Malaria is caused by parasites transmitted through mosquito bites. It affects over 200 million people annually and causes over 1 million deaths. Biotechnology research is working to develop new treatments, such as vaccines and drugs targeting different stages of the parasite's lifecycle. Detection of malaria has also advanced through new diagnostic tests identifying parasite biomarkers using techniques like monoclonal antibodies and real-time PCR. While progress has been made, drug resistance remains a major challenge, and continued biotechnology research is needed to control and eliminate malaria worldwide.
H5N8 virus dutch outbreak (2014) linked to sequences of strains from asiaHarm Kiezebrink
Genetic analysis of influenza A(H5N8) virus from the Netherlands indicates that the virus probably was spread by migratory wild birds from Asia, possibly through overlapping flyways and common breeding sites in Siberia. In addition to the outbreak in the Netherlands, several other outbreaks of HPAI (H5N8) virus infections were reported in Europe at the end of 2014 after exponentially increasing deaths occurred in chicken and turkey flocks.
Genetic sequences submitted to the EpiFlu database indicated that the viruses from Europe showed a strong similarity to viruses isolated earlier in 2014 in South Korea, China, and Japan. An H5N8 virus isolated from a wigeon in Russia in September 2014 is located in the phylogenetic tree near the node of all sequences for H5N8 viruses from Europe.
In regard to time, this location fits the hypothesized route of H5N8 virus introduction into Europe. Furthermore, for several reasons, it is highly likely that the introduction of HPAI (H5N8) virus into the indoor-layer farm in the Netherlands occurred via indirect contact.
First, despite intensive monitoring, H5N8 viruses have never been detected in commercial poultry or wild birds in the Netherlands.
Second, when the virus was detected, the Netherlands had no direct trade contact with other European countries or Asia that might explain a route of introduction.
Third, because of the severity of disease in galliforms, outbreaks of H5N8 in the Netherlands before November 2014 would have been noticed.
Outbreak of High Patogen Avian Influenza H5N8 in GermanyHarm Kiezebrink
Germany has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, H5N8 in fattening turkeys in North East Germany
(Mecklenburg - Western Pomerania). Increased mortality was observed in one of the six sheds of 15 week old birds for fattening (total number of turkeys on the premises ~ 31,000 of which each shed contained 5,000).
Human-to-Human transmission of H7H7 in Holland 2003Harm Kiezebrink
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 started at the end of February, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. In this study, published in The Lancet in 2004, it is noted that an unexpectedly high number of transmissions of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 to people directly involved in handling infected poultry, providing evidence for person-to-person transmission.
Although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza A virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans.
453 people had health complaints—349 reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other complaints. We detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26·4%) people with conjunctivitis only, in five (9·4%) with influenza-like illness and conjunctivitis, in two (5·4%) with influenza-like illness only, and in four (6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples had been collected within 5 days of symptom onset. A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts (of 83 tested), one of whom developed influenza-like illness. Six people had influenza A/H3N2 infection. After 19 people had been diagnosed with the infection, all workers received mandatory influenza virus vaccination and prophylactic treatment with oseltamivir. More than half (56%) of A/H7 infections reported here arose before the vaccination and treatment programme.
Avian influenza virus-infected poultry can release a large amount of virus-contaminated droppings that serve as sources of infection for susceptible birds. Much research so far has focused on virus spread within flocks. However, as fecal material or manure is a major constituent of airborne poultry dust, virus-contaminated particulate matter from infected flocks may be dispersed into the environment.
This study, demonstrates the presence of airborne influenza virus RNA downwind from buildings holding LPAI-infected birds, and the observed correlation between field data on airborne poultry and livestock associated microbial exposure and the OPS-ST model. These findings suggest that geographical estimates of areas at high risk for human and animal exposure to airborne influenza virus can be modeled during an outbreak, although additional field measurements are needed to validate this proposition. In addition, the outdoor detection of influenza virus contaminated airborne dust during outbreaks in poultry suggests that practical measures can assist in the control of future influenza outbreaks.
In general, exposure to airborne influenza virus on commercial poultry farms could be reduced both by minimizing the initial generation of airborne particles and implementing methods for abatement of particles once generated. As an example, emergency mass culling of poultry using a foam blanket over the birds instead of labor-intensive whole-house gassing followed by ventilation reduces both exposure of cullers and dispersion of contaminated dust into the environment, contributing to the control of influenza outbreaks.
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
Dossier transmission: Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus to DogsHarm Kiezebrink
Avian influenza was found in a dog on a farm in South Gyeongsang Province amid growing concerns that the disease could spread to other animals, officials the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The dog ― one of three at a duck farm in Goseong-gun, South Gyeongsang Province ― had antigens for the highly pathogenic H5N8 strain of bird flu, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The disease affected the farm on Jan. 23.
Since the first case of a dog being infected with the poultry virus in March 2014, there have been 55 dogs found with antibodies to the bird flu virus. The antibody means the immune system of the dogs eliminated the virus. This is the first time bird flu has been found in a dog in Korea through the detection of antigens.
“None of these dogs had shown symptoms. No antigens or antibodies for the virus were found in the two other dogs, which means that dog-to-dog transmission is unlikely to have happened,” quarantine officials said.
The ministry suspected that the dog may have eaten infected animals at the farm. All poultry and dogs at the concerned farm were slaughtered as part of the preventive measures right after the farm was reported to have been infected with the disease, officials said.
Meanwhile, quarantine officials rejected the possibility of viral transmission to humans. According to the ministry’s report, about 450 workers at infected farms across the country had been given an antigen test, with none showing signs of infection. None of Korea’s 20,000 farm workers have reported any symptoms so far, officials added.
