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Information & Knowledge
      Management
   Class 8 - Communities of Practice

            Marielba Zacarias
            Prof. Auxiliar DEEI
       FCT I, Gab 2.69, Ext. 7749
             mzacaria@ualg.pt
       http://w3.ualg.pt/~mzacaria
Sumário
Communities of
  Definition

  Origins and development

  Benefits

  Success factors

  Actions to cultivate communities of practice

Tool section

  Innovation Cast

  Online communities
Definition

Group of people sharing an interest, profession,
hobby, skill, art or craft.
Emergent or designed
Driving principle:
  People develop personally and professionally
  through sharing information and experiences
Starting point
“Situated learning: legitimate peripheral
participation”
  Lave & Wegner 1991
Focus of:
  Learning theory
  Knowledge management
Early years

Study of how new group members
evolve into established members
Learning through the practice of
participation
 Situated learning
After that...
CoP structured by:
 “Mutual Engagement”
   Establishment of norms and construction of
   collaborative relations through participation

 “Joint Enterprise”
   Shared understanding of “Mutual Engament”

 “Shared Repertoire”
   Shared vocabulary and meanings
Presently

Learning through social participation
  The individual as an active participant in
  community practices and in the
  construction of his identity within the group
Community of Practice is a group of
individuals that participate in an activity
Structure
Domain
 Shared knowledge area

Community
 Strong social “Tissue” fosters interaction and
 encourages the will of sharing ideas

Practice
 Specific focus on practice
CoP in organizations
Integral part of some organizational
structures
Allows “knowledge stewarding”
Knowledge sharing to improve
productivity
Allow capturing tacit knowledge
CoP Roles
Reduce the learning curve of new participants
Answer more quickly to customer needs
Reduce re-work and avoid re-inventing the
wheel
Generate new ideas about products and
services
Features
Organically created with as many goals as individuals
Membership defined by knowledge and expertise
Indefinite duration
Active participants
Sharing of rules of thumbs and good practices, help and
support among members
Benefits
Social Capital
 Multi-dimensional concept
 Privada & public facet
 Value for the individual and the group
 Acquired through interactions of
 information, formal sharing processes,
 and learning from others
Success factors

Individuals in the community
Social Presence
Motivation
Collaboration
Individuals in the
     community
Members are effective condutors of
information e experiencies
 Complement organizational manuals
Fosters “storytelling” between colleagues
that improves professional skills
Individuals at the
     community
Study shows that workers
 invest 1/3 of their time searching for
 information
 5 times more probable ask colleagues thant
 search for explicit knowledge sources
   manuals, data bases or books

Integrating them in a CoP allows saving
time
Individuals in the
      community
Member have tacit knowledge difficult to
express or store
A person may tell another how to deal with
a situation, shortening his/her learning curve
Sharing through discussions and
brainstorming
CoP as a bridge..
Between theory and pratice
 Theory = know things (know-what)
 Pratice = know how to apply theory
 (know-how)
CoP help individuals in linking theory
with pratice
Social Presence
Communicate with each other entails
creating social presence
 Degree of salience of another person in
 an interaction and the consequence
 salience of the interpersonal relationship
 Determines the participation in a
 communitiy
Barriers
that hinder individual participation (in
knowledge sharing) in a CoP
  egos
  personal attacts
  big intimidatory communities
  time restrictions
Motivation
Individuals are motivated to share when
 knowledge is regarded as:
   public asset
   a moral obligation
   a community interest
 tangible incentives (raises, bonuses) or
 intangible incentives (auto-esteem, respect)
Collaboration

Sveiby and Simons (2001)
 Collaborative environment essential for
 “knowledge work” to be effective
   Experience, age, power e education
   Enterprise dimension and distance
Actions to build CoP
Design the community to evolve organically
Create the opportunity of open dialogues and
external perspectives
Allow several participation levels
  leaders (centre)

  regular participants

  less active participants (periphery)
Actions to build CoP

Create public and private spaces
Focus the community value
Combine novelty with familiarity
Find and follow the rhythm of the
community
Practice Networks
        (RoP)
Variant of CoP
Informal social network that emerges
from information sharing among people
with common practice areas
Entails looser relations
Electronic networks
  blogs, foruns, mailing lists
CoP Online
CoP virtual supported by IT
May extend traditional communities
First CVs in the 90’s
  TheGlobe, Geocities, Tripod
Social web appears from year 2000
  Flicker, Twitter, FB, Delicious, etc.
Types of online CoPs
Genres:
 Mommy blog, Political blog
Member life cycle
Theories about characters
 Example: use of avatars & v characters
Member life-cycle
1. Peripheral (only reads - lurker)
2. Newly arrived that participates and it is
   decided to form part of the community
   (inbound)
3. Regular Participant (committed)
4. Leader: supports the participation of others
   and performs intermediation tasks
5. About to leave (outbound)
Example: YouTube
1. We only see videos
2. We occasionally put some videos and
   comment others
3. We put videos regularly. We comment and
   evaluate videos from others
4. We abandon the community due to lack of
   interest or time
Difussion Model
Online Participation
Anticipated reprocity
Greater acknowledgement
 Online identity
Sense of efficacy
Sense of community
The FB case
Personality influences the way of using FB
  Extroverted as a complement
  Introverted as a substitute
  High in neuroticism like the Wall
  Low in neuroticism like pictures
  Open to new experiences use as a different way
  of socializing
Competency and familiarity
  time in FB and wall visit frequency
Tool Section
Innovation Cast
Managing the
Innovation Process
Challenges and marketing campaigns
Idea Management
Innovation opportunities
Innovation Projects
Prize and acknowledgment management
Innovation analytics
Collaboration tools
Idea Management
Collaboration
Idea Management
Analytics

