This six part series traces the Nazi dictatorship from 1933-1945. Part 1 traces events from 30 January 1933 through the remilitarization of the Rhineland, March, 1936
- The Nazis expressed populist yearnings of the middle class and advocated a strong, anti-Marxist mobilization representing the common good of the German people. They portrayed themselves as breaking down social barriers and celebrating the populist community, focusing pre-existing middle class resentments against the establishment and privilege. This populist rhetoric, promising to resolve resentments in a technologically advanced people's utopia, was key to their appeal.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: Hitler's aims: administrative chaos, Hitler and his power, a culture of competition, Nazi state departments, Reich Chancellery, Reich Interior Ministry, Reich Ministry for Propaganda, the Reich Office of the four-year plan, German Labour Front.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934. It contains: overview, Reichstag fire, general elections, enabling act, Gestapo, abolishing trading unions, the concordat, banning political parties, people's courts, night of the long knives, fuhrer, the events, Nazi government, Hitler and the army, homework.
1. In the early 1930s, Germany was struggling economically and politically after the stock market crash and onset of the Great Depression. This led many Germans to support Hitler and the Nazi party.
2. Hitler rose to power, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and consolidating power as a dictator by 1935 after removing opposition. He rapidly rebuilt the German military and took steps to persecute Jews.
3. Germany continued expanding aggressively under Hitler, remilitarizing the Rhineland in 1936, annexing Austria and demanding parts of Czechoslovakia in 1938-1939, until invading Poland in 1939 which marked the start of World War II.
1. Hitler used the position of Chancellor to achieve total dictatorship in Germany by 1934. He eliminated political rivals and consolidated power.
2. Historians debate whether Hitler had a clear long-term plan or opportunistically responded to events to maintain power. Some argue he always intended to start a war and exterminate Jews, while others believe he had no master plan.
3. After becoming Chancellor, Hitler quickly established total Nazi control over Germany by outlawing other parties, arresting opponents, and gaining emergency powers through the Enabling Act, allowing him to rule by decree. He created a complex administration with overlapping powers and responsibilities.
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het Derde Rijk - Terreur
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
- The Nazis expressed populist yearnings of the middle class and advocated a strong, anti-Marxist mobilization representing the common good of the German people. They portrayed themselves as breaking down social barriers and celebrating the populist community, focusing pre-existing middle class resentments against the establishment and privilege. This populist rhetoric, promising to resolve resentments in a technologically advanced people's utopia, was key to their appeal.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: Hitler's aims: administrative chaos, Hitler and his power, a culture of competition, Nazi state departments, Reich Chancellery, Reich Interior Ministry, Reich Ministry for Propaganda, the Reich Office of the four-year plan, German Labour Front.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934. It contains: overview, Reichstag fire, general elections, enabling act, Gestapo, abolishing trading unions, the concordat, banning political parties, people's courts, night of the long knives, fuhrer, the events, Nazi government, Hitler and the army, homework.
1. In the early 1930s, Germany was struggling economically and politically after the stock market crash and onset of the Great Depression. This led many Germans to support Hitler and the Nazi party.
2. Hitler rose to power, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and consolidating power as a dictator by 1935 after removing opposition. He rapidly rebuilt the German military and took steps to persecute Jews.
3. Germany continued expanding aggressively under Hitler, remilitarizing the Rhineland in 1936, annexing Austria and demanding parts of Czechoslovakia in 1938-1939, until invading Poland in 1939 which marked the start of World War II.
1. Hitler used the position of Chancellor to achieve total dictatorship in Germany by 1934. He eliminated political rivals and consolidated power.
2. Historians debate whether Hitler had a clear long-term plan or opportunistically responded to events to maintain power. Some argue he always intended to start a war and exterminate Jews, while others believe he had no master plan.
3. After becoming Chancellor, Hitler quickly established total Nazi control over Germany by outlawing other parties, arresting opponents, and gaining emergency powers through the Enabling Act, allowing him to rule by decree. He created a complex administration with overlapping powers and responsibilities.
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het Derde Rijk - Terreur
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITY. Contains: the Superman image, heroic leadership, people's Kaiser, the Fuhrer, building the myth, struggle, conflict, nazis.
The document provides information about a history lecture on Germany's "special path" to modernity. It discusses key themes like Germany's belated industrialization, failed bourgeois revolution in 1848, and unification through Prussian militarism rather than liberalism. It also provides historical context on the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleonic Wars, Congress of Vienna, and revolutions of 1848.
Discusses Hitler's rise to power in Germany's political system; Discusses American Neutrality and preparation for war; discusses contributions by women, African Americans, native Americans and Japanese Internment.
Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 due to several converging factors: 1) the Nazi party gained popularity after the 1929 stock market crash exacerbated Germany's economic woes, 2) conservative politicians believed they could control Hitler and made deals that put him in power, 3) Hitler's oratory skills and use of propaganda through rallies appealed to Germans, and 4) paramilitary Brownshirts intimidated rivals through violence.
NDU Term Paper | Introduction To Sociology - HitlerNaja Faysal
This document provides a summary of major events in Adolf Hitler's life from 1889 to 1945. It outlines key biographical details such as his birthplace, education level, military service, rise to power as the leader of the Nazi party in Germany, and rule as Chancellor and Führer of Germany until his suicide in 1945. The summary also includes Hitler's increasing oppression of Jews and initiation of anti-Semitic laws after becoming Chancellor in 1933.
The document provides information about Nazism in Germany from 1933 to 1945 under Adolf Hitler. It discusses how Nazism promoted racial superiority of Aryans and annihilation of Jews. Key events included Hitler becoming Chancellor in 1933 and destroying democracy by banning opposition. The Nazi regime persecuted Jews and other groups, and used propaganda to spread its racist ideology, especially targeting youth. By 1945, Nazi policies had led to World War 2 and the defeat of Germany.
When the Reichstag burned down, the Nazis blamed it on a Dutch communist and used this as an excuse to gain emergency powers, allowing Hitler to consolidate control over Germany. Hitler held elections and arrested opposition politicians to gain a majority in the Reichstag and pass the Enabling Act, making him dictator. Hitler established secret police, concentration camps, a one-party state, and youth groups to control the population and spread Nazi ideology. He signed a concordat with the Catholic Church to avoid conflict and used extensive propaganda to build support and his cult of personality.
In 1832, settlement began in an area called Little Thames in what would become Stratford, Ontario. By the 1840s, Stratford had around 200 inhabitants and various mills, stores, and other businesses. The town slowly grew until the 1850s when the railway arrived, bringing furniture manufacturing and locomotive repair that became major industries by the 20th century. In 1933, a major strike in the furniture industry was led by communist organizers. While some of the documents discuss outlandish claims about Adolf Hitler living in Stratford after being kidnapped as a child, Stratford is best known as the home of the renowned Shakespearean Stratford Festival held from May to October each year.