“It is thought that infected dogs do not show symptoms of the disease as they are naturally resistant to bird flu,” the ministry said. Meanwhile, the Agriculture Ministry has toughened the quarantine measures in Goseong-gun. The region is a frequented by migratory birds, which are suspected to have spread the viral disease.
H5N8 virus dutch outbreak (2014) linked to sequences of strains from asiaHarm Kiezebrink
Genetic analysis of influenza A(H5N8) virus from the Netherlands indicates that the virus probably was spread by migratory wild birds from Asia, possibly through overlapping flyways and common breeding sites in Siberia. In addition to the outbreak in the Netherlands, several other outbreaks of HPAI (H5N8) virus infections were reported in Europe at the end of 2014 after exponentially increasing deaths occurred in chicken and turkey flocks.
Genetic sequences submitted to the EpiFlu database indicated that the viruses from Europe showed a strong similarity to viruses isolated earlier in 2014 in South Korea, China, and Japan. An H5N8 virus isolated from a wigeon in Russia in September 2014 is located in the phylogenetic tree near the node of all sequences for H5N8 viruses from Europe.
In regard to time, this location fits the hypothesized route of H5N8 virus introduction into Europe. Furthermore, for several reasons, it is highly likely that the introduction of HPAI (H5N8) virus into the indoor-layer farm in the Netherlands occurred via indirect contact.
First, despite intensive monitoring, H5N8 viruses have never been detected in commercial poultry or wild birds in the Netherlands.
Second, when the virus was detected, the Netherlands had no direct trade contact with other European countries or Asia that might explain a route of introduction.
Third, because of the severity of disease in galliforms, outbreaks of H5N8 in the Netherlands before November 2014 would have been noticed.
Outbreak of High Patogen Avian Influenza H5N8 in GermanyHarm Kiezebrink
Germany has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, H5N8 in fattening turkeys in North East Germany
(Mecklenburg - Western Pomerania). Increased mortality was observed in one of the six sheds of 15 week old birds for fattening (total number of turkeys on the premises ~ 31,000 of which each shed contained 5,000).
Human-to-Human transmission of H7H7 in Holland 2003Harm Kiezebrink
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 started at the end of February, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. In this study, published in The Lancet in 2004, it is noted that an unexpectedly high number of transmissions of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 to people directly involved in handling infected poultry, providing evidence for person-to-person transmission.
Although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza A virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans.
453 people had health complaints—349 reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other complaints. We detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26·4%) people with conjunctivitis only, in five (9·4%) with influenza-like illness and conjunctivitis, in two (5·4%) with influenza-like illness only, and in four (6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples had been collected within 5 days of symptom onset. A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts (of 83 tested), one of whom developed influenza-like illness. Six people had influenza A/H3N2 infection. After 19 people had been diagnosed with the infection, all workers received mandatory influenza virus vaccination and prophylactic treatment with oseltamivir. More than half (56%) of A/H7 infections reported here arose before the vaccination and treatment programme.
Avian influenza virus-infected poultry can release a large amount of virus-contaminated droppings that serve as sources of infection for susceptible birds. Much research so far has focused on virus spread within flocks. However, as fecal material or manure is a major constituent of airborne poultry dust, virus-contaminated particulate matter from infected flocks may be dispersed into the environment.
This study, demonstrates the presence of airborne influenza virus RNA downwind from buildings holding LPAI-infected birds, and the observed correlation between field data on airborne poultry and livestock associated microbial exposure and the OPS-ST model. These findings suggest that geographical estimates of areas at high risk for human and animal exposure to airborne influenza virus can be modeled during an outbreak, although additional field measurements are needed to validate this proposition. In addition, the outdoor detection of influenza virus contaminated airborne dust during outbreaks in poultry suggests that practical measures can assist in the control of future influenza outbreaks.
In general, exposure to airborne influenza virus on commercial poultry farms could be reduced both by minimizing the initial generation of airborne particles and implementing methods for abatement of particles once generated. As an example, emergency mass culling of poultry using a foam blanket over the birds instead of labor-intensive whole-house gassing followed by ventilation reduces both exposure of cullers and dispersion of contaminated dust into the environment, contributing to the control of influenza outbreaks.
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
Dossier transmission: Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus to DogsHarm Kiezebrink
Avian influenza was found in a dog on a farm in South Gyeongsang Province amid growing concerns that the disease could spread to other animals, officials the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The dog ― one of three at a duck farm in Goseong-gun, South Gyeongsang Province ― had antigens for the highly pathogenic H5N8 strain of bird flu, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs said. The disease affected the farm on Jan. 23.
Since the first case of a dog being infected with the poultry virus in March 2014, there have been 55 dogs found with antibodies to the bird flu virus. The antibody means the immune system of the dogs eliminated the virus. This is the first time bird flu has been found in a dog in Korea through the detection of antigens.
“None of these dogs had shown symptoms. No antigens or antibodies for the virus were found in the two other dogs, which means that dog-to-dog transmission is unlikely to have happened,” quarantine officials said.
The ministry suspected that the dog may have eaten infected animals at the farm. All poultry and dogs at the concerned farm were slaughtered as part of the preventive measures right after the farm was reported to have been infected with the disease, officials said.
Meanwhile, quarantine officials rejected the possibility of viral transmission to humans. According to the ministry’s report, about 450 workers at infected farms across the country had been given an antigen test, with none showing signs of infection. None of Korea’s 20,000 farm workers have reported any symptoms so far, officials added.
“It is thought that infected dogs do not show symptoms of the disease as they are naturally resistant to bird flu,” the ministry said. Meanwhile, the Agriculture Ministry has toughened the quarantine measures in Goseong-gun. The region is a frequented by migratory birds, which are suspected to have spread the viral disease.
