hygiene,
nutrition, vitamin D, and intravenous vitamin C.
 Massive doses of vitamin C may
be of particular importance.
 Rehydration with oral or
intravenous fluids
A range of potential treatments including: blood products, immune
therapies and drug therapies are currently being evaluated.

The Ebola vaccine is based on the 1976 strain of the Zaire
species and protects from the 1995, but not the other 2
species that affect humans.
Dr. Feldmann and Geisbert: had
successfully vaccinated monkeys
against the deadly Ebola virus.
No licensed vaccines are available
yet, but 2 potential vaccines are
undergoing human safety testing.
63
Vaccines
Biotechnology Focus January 22, 2014. Vol 12 pp 124-132. Mercola

Vaccines
64
Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation already
began a Phase 1 human clinical trial of a drug
called TKM-Ebola.
This drug is being developed under a $140 million
contract with the US Department of Defense.
Vanderbilt Vaccine Center also received a $5.0
million grant from the US DoD for Ebola vaccine
development and other Ebola treatments.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has also
been working on an Ebola vaccine for more than a
decade.
Biotechnology Focus January 22, 2014. Vol 12 pp 124-132. Mercola

Bioterrorism
Airborne transmission of Ebola Zaire
has been demonstrated in monkeys in a
controlled laboratory experiment.
Fear-Mongering is a Lucrative
Business
65 http://lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=bioterrorism&lang=1

66 http://lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=bioterrorism&lang=1

General Ideas
The world is facing an unprecedented outbreak of the Ebola
virus, with more than 4000 deaths so far and is estimated
to be 10000 infections every week.
Infections and potential cases have now been reported as far
afield as the Australia, Spain, Germany and the US – which
this week also suffered its first death.
68
Don't Fear Ebola, Fear the State, http://www.freedomsphoenix.com/News/160544-2014-08-01-dont-fear-ebola-fear-
the-state.htm

General Ideas
Mark Zuckerberg donates US 25 million to
fight Ebola . The founder of Facebook says
it is necessary to control the virus so that
it does not become as "HIV and polio.“
In Colombia, at this time any hospital in
the country is ready to attend Ebola
Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg and wife Priscilla Chan donate $25 million to Ebola fight,
By Abby Phillip October 14
69

General Ideas
Ultimately, the only way to stop Ebola cases
emerging around the world is to tackle it at
source in West Africa. Britain has just sent
around 750 soldiers and officials to help bolster
the infrastructure required – and Dr Wright says
“feet on the ground” is probably the best way we
can help tackle the disease right now.
70
Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014". CDC. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.

71 Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014". CDC. 27 June 2014. Edit by: Giovanny Rincon S. Retrieved 26 June 2014.

The MOF research community has made great
progress in the last decade, yet we may have just
seen the tip of the iceberg in respect to the
application potential of MOFs. Many new types of
applications will emerge as the research topic
becomes more and more popular. The future of
the field is indeed very bright.

The Ebola-Silent Enemy. By Nelson Giovanny Rincon SIlva

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