The document summarizes key events from 1929 to 1939 that contributed to Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the start of World War 2. It describes how the stock market crash led to widespread unemployment and loss of dignity for Germans. This created an opening for Hitler's message of nationalism. It then outlines Nazi gains in elections and Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in 1933. Finally, it discusses laws passed against Jewish citizens and the opening of concentration camps as Hitler consolidated power and pursued his racist ideology.
The document summarizes two events in early 20th century Germany: the Kapp Putsch of 1920 and the Beer Hall Putsch led by Adolf Hitler in 1923. The Kapp Putsch saw 5,000 members of the Freikorps paramilitary groups take over Berlin in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic government. It failed after five days due to a general strike. In 1923, Hitler and 600 Nazi stormtroopers stormed a beer hall in Munich and declared a revolution, but it was suppressed by police and military forces, resulting in 16 Nazi deaths and Hitler's arrest.
This document discusses several tactics and behaviors that are characteristic of authoritarian regimes and dictators, and provides examples of Donald Trump exhibiting some of these concerning behaviors:
1) Trump attacks the free press and media that criticize him, similar to propaganda techniques used in Nazi Germany.
2) Trump holds large rallies to glorify himself and spread his message, like Hitler and Goebbels did in Nazi Germany.
3) Trump scapegoats immigrants and racial minorities as enemies and dangers, and offers simplistic solutions like building a border wall, mirroring tactics used by authoritarian leaders.
4) Experts have warned that Trump's narcissism, dishonesty, and disregard for facts are traits shared by soci
This document outlines key events in Germany from 1929 to 1939 that show the rise of nationalism and role it played in supporting Hitler and the Nazi party. It traces the growth of Nazi party membership and SA soldiers in the early 1930s showing strong public support. Hitler was able to capitalize on nationalist sentiment to reject the Treaty of Versailles in 1935 and remilitarize the Rhineland in 1936 with the help of his followers. The bombing of Guernica and enabling act further demonstrated Germany's military strength and Hitler's consolidation of power supported by nationalism.
The rise of the Nazi party began in 1919 with the formation of the German Workers' Party by Anton Drexler. In the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler became the leader and outlined the party's 25-point program. After an unsuccessful coup attempt in 1923, the Nazis struggled for power until the Great Depression, when Hitler's message of German nationalism and anti-Semitism gained widespread appeal. Through democratic elections and intimidation of opponents, Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, establishing a fascist dictatorship by year's end.
The document provides an overview of World War 2 and the rise of totalitarian regimes in the Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany in the early 20th century. It summarizes that Stalin consolidated power in the Soviet Union through collectivization, industrialization, and the Great Terror. Mussolini rose to power in Italy amid economic and political instability after WWI. Hitler and the Nazis capitalized on Germany's defeat in WWI and economic depression to gain popular support and consolidate power, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and establishing a fascist dictatorship.
The document outlines key events that led to the rise of the Nazi party in Germany:
1) After World War 1, many Germans felt betrayed by their government and turned to extremist right-wing groups like the Nazis who blamed others for their problems.
2) In the early 1920s, the Nazis gained support through their military-style rallies and attacks on left-wing groups. Their failed 1923 coup demonstrated the need for legal political strategies.
3) In the late 1920s, the Nazis refined their propaganda and economic messages to appeal to more voters and businesses. The 1929 stock market crash increased support for their anti-Semitic and nationalist ideas.
4) By 1933, with a weakened government, widespread
The rise of extremism and the collapse of the weimar democracyJurgen Marechal
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het extremisme en de ondergang van de Weimar democratie
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
The document summarizes the rise of the Nazi party in Germany from 1919-1933 in three key periods:
1) 1919-1923: After World War 1, many Germans felt betrayed by their government and turned to extremist right-wing groups like the Nazi party and Freikorps for strength and opposition to the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazi party gained early support through militaristic imagery and targeting communists.
2) 1924-1929: The Nazi party regained strength under Hitler's leadership, focusing on traditional values and stoking fears of the left wing through propaganda.
3) 1929-1933: The Wall Street crash exacerbated Germany's economic woes and rising unemployment, enabling the Nazi party to gain
Intro to 3rd presentation, Thw 12-Year ReichJim Powers
This document outlines session 3 of a course on Hitler's 12-year Reich from 1933 to 1945. It provides an overview of Hitler's victories in western Europe from 1939 to 1940, with remaining sessions to cover Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941-1942, the turning point against Hitler from 1943-1944, and Hitler's ultimate defeat in 1944-1945. It also lists recommended readings and highlights from the previous session, which covered the political and military events leading up to World War 2.
This document provides context on the rise of Nazi Germany between 1936 and 1939. It discusses key events that paved the way for war, including Hitler's remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936, the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939, and Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938. The document also examines Hitler's worldview of inevitable conflict with Bolshevism and the need to remove Jews from power. These beliefs drove his foreign policy and desire to rapidly expand German territory and resources, leading to the outbreak of World War 2.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITY. Contains: the Superman image, heroic leadership, people's Kaiser, the Fuhrer, building the myth, struggle, conflict, nazis.
The document provides information about a history lecture on Germany's "special path" to modernity. It discusses key themes like Germany's belated industrialization, failed bourgeois revolution in 1848, and unification through Prussian militarism rather than liberalism. It also provides historical context on the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleonic Wars, Congress of Vienna, and revolutions of 1848.
Discusses Hitler's rise to power in Germany's political system; Discusses American Neutrality and preparation for war; discusses contributions by women, African Americans, native Americans and Japanese Internment.
Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 due to several converging factors: 1) the Nazi party gained popularity after the 1929 stock market crash exacerbated Germany's economic woes, 2) conservative politicians believed they could control Hitler and made deals that put him in power, 3) Hitler's oratory skills and use of propaganda through rallies appealed to Germans, and 4) paramilitary Brownshirts intimidated rivals through violence.
NDU Term Paper | Introduction To Sociology - HitlerNaja Faysal
This document provides a summary of major events in Adolf Hitler's life from 1889 to 1945. It outlines key biographical details such as his birthplace, education level, military service, rise to power as the leader of the Nazi party in Germany, and rule as Chancellor and Führer of Germany until his suicide in 1945. The summary also includes Hitler's increasing oppression of Jews and initiation of anti-Semitic laws after becoming Chancellor in 1933.
The document provides information about Nazism in Germany from 1933 to 1945 under Adolf Hitler. It discusses how Nazism promoted racial superiority of Aryans and annihilation of Jews. Key events included Hitler becoming Chancellor in 1933 and destroying democracy by banning opposition. The Nazi regime persecuted Jews and other groups, and used propaganda to spread its racist ideology, especially targeting youth. By 1945, Nazi policies had led to World War 2 and the defeat of Germany.