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, PracticeHarm Kiezebrink
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birdsHarm Kiezebrink
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
Livestock disease drivers, ecology and pathogen evolutionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Antiviral Effects of Beta Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virusijtsrd
Introduction The avian virus is an Influenza A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. Objective For this purpose ß lactoglobulin is esterified with various alcohols over different circumstances like acidity, protein intentness, water substance, time, temperature, etc. Methodology Methylated ß lactoglobulin provides antiviral activities against human flu infection subtype H3N2, subtype H1N1, and subtype H5N1. The impact of this study is viral HA Hemagglutinin action is repressed by the imposition of different convergences of MET BLG depending upon their distinctive concentration. Result A large number of positive charges on the MET BLG can disrupt the electrostatic intuitive inside hem agglutinin subunits that influences its soundness and movement, lessens its capacity to intertwine and restraints its contamination power. But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. Conclusion A different result shows that a higher incubation time increases the antiviral activity of MET BLG. Sadia Afrin | Rezwan Ahmed Mahedi | Mimona Akter "Antiviral Effects of Beta-Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38098.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38098/antiviral-effects-of-betalactoglobulin-against-avian-influenza-virus/sadia-afrin
Discovering novel pathways of cross-species pathogen transmissionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Influenza in birds is caused by infection with viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae placed in the genus influenza virus A. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many species of birds have been shown to be susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses; aquatic birds form a major reservoir of these viruses, and the overwhelming majority of isolates have been of low pathogenicity (low virulence) for chickens and turkeys. Influenza A viruses have antigenically related nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, but are classified into subtypes on the basis of their haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens (World Health Organization Expert Committee, 1980). At present, 16 H subtypes (H1–H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1–N9) are recognised with proposed new subtypes (H17, H18) for influenza A viruses from bats in Guatemala (Swayne et al., 2013; Tong et al., 2012; 2013). To date, naturally occurring highly pathogenic influenza A viruses that produce acute clinical disease in chickens, turkeys and other birds of economic importance have been associated only with the H5 and H7 subtypes. Most viruses of the H5 and H7 subtype isolated from birds have been of low pathogenicity for poultry. As there is the risk of a H5 or H7 virus of low pathogenicity (H5/H7 low pathogenicity avian influenza [LPAI]) becoming highly pathogenic by mutation, all H5/H7 LPAI viruses from poultry are notifiable to OIE. In addition, all high pathogenicity viruses from poultry and other birds, including wild birds, are notifiable to the OIE.
In this paper various bird welfare aspects related to avian influenza and other contagious diseases are discussed.
Disease outbreaks will, apart from the obvious direct effects on bird health, and thereby their wellbeing, also indirectly influence the welfare of the birds. For example, restrictions on outdoor access for free-range poultry may be imposed, and vaccination or testing schemes may lead to handling or sampling procedures that are stressful to the birds.
At the same time, the immediate risk of a disease outbreak may lead to improved biosecurity measures on farms, which may in turn decrease the risk of other diseases entering the premises, thus resulting in improved bird health and welfare.
Avian influenza is usually an inapparent or nonclinical
viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of
viruses known as type A influenzas. These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes. Avian influenza is caused by this collection of slightly different viruses rather than by a single virus type. The virus subtypes are identified and classified on the basis of two broad types of antigens, hemagglutinan (H) and neuraminidase (N); 15 H and 9 N antigens have been identified among all of the known type A influenzas.
Spatial, temporal and genetic dynamics of H5N1 in chinaHarm Kiezebrink
The spatial spread of H5N1 avian influenza, significant ongoing mutations, and long-term persistence of the virus in some geographic regions has had an enormous impact on the poultry industry and presents a serious threat to human health.
This study revealed two different transmission modes of H5N1 viruses in China, and indicated a significant role of poultry in virus dissemination. Furthermore, selective pressure posed by vaccination was found in virus evolution in the country.
Phylogenetic analysis, geospatial techniques, and time series models were applied to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of H5N1 outbreaks in China and the effect of vaccination on virus evolution.
Results showed obvious spatial and temporal clusters of H5N1 outbreaks on different scales, which may have been associated with poultry and wild-bird transmission modes of H5N1 viruses. Lead–lag relationships were found among poultry and wild-bird outbreaks and human cases. Human cases were preceded by poultry outbreaks, and wild-bird outbreaks were led by human cases.
Each clade has gained its own unique spatiotemporal and genetic dominance. Genetic diversity of the H5N1 virus decreased significantly between 1996 and 2011; presumably under strong selective pressure of vaccination. Mean evolutionary rates of H5N1 virus increased after vaccination was adopted in China.
Spatio temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match bird migration patternsHarm Kiezebrink
The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in poultry, wild birds and humans, poses a significant pandemic threat and a serious public health risk.
An efficient surveillance and disease control system relies on the understanding of the dispersion patterns and spreading mechanisms of the virus. A space-time cluster analysis of H5N1 outbreaks was used to identify spatio-temporal patterns at a global scale and over an extended period of time.
Potential mechanisms explaining the spread of the H5N1 virus, and the role of wild birds, were analyzed. Between December 2003 and December 2006, three global epidemic phases of H5N1 influenza were identified.
These H5N1 outbreaks showed a clear seasonal pattern, with a high density of outbreaks in winter and early spring (i.e., October to March). In phase I and II only the East Asia Australian flyway was affected. During phase III, the H5N1 viruses started to appear in four other flyways: the Central Asian flyway, the Black Sea Mediterranean flyway, the East Atlantic flyway and the East Africa West Asian flyway.
Six disease cluster patterns along these flyways were found to be associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds. The spread of the H5N1 virus, as demonstrated by the space-time clusters, was associated with the patterns of migration of wild birds. Wild birds may therefore play an important role in the spread of H5N1 over long distances.
