This document discusses lubricants technology and provides information on the functions, components, and characteristics of lubricants. It covers the following key points: 1. Lubricants are necessary wherever there are moving parts to reduce friction, heat, wear, and resistance to movement. Their functions include removing impurities, improving tightness, protecting against rust/corrosion, and evacuating heat. 2. Lubricants are composed of base oils, which provide the physical action, and additives, which provide chemical actions like detergency and corrosion resistance. Common base oils include mineral, synthetic, and vegetable/animal origins. 3. Important lubricant characteristics include viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, volatility

1. LUBRICANTS TECHNOLOGY

2. FUNCTIONS OF THE LUBRICANT
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COMPONENTS TO LUBRICATE
Hydraulic
circuits
Chain saw
Brakes
Engines
Transmissions
Gears Machine-tools
Wherever there are moving parts, lubrication is necessary.
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4. WHY REDUCE FRICTION ?
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A lubricant aims to separate moving parts to reduce the
friction which causes heating & surface wear.
With lubricant !!Without
lubricant
Friction No Friction
 Heat of parts, wear
& higher resistance to
movement.

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WHY REDUCE FRICTION?
Under a microscope, even
a well polished metallic
surface looks like rugged
terrain!
Using lubricants makes
things easier !
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6. FUNCTIONS OF THE LUBRICANT
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Guess what
...
Removes impurities
Sliding …?
A diving suit…?
Improves tightness
Metal will…?
Protects against
rust and corrosion
A fireman…?
Evacuate heat
Reduces friction
A cleaning lady will …?

7. WHAT A LUBRICANT IS MADE OF
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8. LUBRICANTS - COMPOSITION
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Base Oils
(Physical action)
Additives
(Chemical action)
+
Finished lubricant
70 to 90% 10 to 30%

9. BASE OILS
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Vegetable
Pine, Rapeseed, Groundnut oil
Castor oil, Palm ...
Synthetic (7% of today lubricants, and growing)
Polyol Esters, Poly Alkylene Glycols (PAG), Poly Alpha Olefins
(PAO), Polyisobutens, Alkyl benzenes
Mineral oils
Hydro-treated oils
Petroleum (92% of the lubricants market)
Animal origin oils have been practically discontinued.

10. BASE OILS
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Synthetic oils
(PAO, PAG, Ester, …)
Petrochemistry origin
Petroleum origin
Mineral base oils
- Conventional (mineral)
- Hydro cracked

11. THE API GROUPS
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Group Sulphur Saturated VI
Group I > 0.03% and / or < 90% 80 < VI < 120
Group II < 0.03% and > 90% 80 < VI < 120
Group III < 0.03% and > 90% 120 < VI
Group IV PAO
Group V All other bases

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BASE OILS COMPARISON
Mineral Hydro cracked
Advantages Drawbacks Advantages Drawbacks
Higher purity
Price
Average VI
(VI = viscosity
index)
High and stable
VI
Price
High compatibility
with elastomers
Average behaviour
at low T°
High
compatibility with
elastomers
Average
behaviour at low
T°
Limited
temperature and
oxidation
resistance
High thermal
stability
Low oxidation
resistance
High volatility
Low volatility
finished oil
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PAO (Poly-Alpha-Olefins) Esters
Advantages Drawbacks Advantages Drawbacks
Price
Renewable raw
material
Price
Reacts with
elastomers
Very high
lubricating
properties
High and stable VI High natural VI
Good properties
at low T°
Good properties
at low T°
Very high
oxidation
resistance
Very high
oxidation
resistance
High thermal
stability
High thermal
stability
BASE OILS COMPARISON
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14. ADDITIVES
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Why are they needed ?
- To strengthen some of the base oils
properties(pour point, viscosity index and oxidation resistance)
- To give base oils properties they do not originally
possess (detergents, dispersants, corrosion resistance, rust
protection, anti wear and extreme pressure, …)

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Acid resistance
Anti-foam
Rust protection
Anti-wear
Heat resistance
Dispersancy
Detergency
Extreme Pressure
Corrosion resistance
Anti-oxidant
MAIN ADDITIVES
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16. CHARACTERISTICS
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
Main physical-chemical characteristics
 Viscosity
 Elements N, Al, Cu, Ca, Pb, Mg, S, Na, Zn, Fe, P, Si …
 Pour point
 Volatility
 Flash point
 Foaming
 Viscosity Index
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18. VISCOSITY
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Definiton: Oil resistance to flow
Viscosity decrease when Temperature increase
High viscosity Low viscosity
Same
oil

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MEASURING THE VISCOSITY
REDUCER
clearance
OIL
ENGINE
CCS VISCOSIMETER
Measures rotation speed
( Cold Cranking Simulator )
High shear ratio
Start
End
CAPILLARY VISCOSIMETER
Temperature range (40, 100°C)
Low shear ratio
Kinematic viscosity
Dynamic viscosity
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20. VISCOSITY INDEX : VI
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cSt
cSt
The higher the VI, the higher
the viscosity stability vs temperature

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OTHER CHARACTERISTICS
Pour point is the lowest temperature at which the lubricant
can still be poured.
Flash point is the lowest temperature to be reached for the
vapours to spontaneously ignite in the presence of a flame.
Fire point is the lowest temperature to be reached for
ignition to be followed by combustion of the oil itself (on
average Flash point + 30°C).
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22. CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS
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GENERAL
Viscosity Classification :
viscosity grade of a lubricant
• SAE J300 classification (May2004) : engine lubricants
• SAE J306 classification (June 2005) : transmission lubricants
• ISO classification : industrial lubricants
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24. VISCOSITY
Viscosity is measured at 40 °C and
listed according ISO VG standard
Fluid oil
Thick oil

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SAE : Society of Automotive Engineers
The grade of a lubricant is defined by the SAE classification. It
characterises the viscosity for warm an cold temperatures of the
lubricant.
SAE Classification

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Specifications
There are 2 types of specifications:
• International bodies :
- ACEA
- API / ILSAC
- JASO
• Manufacturers : Renault Trucks, MB, VAG,
Caterpillar, MAN, Allison, …
Level of performance of the oil (depending on
various constraints : environment, maintenance cost, …)
Specifications

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Classifications
Grade Winter
SAE 15W- 40
SAE xxW yy Lubricant multigrade
Ex. : Transtec 5 SAE 85W140
SAE xxW ou SAE yy Lubricant monograde
Ex. : Rubia Fleet HD 200 SAE 40
Higher number, higher viscosity
Grade Summer

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Reading a technical data sheet
Heading
Specifications
Applications
Advantages
Characteristics

29. QUESTIONS / EXCHANGE
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