When the Reichstag burned down, the Nazis blamed it on a Dutch communist and used this as an excuse to gain emergency powers, allowing Hitler to consolidate control over Germany. Hitler held elections and arrested opposition politicians to gain a majority in the Reichstag and pass the Enabling Act, making him dictator. Hitler established secret police, concentration camps, a one-party state, and youth groups to control the population and spread Nazi ideology. He signed a concordat with the Catholic Church to avoid conflict and used extensive propaganda to build support and his cult of personality.
In 1832, settlement began in an area called Little Thames in what would become Stratford, Ontario. By the 1840s, Stratford had around 200 inhabitants and various mills, stores, and other businesses. The town slowly grew until the 1850s when the railway arrived, bringing furniture manufacturing and locomotive repair that became major industries by the 20th century. In 1933, a major strike in the furniture industry was led by communist organizers. While some of the documents discuss outlandish claims about Adolf Hitler living in Stratford after being kidnapped as a child, Stratford is best known as the home of the renowned Shakespearean Stratford Festival held from May to October each year.
The document summarizes key events from 1929 to 1939 that contributed to Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the start of World War 2. It describes how the stock market crash led to widespread unemployment and loss of dignity for Germans. This created an opening for Hitler's message of nationalism. It then outlines Nazi gains in elections and Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in 1933. Finally, it discusses laws passed against Jewish citizens and the opening of concentration camps as Hitler consolidated power and pursued his racist ideology.
The document summarizes two events in early 20th century Germany: the Kapp Putsch of 1920 and the Beer Hall Putsch led by Adolf Hitler in 1923. The Kapp Putsch saw 5,000 members of the Freikorps paramilitary groups take over Berlin in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic government. It failed after five days due to a general strike. In 1923, Hitler and 600 Nazi stormtroopers stormed a beer hall in Munich and declared a revolution, but it was suppressed by police and military forces, resulting in 16 Nazi deaths and Hitler's arrest.
This document discusses several tactics and behaviors that are characteristic of authoritarian regimes and dictators, and provides examples of Donald Trump exhibiting some of these concerning behaviors:
1) Trump attacks the free press and media that criticize him, similar to propaganda techniques used in Nazi Germany.
2) Trump holds large rallies to glorify himself and spread his message, like Hitler and Goebbels did in Nazi Germany.
3) Trump scapegoats immigrants and racial minorities as enemies and dangers, and offers simplistic solutions like building a border wall, mirroring tactics used by authoritarian leaders.
4) Experts have warned that Trump's narcissism, dishonesty, and disregard for facts are traits shared by soci
This document outlines key events in Germany from 1929 to 1939 that show the rise of nationalism and role it played in supporting Hitler and the Nazi party. It traces the growth of Nazi party membership and SA soldiers in the early 1930s showing strong public support. Hitler was able to capitalize on nationalist sentiment to reject the Treaty of Versailles in 1935 and remilitarize the Rhineland in 1936 with the help of his followers. The bombing of Guernica and enabling act further demonstrated Germany's military strength and Hitler's consolidation of power supported by nationalism.
The rise of the Nazi party began in 1919 with the formation of the German Workers' Party by Anton Drexler. In the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler became the leader and outlined the party's 25-point program. After an unsuccessful coup attempt in 1923, the Nazis struggled for power until the Great Depression, when Hitler's message of German nationalism and anti-Semitism gained widespread appeal. Through democratic elections and intimidation of opponents, Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, establishing a fascist dictatorship by year's end.
The document provides an overview of World War 2 and the rise of totalitarian regimes in the Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany in the early 20th century. It summarizes that Stalin consolidated power in the Soviet Union through collectivization, industrialization, and the Great Terror. Mussolini rose to power in Italy amid economic and political instability after WWI. Hitler and the Nazis capitalized on Germany's defeat in WWI and economic depression to gain popular support and consolidate power, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and establishing a fascist dictatorship.
The document outlines key events that led to the rise of the Nazi party in Germany:
1) After World War 1, many Germans felt betrayed by their government and turned to extremist right-wing groups like the Nazis who blamed others for their problems.
2) In the early 1920s, the Nazis gained support through their military-style rallies and attacks on left-wing groups. Their failed 1923 coup demonstrated the need for legal political strategies.
3) In the late 1920s, the Nazis refined their propaganda and economic messages to appeal to more voters and businesses. The 1929 stock market crash increased support for their anti-Semitic and nationalist ideas.
4) By 1933, with a weakened government, widespread
The rise of extremism and the collapse of the weimar democracyJurgen Marechal
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het extremisme en de ondergang van de Weimar democratie
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
The document summarizes the rise of the Nazi party in Germany from 1919-1933 in three key periods:
1) 1919-1923: After World War 1, many Germans felt betrayed by their government and turned to extremist right-wing groups like the Nazi party and Freikorps for strength and opposition to the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazi party gained early support through militaristic imagery and targeting communists.
2) 1924-1929: The Nazi party regained strength under Hitler's leadership, focusing on traditional values and stoking fears of the left wing through propaganda.
3) 1929-1933: The Wall Street crash exacerbated Germany's economic woes and rising unemployment, enabling the Nazi party to gain
Intro to 3rd presentation, Thw 12-Year ReichJim Powers
This document outlines session 3 of a course on Hitler's 12-year Reich from 1933 to 1945. It provides an overview of Hitler's victories in western Europe from 1939 to 1940, with remaining sessions to cover Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941-1942, the turning point against Hitler from 1943-1944, and Hitler's ultimate defeat in 1944-1945. It also lists recommended readings and highlights from the previous session, which covered the political and military events leading up to World War 2.
This document provides context on the rise of Nazi Germany between 1936 and 1939. It discusses key events that paved the way for war, including Hitler's remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936, the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939, and Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938. The document also examines Hitler's worldview of inevitable conflict with Bolshevism and the need to remove Jews from power. These beliefs drove his foreign policy and desire to rapidly expand German territory and resources, leading to the outbreak of World War 2.
This document appears to be a series of slides or presentation materials covering Session 4 of a course titled "The 12-Year Reich 1933-1945". The session topics include Hitler's victories in 1941-1942, particularly regarding Operation Barbarossa and the Eastern Front. Key historical figures and battles mentioned include Stalin, Lenin, and the pivotal Battle of Stalingrad. Recommended further readings and references are also provided.
Sieg im Westen, 1939-1940; part 3 of 12-Year ReichJim Powers
This presentation describes the first year of the war, Poland, the Phony War, Denmark and Norway, the Low Countries, France, the Blitz, and Hitler's dilemma when Britain fails to give in.