Disease clusters were also detected at sites where wild birds are known to overwinter and at times when migratory birds were present. This leads to the suggestion that wild birds may also be involved in spreading the H5N1 virus over short distances.
Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian InfluenzaHarm Kiezebrink
Estimates of the per-contact probability of transmission between farms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus of H7N7 subtype during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are important for the design of better control and biosecurity strategies.
We used standardized data collected during the epidemic and a model to extract data for untraced contacts based on the daily number of infectious farms within a given distance of a susceptible farm.
With these data, the ‘maximum likelihood estimation’ approach was used to estimate the transmission probabilities by the individual contact types, both traced and untraced.
The outcomes were validated against literature data on virus genetic sequences for outbreak farms. The findings highlight the need to
1) Understand the routes underlying the infections without traced contacts and
2) To review whether the contact-tracing protocol is exhaustive in relation to all the farm’s day-to-day activities and practices.
A lecture by Dr. Naya Hassan about Monkeybox; which is a viral zoonotic infection that results in a rash similar to smallpox and started to spread around the world since May 2022.
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, PracticeHarm Kiezebrink
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birdsHarm Kiezebrink
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
Livestock disease drivers, ecology and pathogen evolutionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Antiviral Effects of Beta Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virusijtsrd
Introduction The avian virus is an Influenza A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. Objective For this purpose ß lactoglobulin is esterified with various alcohols over different circumstances like acidity, protein intentness, water substance, time, temperature, etc. Methodology Methylated ß lactoglobulin provides antiviral activities against human flu infection subtype H3N2, subtype H1N1, and subtype H5N1. The impact of this study is viral HA Hemagglutinin action is repressed by the imposition of different convergences of MET BLG depending upon their distinctive concentration. Result A large number of positive charges on the MET BLG can disrupt the electrostatic intuitive inside hem agglutinin subunits that influences its soundness and movement, lessens its capacity to intertwine and restraints its contamination power. But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. Conclusion A different result shows that a higher incubation time increases the antiviral activity of MET BLG. Sadia Afrin | Rezwan Ahmed Mahedi | Mimona Akter "Antiviral Effects of Beta-Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38098.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38098/antiviral-effects-of-betalactoglobulin-against-avian-influenza-virus/sadia-afrin
Discovering novel pathways of cross-species pathogen transmissionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Influenza in birds is caused by infection with viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae placed in the genus influenza virus A. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many species of birds have been shown to be susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses; aquatic birds form a major reservoir of these viruses, and the overwhelming majority of isolates have been of low pathogenicity (low virulence) for chickens and turkeys. Influenza A viruses have antigenically related nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, but are classified into subtypes on the basis of their haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens (World Health Organization Expert Committee, 1980). At present, 16 H subtypes (H1–H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1–N9) are recognised with proposed new subtypes (H17, H18) for influenza A viruses from bats in Guatemala (Swayne et al., 2013; Tong et al., 2012; 2013). To date, naturally occurring highly pathogenic influenza A viruses that produce acute clinical disease in chickens, turkeys and other birds of economic importance have been associated only with the H5 and H7 subtypes. Most viruses of the H5 and H7 subtype isolated from birds have been of low pathogenicity for poultry. As there is the risk of a H5 or H7 virus of low pathogenicity (H5/H7 low pathogenicity avian influenza [LPAI]) becoming highly pathogenic by mutation, all H5/H7 LPAI viruses from poultry are notifiable to OIE. In addition, all high pathogenicity viruses from poultry and other birds, including wild birds, are notifiable to the OIE.
In this paper various bird welfare aspects related to avian influenza and other contagious diseases are discussed.
Disease outbreaks will, apart from the obvious direct effects on bird health, and thereby their wellbeing, also indirectly influence the welfare of the birds. For example, restrictions on outdoor access for free-range poultry may be imposed, and vaccination or testing schemes may lead to handling or sampling procedures that are stressful to the birds.
At the same time, the immediate risk of a disease outbreak may lead to improved biosecurity measures on farms, which may in turn decrease the risk of other diseases entering the premises, thus resulting in improved bird health and welfare.
Avian influenza is usually an inapparent or nonclinical
viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of
viruses known as type A influenzas. These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes. Avian influenza is caused by this collection of slightly different viruses rather than by a single virus type. The virus subtypes are identified and classified on the basis of two broad types of antigens, hemagglutinan (H) and neuraminidase (N); 15 H and 9 N antigens have been identified among all of the known type A influenzas.
Spatial, temporal and genetic dynamics of H5N1 in chinaHarm Kiezebrink
The spatial spread of H5N1 avian influenza, significant ongoing mutations, and long-term persistence of the virus in some geographic regions has had an enormous impact on the poultry industry and presents a serious threat to human health.
This study revealed two different transmission modes of H5N1 viruses in China, and indicated a significant role of poultry in virus dissemination. Furthermore, selective pressure posed by vaccination was found in virus evolution in the country.
Phylogenetic analysis, geospatial techniques, and time series models were applied to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of H5N1 outbreaks in China and the effect of vaccination on virus evolution.
Results showed obvious spatial and temporal clusters of H5N1 outbreaks on different scales, which may have been associated with poultry and wild-bird transmission modes of H5N1 viruses. Lead–lag relationships were found among poultry and wild-bird outbreaks and human cases. Human cases were preceded by poultry outbreaks, and wild-bird outbreaks were led by human cases.
Each clade has gained its own unique spatiotemporal and genetic dominance. Genetic diversity of the H5N1 virus decreased significantly between 1996 and 2011; presumably under strong selective pressure of vaccination. Mean evolutionary rates of H5N1 virus increased after vaccination was adopted in China.
Spatio temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match bird migration patternsHarm Kiezebrink
The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in poultry, wild birds and humans, poses a significant pandemic threat and a serious public health risk.