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Gic2011 aula8-ingles

  • 1. Information & Knowledge Management Class 8 - Communities of Practice Marielba Zacarias Prof. Auxiliar DEEI FCT I, Gab 2.69, Ext. 7749 mzacaria@ualg.pt http://w3.ualg.pt/~mzacaria
  • 2. Sumário Communities of Definition Origins and development Benefits Success factors Actions to cultivate communities of practice Tool section Innovation Cast Online communities
  • 3. Definition Group of people sharing an interest, profession, hobby, skill, art or craft. Emergent or designed Driving principle: People develop personally and professionally through sharing information and experiences
  • 4. Starting point “Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation” Lave & Wegner 1991 Focus of: Learning theory Knowledge management
  • 5. Early years Study of how new group members evolve into established members Learning through the practice of participation Situated learning
  • 6. After that... CoP structured by: “Mutual Engagement” Establishment of norms and construction of collaborative relations through participation “Joint Enterprise” Shared understanding of “Mutual Engament” “Shared Repertoire” Shared vocabulary and meanings
  • 7. Presently Learning through social participation The individual as an active participant in community practices and in the construction of his identity within the group Community of Practice is a group of individuals that participate in an activity
  • 8. Structure Domain Shared knowledge area Community Strong social “Tissue” fosters interaction and encourages the will of sharing ideas Practice Specific focus on practice
  • 9. CoP in organizations Integral part of some organizational structures Allows “knowledge stewarding” Knowledge sharing to improve productivity Allow capturing tacit knowledge
  • 10. CoP Roles Reduce the learning curve of new participants Answer more quickly to customer needs Reduce re-work and avoid re-inventing the wheel Generate new ideas about products and services
  • 11. Features Organically created with as many goals as individuals Membership defined by knowledge and expertise Indefinite duration Active participants Sharing of rules of thumbs and good practices, help and support among members
  • 12. Benefits Social Capital Multi-dimensional concept Privada & public facet Value for the individual and the group Acquired through interactions of information, formal sharing processes, and learning from others
  • 13. Success factors Individuals in the community Social Presence Motivation Collaboration
  • 14. Individuals in the community Members are effective condutors of information e experiencies Complement organizational manuals Fosters “storytelling” between colleagues that improves professional skills
  • 15. Individuals at the community Study shows that workers invest 1/3 of their time searching for information 5 times more probable ask colleagues thant search for explicit knowledge sources manuals, data bases or books Integrating them in a CoP allows saving time
  • 16. Individuals in the community Member have tacit knowledge difficult to express or store A person may tell another how to deal with a situation, shortening his/her learning curve Sharing through discussions and brainstorming
  • 17. CoP as a bridge.. Between theory and pratice Theory = know things (know-what) Pratice = know how to apply theory (know-how) CoP help individuals in linking theory with pratice
  • 18. Social Presence Communicate with each other entails creating social presence Degree of salience of another person in an interaction and the consequence salience of the interpersonal relationship Determines the participation in a communitiy
  • 19. Barriers that hinder individual participation (in knowledge sharing) in a CoP egos personal attacts big intimidatory communities time restrictions
  • 20. Motivation Individuals are motivated to share when knowledge is regarded as: public asset a moral obligation a community interest tangible incentives (raises, bonuses) or intangible incentives (auto-esteem, respect)
  • 21. Collaboration Sveiby and Simons (2001) Collaborative environment essential for “knowledge work” to be effective Experience, age, power e education Enterprise dimension and distance
  • 22. Actions to build CoP Design the community to evolve organically Create the opportunity of open dialogues and external perspectives Allow several participation levels leaders (centre) regular participants less active participants (periphery)
  • 23. Actions to build CoP Create public and private spaces Focus the community value Combine novelty with familiarity Find and follow the rhythm of the community
  • 24. Practice Networks (RoP) Variant of CoP Informal social network that emerges from information sharing among people with common practice areas Entails looser relations Electronic networks blogs, foruns, mailing lists
  • 25. CoP Online CoP virtual supported by IT May extend traditional communities First CVs in the 90’s TheGlobe, Geocities, Tripod Social web appears from year 2000 Flicker, Twitter, FB, Delicious, etc.
  • 26. Types of online CoPs Genres: Mommy blog, Political blog Member life cycle Theories about characters Example: use of avatars & v characters
  • 27. Member life-cycle 1. Peripheral (only reads - lurker) 2. Newly arrived that participates and it is decided to form part of the community (inbound) 3. Regular Participant (committed) 4. Leader: supports the participation of others and performs intermediation tasks 5. About to leave (outbound)
  • 28. Example: YouTube 1. We only see videos 2. We occasionally put some videos and comment others 3. We put videos regularly. We comment and evaluate videos from others 4. We abandon the community due to lack of interest or time
  • 30. Online Participation Anticipated reprocity Greater acknowledgement Online identity Sense of efficacy Sense of community
  • 31. The FB case Personality influences the way of using FB Extroverted as a complement Introverted as a substitute High in neuroticism like the Wall Low in neuroticism like pictures Open to new experiences use as a different way of socializing Competency and familiarity time in FB and wall visit frequency
  • 34. Managing the Innovation Process Challenges and marketing campaigns Idea Management Innovation opportunities Innovation Projects Prize and acknowledgment management Innovation analytics Collaboration tools