Following the enormous success of "Hitler: Hubris" this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler's startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhineland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively. link downloas epub http://www.2shared.com/file/KHNFWgCR/0140272399_Hitler.html
Intro to presentation 5; "Closing the Ring" 1943-44Jim Powers
This document appears to be notes from a lecture or course on World War 2 covering the period of 1943-1944. It discusses key events of this time including the turning points of the war in 1942-1943 with the defeats at El Alamein and Stalingrad, the increasing resistance in Germany, and the closing in on Hitler in 1944-1945 from the Eastern and Western Fronts. It includes references to further readings and sources to expand on topics from the lecture.
The saga of the Revolution ends with the failure to spark a World Revolution. The Soviet-Polish War is examined. There is analysis of why communism failed to take root in war exhausted Europe and America's Red Scare era.
This document outlines a course on Hitler's rise to power in Germany from 1933 to 1945, referred to as the "12-Year Reich". The course is divided into sessions that cover Hitler's consolidation of power and establishment of a dictatorship from 1933 to 1936 in the first session. It provides reading recommendations and highlights key points about the instability of post-WW1 Germany and Hitler's early failures that were transformed by his experience in World War 1 and postwar work in Munich.
The document summarizes the key causes behind Hitler's rise to power in Germany. The harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles humiliated the German people and caused economic hardship. The Weimar Republic also failed politically and economically. This unstable political and economic environment paved the way for Hitler and the Nazi party to gain support by promising to restore German pride and prosperity.
The Nazi government in Germany was able to significantly reduce unemployment between 1933-1939 through policies like public works programs and encouraging women to leave the workforce. However, while unemployment dropped from around 6 million to only 300,000, standards of living did not improve for workers under the Nazi regime. Workers faced increasingly long hours, low wages set by the state, and removal of union rights. Overall, the Nazi economic system prioritized rearmament and military spending over improving conditions for average German citizens.
The Nazi party began in 1919 when Hitler joined the German Workers' Party and helped transform it into the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). In the early 1920s, the Nazis used the Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary group to attack political opponents and seize power in the failed 1923 Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. After spending time in prison for treason, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf and reorganized the Nazi party for a new strategy pursuing power through legal democratic processes rather than revolution. The Nazis exploited economic instability and political divisions in Germany to gain popular support and parliamentary seats, culminating in Hitler being appointed chancellor in 1933 where he quickly consolidated power through the Reichstag Fire Decree and Enabling
From 1929 to 1939, Hitler and the Nazi party rose to power in Germany by taking advantage of the economic turmoil following WWI and the Great Depression. They gained popularity by promoting German nationalism and blaming Jews and others for their problems. Over this period, the Nazis gained political seats, opened their headquarters, hosted nationalist meetings, and had Hitler appointed as Chancellor in 1933. Once in power, Hitler eliminated opposition, passed racist laws, and violated the Treaty of Versailles by militarizing Germany. By 1939, Jews had lost all rights and the persecution and murder of Jews and others had begun as Hitler invaded countries to expand Nazi control.
Nazism and rise of hitler(goel & company ludhiana)Goel & Company
Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany in the early 1920s by joining and becoming a prominent member of the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, later renamed the Nazi Party. The party was opposed to the democratic Weimar Republic and advocated for extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, and Pan-Germanism. Hitler utilized public speaking and some violence to increase his influence within the party. In January 1933, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor of Germany in a coalition government, giving the Nazis increased political power. In March 1933, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, granting Hitler dictatorial powers and eliminating political opposition.
Hitler turned the Chancellorship into a dictatorship through several key steps between 1933-1934:
1) After being appointed Chancellor in 1933, Hitler used the Reichstag fire to convince Hindenburg to sign the Enabling Act, granting Hitler emergency powers and allowing him to ban other political parties.
2) With other parties banned, Hitler established himself as the sole leader of Germany through the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, in which he had SA leader Ernst Rohm and other political rivals killed.
3) Upon Hindenburg's death later in 1934, Hitler combined the roles of Chancellor and President, taking the title of Führer and cementing his dictatorship over Germany.
Geschiedenis - Nazi Propaganda en verzet
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
Geschiedenis germany - the rise of extremism after world war iJurgen Marechal
This document summarizes the rise of political extremism in Germany following World War 1. It discusses several key events that weakened the Weimar Republic and led to increased support for radical groups like the Nazis. These included violent political clashes in the early 1920s, Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, and the economic crisis of the 1930s which led to widespread unemployment. It also describes the development of paramilitary wings by political parties and the president's increasing authoritarian rule, showing how the democracy was breaking down prior to Hitler's rise to power in 1933.
In June 1934, Hitler ordered the massacre known as the Night of the Long Knives in which hundreds of Nazis were killed to consolidate his power. Some members of the Nazi Party and the paramilitary Sturmabteilung (SA) led by Ernst Rohm opposed Hitler's consolidation of power and wanted a socialist revolution. Hitler had the SA leadership, including Rohm, arrested and killed to remove this threat. This allowed Hitler to eliminate internal opposition and solidify his control over the Nazi Party and Germany.
Hitler consolidated his power in Nazi Germany through three key events between 1933 and 1934:
1) The Night of the Long Knives in June 1934, where Hitler ordered the killing of SA leader Ernst Rohm and hundreds of other political rivals to eliminate internal opposition.
2) After Hindenburg's death in August 1934, Hitler combined the roles of Chancellor and President to become Führer and gain full dictatorial control.
3) He also required soldiers to swear personal loyalty oaths to him, cementing his command over the military and removing the final institutional challenge to his authority.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S TOTALITARIAN REGIME. Suitable for Year 13 History students in Cambridge. It contains: overview, totalitarian regimes, Hitler in Vienna, etc.
Collapse of the Weimar Republic - hitler's leadership of the nazismrmarr
Hitler joined the German Workers' Party in 1919 and helped transform it into the Nazi Party. He became the leader of the party in 1921 after nearly causing a split by threatening to resign. Hitler realized the importance of propaganda and imagery in winning support, designing the swastika logo and introducing the Nazi salute. He was a charismatic speaker who helped the Nazis gain popularity through their message and organized structure, ultimately becoming Chancellor in 1933.
The document provides an overview of the rise of Nazism in Germany between 1919-1934. It discusses how the Nazi party was founded in 1919 with Hitler becoming its leader in 1921. The party promoted German nationalism, anti-Semitism and the superiority of the Aryan race. Despite failing in his Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923, Hitler realized he needed to gain power legally. When the Great Depression hit Germany in 1930, the Nazis capitalized on the economic troubles and anti-government sentiment to become the second largest party by 1930. Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power by suspending civil liberties, banning other parties, and violently removing opposition like the SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934.
Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 until his suicide in 1945. He initiated fascist policies that led to World War II and the deaths of at least 11 million people, including the mass murder of an estimated 6 million Jews in the Holocaust. Hitler rose to power in Germany during the economic struggles of the Great Depression. As dictator, he suppressed opposition and established a one-party Nazi state. Hitler's military aggression and genocidal policies escalated tensions in Europe, culminating in the invasion of numerous countries and the start of World War II. Defeat loomed for Nazi Germany in 1945, and Hitler committed suicide as Allied forces advanced on Berlin.
1
Volume 6. Weimar Germany, 1918/19–1933
Hamburg Schoolteacher Louise Solmitz on Hitler’s Seizure of Power (January-February 1933)
Hamburg schoolteacher Louise Solmitz’s enthusiastic response to the news that a cabinet of
“national” concentration had been formed with Hitler as chancellor was characteristic of the
attitude of the nationalist conservative middle class. Like Hitler’s allies in the conservative elite,
members of this segment of society believed that Hitler’s radicalism would be tamed in an
alliance with conservative ministers. Besides Hitler, there were only two other National
Socialists in the cabinet: Wilhelm Frick, Reich Interior Minister, and Hermann Göring, Reich
Minister Without Portfolio and acting Prussian Interior Minister. The promise of a vague chance
of national unity dispelled any reservations people may have had about the National Socialists.
Louise Solmitz’s response also shows the extent to which anti-Semitism was underestimated –
particularly in light of the fact that Solmitz herself was married to a baptized Jew.
30. January 1933
And what did Dr H. bring us? The news that his double, Hitler, is Chancellor of the Reich! And
what a Cabinet!!! One we didn’t dare dream of in July. Hitler, Hugenberg, Seldte, Papen!!!
On each one of them depends part of Germany’s hopes. National Socialist drive, German
National reason, the non-political Stahlhelm, not to forget Papen. It is so incredibly marvelous
that I am writing it down quickly before the first discordant note comes, for when has Germany
ever experienced a blessed summer after a wonderful spring? Probably only under Bismarck.
What a great thing Hindenburg has achieved! How well he neutralized Hammerstein who was
presumptuous enough to bring politics into the Reichswehr!
Huge torchlight procession in the presence of Hindenburg and Hitler by National Socialists and
Stahlhelm, who at long last are collaborating again. This is a memorable 30 January!
[ . . . ]
6. February 1933
Torchlight procession of National Socialists and Stahlhelm! A wonderfully elevating experience
for all of us. Göring says the day of Hitler’s and the nationalist Cabinet’s appointment was
something like 1914, and this too was something like 1914; after Dr H. had only recently
2
remarked that damned little of this spirit had survived on the way from Berlin to Hamburg
between 30 January and 3 February.
On Sunday, the Reds waded through relentless rain—Gisela saw them—with wives and
children to make the procession longer. The Socialists and Reds will inevitably have to give in
now.
But now the weather was beautiful. Dry and calm, a few degrees above freezing. At 9.30 p.m.
we took up our position, Gisela with us. I said she should stay till the end for the sake of the
children. So far the impressions they had had of politics had been so deplorable that they
should now have a really strong impression of nationhood, as we h ...
Opkomst van adolf hitler en zijn nazi ideologieJurgen Marechal
Geschiedenis: Opkomst van Adolf Hitler en zijn nazi ideologie
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The document summarizes key events from 1929 to 1939 that led up to World War 2:
1) The Great Depression hit Germany hard in 1929, leading many to support Hitler's promise of jobs and food. By 1930, the Nazis became the second largest party in Germany.
2) Hitler steadily consolidated power over the next several years, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and establishing a dictatorship after the Reichstag Fire. Anti-Jewish laws were passed in 1935.
3) Germany continued expanding its military and aligning with other countries throughout the late 1930s. Finally, in 1939, Hitler's invasion of Poland marked the official start of World War 2.
The document summarizes key events from 1929 to 1939 that led up to World War 2:
1) The Great Depression hit Germany hard in 1929, leading many to support Hitler's promise of jobs and food. By 1930, the Nazis became the second largest party in Germany.
2) Hitler steadily consolidated power over the next several years, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and establishing a dictatorship after the Reichstag Fire. He eliminated opposition parties and began persecuting Jews.
3) By 1939, Hitler had gained control of Germany's military, economy, and laws. He invaded Poland, marking the official start of World War 2. Most Germans supported Hitler's actions up to this point due to nationalist pride and economic promises
The document summarizes key events from 1929 to 1939 that led up to World War 2:
1) The Great Depression hit Germany hard in 1929, leading many to support Hitler's promise of jobs and food. By 1930, the Nazis became the second largest party in Germany.
2) Hitler steadily consolidated power over the next several years, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and establishing a dictatorship after the Reichstag Fire. He eliminated opposition and stripped Jewish people of their rights.
3) By the late 1930s, Germany was fully under Nazi control and Hitler was expanding German territory by taking over Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia, leading to the invasion of Poland in 1939 and the start of World War 2.
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The document discusses several key developments in 19th century Europe from 1871-1914. It notes that liberalism, which was ascendant in the 1870s, was in retreat by the end of the period as new intellectual tendencies emphasized irrational factors in human behavior. Economic trends also weakened liberal parties and philosophy. New problems from population growth, urbanization, and unemployment crises emerged without a shared faith that reason could solve them, increasing the potential for domestic conflict and international insecurity during this era.
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The document discusses the political structure and development of Germany from 1871 to 1914. It describes how Germany under Bismarck and Wilhelm II had a pseudo-constitutional system where parliamentary processes existed but real power was held by unelected authorities. Under Bismarck from 1871-1890, political parties emerged but had limited power. Wilhelm II's rule from 1890-1914 saw economic growth but a turn toward absolutism that failed to adapt to rising democratic ideals in Europe. This pseudo-constitutional system ultimately contributed to Germany's defeat in World War I.
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5. Hitler is Reich Chancellor! And what a
cabinet!!!! One such as we did not dare to
dream of in July. Hitler, Hugenberg,
Seldte, Papen!!! .... What an achievement
by Hindenburg!
Luise Sollmitz,
Hamburg schoolteacher
7. Never in history has such ruination--
physical and moral--been associated with
the name of one man....Hitler’s name
justifiably stands for all time as the chief
instigator of the most profound collapse of
civilization in modern times.
Ian Kershaw,
Hitler; 1936-1945 Nemesis,
p. 841
8. Sir Ian Kershaw describes Hitler’s career as
following the course of the ancient Greek tragic
hero: Hubris (overweening pride) leading to
Nemesis (destruction).
What was true for Hitler was also true for the
people who accepted him; some joyously, some
grudgingly.
9.