An efficient surveillance and disease control system relies on the understanding of the dispersion patterns and spreading mechanisms of the virus. A space-time cluster analysis of H5N1 outbreaks was used to identify spatio-temporal patterns at a global scale and over an extended period of time.
Potential mechanisms explaining the spread of the H5N1 virus, and the role of wild birds, were analyzed. Between December 2003 and December 2006, three global epidemic phases of H5N1 influenza were identified.
These H5N1 outbreaks showed a clear seasonal pattern, with a high density of outbreaks in winter and early spring (i.e., October to March). In phase I and II only the East Asia Australian flyway was affected. During phase III, the H5N1 viruses started to appear in four other flyways: the Central Asian flyway, the Black Sea Mediterranean flyway, the East Atlantic flyway and the East Africa West Asian flyway.
Six disease cluster patterns along these flyways were found to be associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds. The spread of the H5N1 virus, as demonstrated by the space-time clusters, was associated with the patterns of migration of wild birds. Wild birds may therefore play an important role in the spread of H5N1 over long distances.
Disease clusters were also detected at sites where wild birds are known to overwinter and at times when migratory birds were present. This leads to the suggestion that wild birds may also be involved in spreading the H5N1 virus over short distances.
Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian InfluenzaHarm Kiezebrink
Estimates of the per-contact probability of transmission between farms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus of H7N7 subtype during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are important for the design of better control and biosecurity strategies.
We used standardized data collected during the epidemic and a model to extract data for untraced contacts based on the daily number of infectious farms within a given distance of a susceptible farm.
With these data, the ‘maximum likelihood estimation’ approach was used to estimate the transmission probabilities by the individual contact types, both traced and untraced.
The outcomes were validated against literature data on virus genetic sequences for outbreak farms. The findings highlight the need to
1) Understand the routes underlying the infections without traced contacts and
2) To review whether the contact-tracing protocol is exhaustive in relation to all the farm’s day-to-day activities and practices.
A lecture by Dr. Naya Hassan about Monkeybox; which is a viral zoonotic infection that results in a rash similar to smallpox and started to spread around the world since May 2022.
This study was conducted in the malaria endemic settlements of Lake-Alau, Borno State, Nigeria, between August to December, 2012. The relationship between the mean parasite densities on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 during follow-up and the trends of recoveries from thrombocytopenia in children (≤59 months) was conducted on Plasmodium falciparum malaria using the Standard therapeutic guidelines protocols. A sample size of 313 children was enrolled for the study, all suffered from uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and treated with either Artesunate + Sulphadoxine - Pyrimethamine (AT+SP) and Amodiaquine + Sulphadoxine - Pyrimethamine (AQ+SP). The results shows if the study showed that there was a higher initial platelet count of 77975 x109∕µl in AQ+SP group compared to AT+SP (55281 x 109 ∕ µl) patients, and also the influence of parasitaemia on platelet distribution was relatively higher (98.30%) in AT+SP compared to AQ+SP (95.98%) combinations. Both drugs significantly acted in a similar pattern but the trend of mean daily reduction in parasite density per µl of blood which caused a mean recovery in platelets by 48,606 x109∕µl in AQ+SP as against 37,956 x109∕µl for AT+SP over 28 days of follow-up.
Furuncularmyiasis in a Child Caused by Flesh Fly (Wohlfahrtia magnifica) and ...inventionjournals
We report the case of a two-year-old boy with hyper eosinophilia who presented with a swelling on his left scapular that had persisted for more than three weeks. A second-stage larva of Wohlfahrtia magnifica was found with associated bacterial organisms such as Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, leading to the diagnosis of cutaneous myiasis. Following removal of the larva and secondary bacterial therapy, the clinical and hematological manifestations returned to normal. Diagnosis of myiasis and associated secondary infections should always be kept in mind in the event of clinical signs of furuncular lesions, pain, fever, exudation which may be accompanied by eosinophilia.
Modeling the Consequence of Multi Intervention Campaigns for the Spread of Ma...ijtsrd
This paper proposes and analyses a basic deterministic mathematical model to investigate Simulation for controlling malaria Diseases Transmission dynamics. The model has nine non linear differential equations which describe the control of malaria with two state variables for mosquitoes populations and five state variables for humans population and to introduce the new SPITR model for the transmission dynamics of malaria with four time dependent control measures in Ethiopia Insecticide treated bed nets ITNS , Treatments, Indoor Residual Spray IRs and Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy IPTP . The models are analyzed qualitatively to determine criteria for control of a malaria transmission dynamics, and are used to calculate the basic reproductionR 0. The equilibria of malaria models are determined. In addition to having a disease free equilibrium, which is globally asymptotically stable when the R 0 1, the basic malaria model manifest ones possession of a quality of the phenomenon of backward bifurcation where a stable disease free equilibrium co exists at the same time with a stable endemic equilibrium for a certain range of associated reproduction number less than one. The results also designing the effects of some model parameters, the infection rate and biting rate. The numerical analysis and numerical simulation results of the model suggested that the most effective strategies for controlling or eradicating the spread of malaria were suggest using insecticide treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, prompt effective diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals with vaccination is more effective for children. Fekadu Tadege Kobe | Tigabu Abera Nune | Nuriye Hakima Kadiso "Modeling the Consequence of Multi-Intervention Campaigns for the Spread of Malaria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33048.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathamatics/33048/modeling-the-consequence-of-multiintervention-campaigns-for-the-spread-of-malaria/fekadu-tadege-kobe
Clinical Manifestations of Plasmodium bergheiANKA Infection in Juvenile Mice:...AI Publications
Malaria is an important health and development challenge in Africa, Animalmodels most particularly mice, have long been employedto study malaria pathogenesis. Clinical manifestations due to Plasmodium bergheiANKA infection in juvenile mice as a model for understanding the complications ofcongenital malaria in neonates.Forty-five juvenile mice (5-7 days old) were acquired from University College Hospital, Ibadan and injected with 2 x 107 (0.2ml) Plasmodium berghei ANKA parasitized red blood cells (PRBCs). Mice were transported to the study site, kept in well ventilated cages and fed daily with a balanced ration. Every day after post-P. berghei infection, mice were monitored for mortality. Clinical manifestations ofexperimental cerebral malaria (ECM) was assessed and confirmed if at leastruffled fur, hunching, wobbly gait, limb paralysis, convulsions, or coma was observed. Each sign was given a score of 1. Animals with scores ≥4 were considered to have severe ECM.20 (44%) micewerelost due to natural cause (i.e. stress) at day 2 of the experiment. Between day 4 and 9, 25 (56%) of the studymice presented clinical signs of ECM which includes; ruffled fur 25(100%), hunching 21 (84%), wobbly gait 17 (68%), limb paralysis 20 (80%), convulsions 25 (100%) and subsequently died. Survival rate and severity of ECM in the mice differs, 22 (88.0%) had severe ECM and 3(12.0%) had mild ECM.This study has shown that parasite establishment and malaria complications can manifest as early as 4 days’postP. berghei infection in 5-7 days old mice.
