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1. HI136 The History of Germany Lecture 11 The Coming of the Third Reich: Nazi Consolidation & Terror

5. Election Results, 5 March 1933 1,60% Other 12,30% KPD 18,30% SPD 0,90% Deutsche Staatspartei 11,20% Zentrum 2,70% BVP 1,10% DVP 8,00% DNVP 43,90% NSDAP Votes Party

6. The ‘Day of Potsdam’, 21 March 1933

11. Party and State Soucre: R. Overy, The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Third Reich (1996)

16. Reichsf ü hrer-SS Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942)

17. Himmler Reichsführer SS Chief of Police SS Ordnungspolizei (order police) Municipal police Sipo Security Police Heydrich SD Security Service Heydrich Kripo Criminal Police Gestapo Secret state police Foreign intelligence Domestic intelligence

19. The Debate on the Functioning of the Third Reich Ignores deliberate policies and the popularity of Hitler, overestimates independence of single organizations and apparatuses, too much focused on anonymous structures Too personalistic, too much centred on Hitler, too rational, too apologetic of Germans in general 4.Critique Spontaneous initiatives of organizations, improvisation, primacy of opportunism Hitler's will Long-term planning Realization of long-term goals Primacy of ideology 3.Implementation of policies Four competing and relatively independent power blocks: economy, army, Nazi party/SS, state administration Obedience to the dictator 2.Structure of the state Weak dictator; depends on competing organizations Strong dictator; can implement his will 1.Hitler's role Functionalist Interpretation Intentionalist Interpretation

20. Synthesis (according to Bracher and Jäckel): Hitler derived much of his strength from the rivalry and the overlapping responsibilities of state and party institutions. He thus could assume the role of a mediator. Single offices competed to win him over to their policies. Often they tried to implement what was considered to be his wish ... http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyE5.html Current consensus (Ian Kershaw) (see Hinton: Weimar & Nazi Germany, p. 190) Hitler is the key activator Policy reflects Hitler‘s overall vision His decisions are accepted by rivals Mobiliser and legitimator but not necessarily initiator of many policies