10. The Legend
the seizure of power,
the Machtergreifung
“undoubting belief”
“fanatical will to victory”
11.
12. true, Hitler clung to his
“all or nothing” strategy
with “undoubting
belief”
but it was the hubris of
the conservatives who
believed they could
“use” him which led to
Hitler’s government
13. Once in, the next steps...
consolidating the
dictatorship
within a year and a half
Hitler gathered all
power into his own
hands
16. Gleichshaltung -- coordination
part manipulation, part willing cooperation, this process
occurred with stunning speed
the rush to join the party led to cynical jokes
local organizations from garden clubs to singing
societies pledged their loyalty to the new leader
opportunism mingled with genuine idealism
18. The Milestones
the Reichstag fire, 28 Feb 33
the last “free” election, 5 Mar 33
taming labor, 1-2 May 33
subordinating state governments, summer 33
emasculating the SA, 30 Jun 34
Hindenburg’s death, 2 Aug 34
19. The timetable, 1933
1 month--civil liberties extinguished
2 months--”most active political
opponents...imprisoned or fleeing and the Reichstag
surrendered its powers”
4 months--”once powerful [labor] unions dissolved”
< 6 months--”all opposition parties suppressed or gone
into voluntary liquidation”
-- Kershaw, p. 435
20. Civil liberties extinguished
the Reichstag fire
provides an excuse
this emergency decree
suspends civil liberties
on the eve of the last
“semi-free” election
on 5 March the Nazis
win 44% of the seats
21. Reichstag surrenders its powers
Hitler brought a
measure giving himself
dictatorial powers on
23 March
despite an heroic
speech by SPD leader,
Otto Wels, the
Reichstag passed the
Enabling Act, 441-94
22. Once powerful unions dissolved
a Nazi Mayday celebration
replaces the one
organized by the unions
the very next day the SA
take over the union offices
now workers are
“represented” by the Nazi
German Labor Front (DAF)
23. Bücherverbrennung -- Book
Burning
on 10 May on the
Berlin Odeonsplatz and
at many German
universities some
20,000 books were
burned
24. Opposition parties suppressed
this headline from 23 June
announces the outlawing
of the SPD
the Social Democrats were
the oldest and greatest of
Germany’s parties
too “Marxist” for the Nazis
their criticism from abroad
provided the justification
25. The timetable -- 1934
January-- Länder (state governments) abolished
30 June-- “Night of the Long Knives” the SA
decapitated and dozens of other “enemies” murdered
2 August-- President Hindenburg dies, the office is left
unfilled and the army swears allegiance to Hitler
27. “Coordination” of the states
by summer of ’33 all the
Länder (states) had Nazi
appointed governors to
“coordinate” them
in January 1934 they
were abolished as
political entities
Germany ceased to have
a federal constitution
28. SA terror
beginning on 30 Jan
33, the SA began
“settling scores”
they were used as
auxillary police and KZ
guards, here at
Oranienburg, outside
Berlin
29. SA as “People’s Army”
the regular army was
limited to 100,000
the rival SA grew to 4.3
million
Hitler was pressured to
choose
30. Taming the SA
by June Hitler felt forced
to move against his “Old
Fighters”, chief among
them Ernst Röhm, here
he arrested and executed
hundreds without trial
the event became known
as the “Night of the Long
Knives”
31. The major beneficiary: the SS
originally, 1928, a small
section (280 men) within the
SA
Himmler conspired against
his boss, Röhm
his reward was to become
head of the new “Praetorian
Guard”
he and Heydrich come to
control all police power
33. Hindenburg’s death, end of
the presidency
2 August 1934, the
aged president dies
Hitler announces that
there will be no
replacement
he becomes Führer
and Reichschancellor
34. Triumph of the Will
the emasculated SA is
given center stage at
the annual Party Day
the army is jealous
Leni Riefenstahl makes
her famous film
35. Greatest propaganda film?
often hailed as such
Riefenstahl was
famous from the
“mountain films”
she pioneered as a
female director
36. Working towards the Führer
the administration of
Germany developed
haphazardly
Hitler’s work style was
“dilletantish”
he encouraged rivalries
party and state organs
duplicated efforts
37. Nazionalsozialistische
Betriebszellenorganizatsion
founded in 1928 as the
party wing for organizing
and converting workers
it was tarnished by its
connection to the
Strasser brothers, the left
wing of the party
after 1933 the NSBO lost
lapel pin out to the DAF & Ley In the future
we will create
an aristocracy
of labor--
Adolf Hitler
38. Nazionalsozialistische
Betriebszellenorganizatsion
founded in 1928 as the
party wing for organizing
and converting workers
it was tarnished by its
connection to the
Strasser brothers, the left
wing of the party
after 1933 the NSBO lost
lapel pin out to the DAF & Ley In the future
we will create
an aristocracy
of labor--
Adolf Hitler
39. Arbeit -- Labor
party
govt
Robert Ley
Franz Seldte German Labor Front
Labor Minister (DAF)
42. Polizei -- Police
party
govt
Heinrich Himmler
SS
Sicherheitsdienst
shoulder patch
Franz Gürtner Gestapo
ID card
Justice Minister
43. The dualism of party and state was never
resolved -- and was not resolvable. Hitler himself
welcomed the overlaps in competence and lack
of clarity....he undermined all attempts at ‘Reich
reform’ by Frick, aimed at producing a more
rational authoritarian state structure.
Kershaw, Hubris, p. 539
48. Der Geschäftsboykott -- business
boycott
Deutsche! Wehrt Euch!
Kauft nicht bei Juden!
Germans! Protect yourselves!
Don’t buy from Jews!
Note the shift, “We’re not
attacking them, we’re just
defending ourselves.”
Still, there was international
criticism, organized of course,
by “The Jews”
50. Both German military and economic weakness and
the intense foreign reaction to the first anti-Semitic
measures influenced Hitler to focus on domestic
policy
51. Innenpolitik -- Domestic Politics
examples of the techniques of coercion
“the stick”
52. SA as police auxiliaries
after 30.i.33 they ran
amok beating up their
street gang opponents
basements served as
makeshift prisons for
torture and murders
these “excesses” led to
30.vi.34, “the night of
the long knives”
53. Gestapo--pre-Nazi roots
all 19th century
European states
developed “political”
police to combat the
crime of revolution
the German distinction
was between Sicherheits
(SIPO) and
Polizei
Kriminal (KRIPO)
54. 30,000 Betreungsleute
“trustworthy people” = reliable informants
the initial wave of informants overwhelmed the police ability
to follow up. By April, 1933 a temporary halt was called
German bureaucratic efficiency led to the “Betreungsleute”
system of “official squealers”
intended consequencees, fear and self-censorship
unintended consequence, Die deutsche Blick, the
German glance
55. Both uniformed and plainclothes
SD discovered, and Gestapo “dealt with”
enemies of the state
59. Multipurpose economic
stimulus
the greatest employment,
120,000 occurred in
1936
the highway system
was a boost to auto
production, auto service
industry, and tourism
it was also a defense
asset
60.