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
Diagnostic Approaches to Chronic Fungal and Tuberculous Meningitisinventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Bacteria Isolated From the Cerebrio-Spinal Fluid (Csf) of Suspected Cases of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Modeling and Simulation of Spread and Effect of Malaria EpidemicWaqas Tariq
The purpose of this paper is to consider malaria infection (A) and the control of malaria (B) as the two sets of soldiers engage in a war. The principal objectives are to see if it is possible with time to reduce and eradicate malaria in our environment taking reasonable precaution. The methodology approach is to model a mathematical equation using battling method approach to find the time(t) that control malaria in our environment will conquer the malaria infection i.e. when A(t)=0. The number of provided facilities (n) for the protection of malaria is also considered and varied. The result shows that as the number of malaria control increases the control time is decreasing.
Nano and MicroFabrication. Designs By Francheska CamiloFrancheska Camilo
DESIGNS FOR:
BIO – SENSOR
LASER SCAN
NANO AND MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES
EXAMPLE:
FOR RESEARCH
SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS
PROTEIN CHARACTERIZATION TO FIND 3D STRUCTURE
PROTEIN CRYSTALLIZATION
ELECTROPORATION
*To apply different voltage in the device or same voltage to different samples.
Other circuit designs can be created and incorporated to these designs to manage the voltage.
-------
www.FrancheskaCamilo.com
Design #1. New Idea for Nano and Microfabrication to use different voltage or...Francheska Camilo
DESIGN FOR:
BIO – SENSOR
LASER SCAN
NANO AND MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES
EXAMPLE:
FOR RESEARCH
PROTEIN CHARACTERIZATION TO FIND 3D STRUCTURE
ELECTROPORATION
-------
BY FRANCHESKA CAMILO
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Malaria by francheska camilo
1. www.FrancheskaCamilo.com
Malaria
Prepared by: Francheska Camilo González
Research Paper Project - MICR 4505 - 8072
Prof. Eva Rodríguez
UIPR – Recinto Metro
February11, 2014
English version: February 27, 2014
02/11/2014
Malaria by Francheska Camilo González
Page 1
2. This article is dedicated to my dog: Sassy Camilo González (January 5, 2007 - February 20,
2014), which received Doxycycline as part of treatment during their stay in a Veterinary
Hospital. We love you and we will always remember you like Sassy La Campeona "Sassy the
Champion".
02/11/2014
Malaria by Francheska Camilo González
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3. INTRODUCTION
Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted to humans by bites of mosquitoes of the genus
Anopheles [1]. Malaria is the most common systemic disease in the world, being reported 200 to
500 million cases and 1 million deaths from this parasitic disease
[1]
. In countries with a climate
temperate, the mosquitoes can carry malaria, but in the winter season, the parasite tends to
disappear [3].
ALTERNATE NAMES [3, 18]
Quartan malaria
Biduoterian fever
Falciparum malaria
Blackwater fever
Plasmodium
Tertian malaria
CAUSES
Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transmitted from one human to another by bites of
infected Anopheles mosquitoes
[3, 18]
. Now once is the host infected (human), the parasites
migrate through the bloodstream to the liver, where they have several cycles of asexual
multiplication, and then enter to the bloodstream to infect red blood cells
[3, 4, 18]
. Most symptoms
are caused by the release of merozoites (shape acquired by the maturation stage of the
parasite or sporozoite after migrate through the bloodstream until to the liver) in the blood, is
produced anemia due to destruction of red blood cells, and large amounts of hemoglobin
released into circulation by the breakdown of red blood cells [3, 18].
02/11/2014
Malaria by Francheska Camilo González
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5. SYMPTOMS
The Malaria symptoms usually appear in 7-15 days after the bite of an infected mosquito
[2]
.
Early symptoms are often difficult to recognize, as these commonly include fever, headache,
chills and vomiting
[2]
. In endemic areas, the children with severe disease often report severe
anemia or cerebral malaria
[2]
. In such areas, individuals can gain some partial immunity to the
disease, facilitating the occurrence of asymptomatic infections [2].
Figure 2: Symptoms of Malaria
Source: Young Doctors’ Research Forum
< http://www.medilinks.blogspot.com/2010/11/malaria-malaria-is-caused-by-parasite.html>
Available: February 15, 2014.
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6. PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
The travelers going to countries such as Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Azerbaijan, and other
areas of risk by the presence of malaria should call to the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) of the United States, for information about the types of malaria, preventive
drugs, and times of the year that should not travel to these areas
[3, 5, 18]
. In areas with a higher
incidence of Plasmodium falciparum, are recommended antimalarial treatments such as
atovaquone / proguanil (Malarone), doxycycline and mefloquine, and repellents with DEET
concentrations of about 35% as prevention methods
[1, 3, 18]
. The World Health Organization
(WHO) recommends confirming the diagnosis with parasitological methods, prior to
administering any treatment for malaria
[2]
. For those infected with Plasmodium falciparum
individuals, there is a treatment know as Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy [2].
Table 1: Effects and complications of malaria [3, 18]
Complication
Effect of the disease, condition or complication
Hemolytic anemia [3, 18]
The body's immune system to attack mistakenly the individual's
own red blood cells, causing that to disintegrate, and hemolysis
occurs [8].
Kidney failure [3, 18]
The kidneys losing their ability to remove waste and
concentrate urine without losing electrolytes [9].
Hepatic Impairment [3,18]
The liver lose their ability to carry out its synthetic and
metabolic function, causing complications such as excessive
bleeding, infection and kidney failure, and increased brain
pressure [10 , 11].
Encephalitis
[3, 18]
Meningitis [3, 18]
Pulmonary edema [3, 18]
Ruptured spleen [3, 18]
02/11/2014
Inflammation in the brain and spinal cord because of a viral
infection [12].
Inflammation of the thin tissue that originates around the brain
and spinal cord [13].
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, especially in the
area between the capillaries and alveoli, which can cause
swelling [14].
Massive internal bleeding (hemorrhage) [3, 18].
Malaria by Francheska Camilo González
Page 6
7. Figure 3: Malaria parasites destroying red blood cells
Photograph by Albert Bonniers Forlag
Source: National Geographic
<http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/malaria/#/malariaparasites_1059_600x450.jpg>
Available: February 13, 2014.
02/11/2014
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8. PROBLEM
Resistance to antimalarial drugs is the main problem of malaria
[2]
. It has been detected in four
countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion (Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam), that
the parasite has shown artemisinin resistance
[2]
. In these areas, it is assumed that the
resistance pattern is because the patients are abandoning their treatment when the symptoms
subside, and are treated with an oral artemisinin monotherapy (partial treatment in which there
is not a second drug), which allows the existence of parasites that are resistant in the blood, and
transmission to other mosquitoes, and from these to other individuals
02/11/2014
Malaria by Francheska Camilo González
[2]
.
Page 8
9. WHAT IS THE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HOW COULD HELP TO FIGHT MALARIA?
WHAT IS THE BIOTECHNOLOGY?
Biotechnology is technology application that uses systems based in biology to create or modify
products or processes having a specific use, such as the development of treatments for
diseases, among other technological applications [6].
RESEARCH TO SEARCH A TREATMENT FOR MALARIA
Researchers at the National Center of Biotechnology of CSIC and the U.S., led by Dr. Mariano
Esteban, with the use of biotechnology applications, developed a new combined immunization
protocol for vector to remove an infection caused by the parasite Plasmodium (the causative
agent of malaria) in a murine model
[7]
. In a phase III clinical trial with 15,450 children, they
showed that the vaccine (RTS, S/AS01), for a period of one year, produced a 50% reduction
against malaria in children 5 to 17 months of age
[7]
. Also with the use of technological
applications, in the published studies by the group of Esteban (Journal of Immunology:
"Adjuvant-like Effect of Vaccinia Virus 14K Protein: A Case Study with Malaria Vaccine Based
on the Circumsporozoite Protein", published in May 21, 2012
[15]
), it was demonstrated that with
vaccination in two phases, in where the first phase is administrated a chimeric protein (CS 14K), and after two weeks is administrated an attenuated virus (MVA-CS) produced by the CS
protein, is obtained the complete protection in mice with the parasite Plasmodium yoelii [7].
02/11/2014
Malaria by Francheska Camilo González
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10. Increased incidences Malaria and the need for identification of new drugs and treatments
require a search for alternatives to inhibit infection of different stages of the life cycle of the
malaria parasite in the vertebrate host
[20]
. Dr. Photini Sinnis and his research group composed
of Dr. David Mirelman, Dr. Melissa Cabinian and Dr. Alida Coppi, conducted two experimental
trials in which were used allicin to determine efficacy against erythrocytic stages in vivo and the
sporozoite infectivity in vivo
[20]
. In the experimental testing to determine the effectiveness
against the erythrocytic stages in vivo , they proceeded to inject mice females "Swiss Webster",
with 2 x 105 parasites "GFP- expressing P. berghei", and subsequently proceeded to inject 8
mg/kg of allicin (in DMEM without Cys/Met)
[20]
. In the assay for determining the sporozoite
infectivity in vivo, they proceeded to inject female mice "Swiss Webster" with 5-8 mg/kg of allicin
(in DMEM without Cys/ Met). Subsequently, they proceeded to inject 104 P. yoelii sporozoites,
and after 40 hours, they isolated the total RNA, to quantify the malaria infection by reverse
transcription using real time PCR
[20]
. The experimental tests showed that allicin, a cysteine
protease inhibitor present in teeth of garlic freshly crushed, was effective in both assays and
could be used as a useful drug for the prophylaxis and malaria
[20]
. In the scientific article
"Allylation of Intraerythrocytic Hemoglobin by Raw Garlic Extracts", indicated that the
phenomenon of induced vasodilation by the garlic could lead to new research on the changes
that natural products exert on the proteome
[21]
. This is important, because the progress in the
genomic and proteomic studies, could facilitate the identification of new Plasmodium
antigens[19].