61. Urban renewal, “Germania”
this photo shows the
East-West Axis in Berlin,
1939
Hitler and Speer created
major rebuilding
programs for many of
the Reich’s cities
the war ended these
plans
62.
63.
64.
65. Nazi public housing
Weimar was internationally known for its excellent
public housing
as the depression deepened the housing gap
increased from 100,000 to 900,000 by 1932.
the Nazis addressed the problem, adding 300,000/year
during peacetime
quality was sacrificed to meet the pressure of
urbanization as industry continued to “drain” rural labor
66. Olympia,1936
Weimar Germany had
garnered both winter and
summer games in 1932
after initial, post-Hitler,
misgivings, the
International Olympic
Committee stayed “on
board”
in addition to the prestige,
the games brought
economic benefits
69. Hitler opens the Games, 1.viii.36
Goebbels directs a massive propaganda blitz
70.
71. Riefenstahl’s documentary
her pioneering work
was widely hailed
it took 18 months to
edit the footage
it was screened in two
parts: “Peoples Festival”
and “Festival of Beauty”
72. Interest in this work
continues
innovative techniques
for close-up action
shots are still studied
the nude and semi-
nude sequences
certainly didn’t hurt box
office
73.
74.
75. Nazi ambiguity about the
body and sexuality
the monthly magazine,
“Spirit and Beauty”
here illustrated “eurythmy”
in the nudist mode
popularized before 1933
Streicher’s Stürmer with
his beautiful Aryan
maidens being ravished
by evil Jews was definite
pornography
76. sculpture in the new Reichskanzelei
this central office building of the regime displays
the garish taste of the Führer
77.
78. Kraft durch Freude--
Strength through Joy
KdF, a suborganization of the
DAF, built a village for visitors
to the games
It also sponsored subsidized
trips as rewards for workers
Ley called it “the real
accomplishment of what
Marx only promised”
79. KdF touring holidays
1937 brochure
describing all the
touring vacations
for the Gau Hesse-
Nassau
80. The promised KdF-Wagen
A promise betrayed
better known to us as
the Peoples Car, or...
originally proposed by
Hitler to Ferdy Porsche
in 1932
prototypes in 1938
production converted
to military vehicles
81. A promise made good
VE 301
Volksempfänger “VE
301” (Peoples Receiver)
was developed to sell for 76
RM when most radios were
costing 200-400 RM
in 1938 an even smaller
model for 35 RM was made
its nickname “Goebbels’
Lip” (Goebbels’ Schnauze)
82. All Germany
hears the Führer
with the Peoplesreceiver
83. And for the really poor
“Here you can hear the Führer speech”
93. BDM in the service of the Winter Help Program
of the German Volk
1934/35
Each (girl) will have
on Sunday 4.November
the flower of the
WHW
You also must Contribute!
107. A not too subtle suggestion
Volksgenosse, trittst Du
ein
Volkish comrade, make
it happen
soll dein Gruss,”Heil
Hitler” sein!
that your greeting be
“Hail Hitler!”
108. The Führer Cult
SS Mann protects Hitler from workers eager to
shake his hand, 1935
110. Business boycott, 1.iv.33
As described earlier, the foreign outcry against this effort
organized by Gauleiter Streicher led Hitler to call it off
111. Law for the Restoration of the Professional
Civil Service
7.iv.33
six days after the uproar over the boycott this hastily drafted law
tried to regularize job discrimination already begun
the famous “Aryan paragraph” led to the dismissal of Jews as
well as political enemies from the civil service
ironically, there was no definition of “Jew”
later that month three further laws continued the trend:
against admission of Jews to the legal profession
excluding Jewish doctors from the national health system
limiting the number of Jewish schoolchildren permitted in
schools
112. “Individual Actions”
4 HJs and an SA Mann
“Jews are unwelcome
in Behringersdorf”
Daniel Beard wouldn’t
count this as their
good deed for the day!
113. Die Nürnberger Gesetze
The Nuremberg Law, 1935
announced by Hitler at the annual September Party Day
it followed a renewed wave of violence and attempted to
define the degree of acceptable “action” There had been
widespread criticism of the “lawlessness”
it focused on banning intermarriage and outlawing
sexual relations between Jews and “Aryans”
now the legal definition had to be slapped together
114. Die Blutschutzgesetz (Law for the
defense of [Aryan] blood)
this required distinguishing by ancestry “Full Jews”
“Half Jews” “Quarter Jews” and so on
but all sorts of special problems arose, Christian
converts, Jews with distinguished military service &c.
Goebbels had earlier told Fritz Lang “We decide who is
a Jew”
130. Geneva World Disarmament
Conference, 1932-37
even the Weimar delegates
had insisted on German
parity or universal
disarmament
France became even more
determined on Versailles
limits after Hitler took office
this pamphlet (right)
explains Germany’s
decision to leave
131. Plebiscite on leaving the
League of Nations
Hitler begins his series of
plebiscites with this one, 12
Nov 1933
over 95% of the votes were,
“Ja” (favorable)
Goebbels’ campaign “button”
from the Deutsches
Historisches Museum (DHM)
collection
132. this poster emphasizes
how much Polish military
strength exceded German
Hitler sought to break the
French “Cordon Sanitaire”
Foreign Minister v.
Neurath responded to
feelers from Poland, April
1933
133. Wer braucht Sicherheit im
Osten?Who needs security in
this poster emphasizes
how much Polish military
strength exceded German
Hitler sought to break the
French “Cordon Sanitaire”
Foreign Minister v.
Neurath responded to
feelers from Poland, April
1933
136. The Armaments of Germany’s Neighbors
this turntable device
listed the number of
soldiers, ships, aircraft,
tanks, &c.
the injustice of
Germany’s unilateral
disarmament was a
constant refrain
137. Wir Wollen Wieder Waffen!
We will rearm! (literally, we wish again
Hitler, and even more his national-conservative allies,
planned from the beginning to overturn the Versailles
limits
even the Weimar governments had secretly violated
them
and, seriously overestimating the courage of his
enemies, Hitler believed he too had to keep his steps
secret until he felt strong enough to openly defy the
“Versailles Diktat”
138.