02/11/2014
Malaria by Francheska Camilo González
Page 10
11. DETECTION OF MALARIA
Detection of antigens, antibodies and genetic material are part of the basic principle of
molecular diagnostic tests
[16]
. Advances in molecular biology, the development of robotic
technology, the proteomic and genomic sequencing are significant contributors to the
development of more specific tests that help identify biomarkers , and with the use of the
methodology of biotechnology can produce high purity reagents and identify the genes that
encoding specific antigens, production of monoclonal antibodies, and others
[16]
. In a study to
detect cases of malaria in the Vall d' Hebron Hospital - Barcelona, were carried out various
diagnostic tests to a group of 26 patients in which were suspected had contracted malaria while
traveling to their country of origin
[17]
. To determine the presence of the parasite in the blood of
these patients were carried out laboratory tests like the Thin Extension of Blood, Drop Thick,
and the Rapid test for antigen detection of Plasmodium [17]. The Rapid Test to Antigen Detection
of Plasmodium is a laboratory test used in biotechnology to diagnose infection with the malaria
parasite (Plasmodium spp.)
[16, 17]
. This test is based on the identification of biomarkers such as
protein-rich in histidine 2 (PRH2), and Dehydrogenase enzyme of lactate (pLDH)
[16, 17]
. These
serve to establish a differential diagnosis or by mixed infection, because the diagnostic strips
have monoclonal antibodies at its distal end, which allows recognize pLDH, which containing
the specific antibodies against the Plasmodium falciparum [16].
02/11/2014
Malaria by Francheska Camilo González
Page 11
12. CONCLUSION
Malaria is a major public health problem
[7]
. From these infections caused by this parasitic
disease, there is an infection rate of about 225 million people, and about 1 million deaths
annually
[7]
. These numbers are increasing, because in some regions of the world, mosquitoes
that carry malaria have developed resistance to insecticides and antibiotics, allowing the spread
of the disease and makes difficult to control the rate of disease
[3]
. The Malaria is dangerous
parasitic disease, because is potentially mortal and transmitted to humans by the bites from
mosquitoes that are infected with parasites of the genus Plasmodium, and as a conclusion, that
if the disease is not controlled by suitable preventive methods, will survive those parasites that
are resistant, allowing the transmission of this to other mosquitoes, and from these to other
individuals.
02/11/2014
Malaria by Francheska Camilo González
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13. REFERENCES
1. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de
Investigaciones Médicas. Malaria. Available: December 17, 2013
http://www.virus.med.puc.cl/viajero/malaria.html
2. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Paludismo. Available: December 17, 2013
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/es/
3. MedlinePlus. Malaria. Available: December 17, 2013
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/ency/article/000621.htm
4. ANLIS. Malaria o Paludismo. Available: December 17, 2013
http://www.anlis.gov.ar/inst/consulta/infecciosas/malaria/malaria.htm#es%20trasmitida
5. CDC. Malaria Information and Prophylaxis, by Country [A] Available: February 11, 2013
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/country_table/a.html
6. Grupo Biotecnología. ¿Qué es la Biotecnología?. Available: December 17, 2013
http://www.grupobiotecnologia.com.ar/ver-que-es-la-biotecnologia-52
7. Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia. Vacuna frente a malaria. Available: December
17, 2013
http://www.ranf.com/enfermedades-olvidadas/noticias-enfermedades/1562-vacunafrente-a-malaria.html
8. NYU Langone Medical Center. Anemia Hemolítica Autoinmune.
Available: January 16, 2014
http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=121184
9. Salud Médica. Insuficiencia Renal Aguda. Available: January 16, 2014
http://www.saludmedica.com/tema/insuficiencia-renal-aguda
10. EcuRed. Insuficiencia Hepática. Available: January 16, 2014
http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Insuficiencia_hep%C3%A1tica
11. Cirrosis.net. Insuficiencia Hepática. Available: January 16, 2014
http://cirrosis.net/insuficiencia-hepatica/
12. EIS IFAS University of Florida. ¿Qué es la Encefalitis?. Available: January 16, 2014
http://eis.ifas.ufl.edu/spwhat.htm
13. MedlinePlus. Meningitis. Available: January 16, 2014
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/meningitis.html
02/11/2014
Malaria by Francheska Camilo González
Page 13
14. 14. Salud180. Edema pulmonar. Available: January 16, 2014
http://www.salud180.com/salud-z/edema-pulmonar
15. Vijayan, A., Gomez, C., Espinoza, D., Goodman, A., Sanchez-Sampedro, L., Sorzano,
C., Zavala, F., Esteban, M. Adjuvant-like Effect of Vaccinia Virus 14K Protein: A Case
Study with Malaria Vaccine Based on the Circumsporozoite Protein.
Available: January 16, 2014
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2012/05/21/jimmunol.1102492
16. Hernández - Hernández, F., Rodríguez, M. Avances biotecnológicos en el diagnostico
de enfermedades infecciosas. Available: January 16, 2014
http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0036-36342009000900008
17. De la Vega, F., López, I., Saura, J., Gabaldón, F. Malaria. Una vieja enfermedad en un
nuevo siglo. Available: January 16, 2014
http://www.enferaclinic.org/premios/PrTERUMO/XI/Malaria.pdf
18. MedlinePlus. Malaria. Available: February 15, 2014
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000621.htm
19. Valencia, S. La Malaria: Estrategias actuales para el desarrollo de una vacuna efectiva.
Available: February 11, 2014
http://www.accefyn.org.co/revista/Vol_29/113/113_535_546.pdf
20. Coppi, A., Cabinian, M., Mirelman, D., Sinnis, P. Antimalarial Activity of Allicin, a
Biologically Active Compound from Garlic Cloves. Available: February 11, 2014
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1472199/?report=classic
21. Bonaventura, J., Rodríguez, E., Beyley, V., Vega, I. Allylation of Intraerythrocytic
Hemoglobin by Raw Garlic Extracts. Available: February 11, 2014
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3132946/?report=classic
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