139. Germany ends the Versailles
humiliation, 1935
the Versailles Treaty had plebiscite campaign badge
placed the Saarland under
the League of Nations for
15 years
its resources were given to
France
the half million voters now
must choose to become
German, French, or keep
the status quo A UNITED VOLK BREAKS ITS CHAINS
140. Plebiscite campaign poster
as the plebiscite day
approached Goebbels
unleashes a massive
barrage of propaganda
still the region was
Catholic and working
class, the two groups
least enthusiastic about
Nazism
141. Plebiscite campaign poster
as the plebiscite day
approached Goebbels
unleashes a massive
barrage of propaganda
still the region was
Catholic and working
class, the two groups
least enthusiastic about
Nazism
We died for you!
And you?
143. Plebiscite campaign pin
German the Saar
on 13 January 91% of the
Saar’s electorate freely
chose dictatorship
Hitler “milked his triumph”
“made dove-like noises”
...”no further territorial
demands to make of ever so!
France”
144. Welcome
Dear Brother
to the
we once again
Homeland see you home
Homecoming of the
1 March 1935
145. Two open challenges raise the
stakes of German rearmament
10 March 1935- Göring
announces the creation
of the Luftwaffe--
massive foreign protest
16 March- military draft
reinstituted
(call-up papers
pictured, rt)
146. Two open challenges raise the
stakes of German rearmament
10 March 1935- Göring
announces the creation
of the Luftwaffe--
massive foreign protest
16 March- military draft
reinstituted
(call-up papers
pictured, rt)
148. Versailles limits on the
German Navy
no submarines, naval aviation, or battleships
6 heavy cruisers (< 10,000 tons displacement)
6 light cruisers (< 6,000 tons)
12 destroyers (< 800 tons)
12 torpedo boats
150. British disillusionment with
the Versailles Treaty
beginning with J.M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of
the Peace, 1919
historians cast doubt on Art. 231, “war guilt” clause
British opinion distanced from French over strict enforcement,
especially during the Ruhr crisis, 1923
not so much appeasement as differing approaches as to how
best avoid war
German complaints over “unilateral disarmament” were viewed
as legitimate by many in Britain
152. Hankley’s report concluded with the words: “Are we still
dealing with the Hitler of Mein Kampf , lulling his
opponents to sleep with fair words to gain time to arm
his people, and looking always to the day when he can
throw off the mask and attack Poland? Or is it a new
Hitler, who discovered the burden of responsible office,
and wants to extricate himself, like many an earlier
tyrant, from the commitments of his irresponsible days?
That is the riddle that has to be solved”
153. Hitler’s views on Britain: enemy of
the Reich, or fellow “Aryan” power?
154. Hitler’s views on Britain: enemy of
the Reich, or fellow “Aryan” power?
strongly influenced by Br opposition to Fr occupation of the Ruhr,
1923; Hitler revised his initial view of Br as inevitable enemy
In Mein Kampf and sequel Zweites Buch, he strongly criticized the
pre-1914 Ger govt for its naval and colonial challenge to the Br
empire
Br friendship could be won by renouncing such global ambitions
and seeking an anti-Fr, anti-Soviet alliance
Br would agree to Lebensraum in Eastern Europe in return for
a”sea pact” where Ger renounced any challenge to the Royal Navy
155. Anglo-German Naval
Agreement of 1935
in 1933 Nazis began to build U-
boats
in 1934 Battle Cruisers and Pocket
Battleships were planned
First Lord Chatfield believed that a
treaty limiting Germany to 35% of Adm Raeder
the RN was the best hope for
maintaining Br naval supremacy
in March,1935 Hitler negotiates with
Sir John Simon in Berlin
Adm Chatfield
Ribbentrop concludes the talks in
London, June, 1935
156. Battle Cruiser Scharnhorst, 1936
Along with her twin, Geneisenau, these were the
first violations of the Versailles limit of 10,000 tons
157. Ordered: 25.i.34 Laid down: 15.vi.35 Launched: 3.x.36
Commissioned: 7.i.39 Sunk in the Battle of North Cape: 26.xii.43
159. Results of the AGNA
Hitler called June 18th the happiest day of his life,
believed it marked the beginning of an Anglo-German
alliance
Britain believed it marked the first step towards a treaty
limiting Germany’s ability to wage aerial warfare which
they feared even more than naval competition
France felt betrayed, believed Britain had no right to
endorse abrogating Part V of the Versailles Treaty
Stalin concluded he had to draw closer to France
161. ... Hitler’s next big gamble : to destroy what
was left of the Versailles and Locarno treaties
by reoccupying the demilitarized Rhineland.
Kershaw, vol i, p. 581
167. Stalin shifts the Party Line
Louis Barthou, French
Foreign Minister (d. 1934)
pursues a Franco-Soviet
treaty after the Polish-
German pact
After German military
buildup of Mar 35, push
increases
pact concluded 2 May
1935. Now, the ratification
struggle begins
170. Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
Article I In the event that France or the U.S.S.R. are subjected to the threat or the
danger of aggression on the part of a European state, the U.S.S.R. and France engage
themselves reciprocally to proceed to an immediate mutual consultation on measures to
take in order to observe the provisions of Article 10 of the League of Nations Pact.
Article II In the event that, in the circumstances described in Article 15, paragraph 7, of the
League of Nations Pact, France or the U.S.S.R. may be, in spite of the genuinely pacific
intentions of the two countries, and subject of unprovoked aggression on the part of a European
state, the U.S.S.R. and France will immediately lend each other reciprocal aid and assistance.
Article III Taking into consideration the fact that, according to Article 16 of the
League of Nations Pact, every member of the League that resorts to war contrary
to the engagements assumed in Articles 12, 13 or 15 of the Pact is ipso facto
considered as having committed an act of war against all the other members of the
League, France and the U.S.S.R. engage themselves reciprocally, [should
either of them be the object of unprovoked aggression], to lend immediate aid
and assistance in activating the application of Article 16 of the Pact.
171. Mass adulation bolsters the Führer
cult and Hitler’s self confidence
20 Feb 1936- Hitler
walks to his car
he had just addressed
an SA rally
the rally
commemorated the
third anniversary of his
chancellorship
172. Wieder deutsche Truppen am
Rhein-
German troops in the Rhineland again
“Hitler’s global peace
stroke, German troops
again on the Rhine”
Mussolini’s Abyssinian
adventure brought him
into Hitler’s hands
the Franco-Soviet pact
provided the
“justification”
173. Troops cross the Rhine at Köln
7 March 1936
After three years, I believe that, with the present day, the
struggle for German equal rights can be regarded as closed
174. Hubris -- that overweening arrogance which
courts disaster -- was inevitable. The point
where nemesis takes over had been reached
by 1936.
Kershaw, vol. i, p. 591
175.
176. “ I go with the confidence of a sleepwalker along
the path laid out for me by Providence.”
Hitler, in Munich, 14 March 1936
Ibid.
Few at this point had the foresight to realize that
the path laid out by Providence led into the
abyss.
Kershaw, Ibid.