Geothermal energy in Pakistan
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This document discusses the potential for geothermal energy in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan will face energy crises by 2025 as its major oil and gas reserves are depleted. It outlines nine phases of geothermal exploration and identifies several existing geothermal reservoirs and hot springs in northern Pakistan. These resources have potential to provide over 30,000 MW of direct use geothermal heat and electricity. However, Pakistan remains energy deficient despite its renewable energy resources like geothermal remaining largely unexplored. Harnessing renewable resources like geothermal could help overcome energy shortages.
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The document summarizes the potential for wave energy power plants along the coast of Maharashtra, India. It finds that the 720km Maharashtra coast has an average annual wave potential of 5-8 kW/m, and monsoon potential of 15-20 kW/m, totaling around 500MW of potential wave energy. Several suitable sites for plants are identified, such as Vengurla rocks and Malvan rocks, with the highest potential of 8-20 kW/m. While wave energy technology is still developing, oscillating water column converters have shown promise. To exploit this resource, the document proposes inviting private investors to build and operate wave plants by providing land and infrastructure support.
Case study on energy crisis in Pakistan
The document discusses Pakistan's ongoing electrical energy crisis. It outlines the various means of electricity generation currently used in Pakistan, including non-renewable resources like oil and gas, and renewable resources like hydroelectric, wind and solar. Recent renewable energy projects utilizing wind, solar and hydroelectric power are also reviewed. The key causes of Pakistan's electricity shortages are discussed as lack of infrastructure upgrades, high transmission losses, power theft, and lack of adequate planning to meet rising demand. Recommendations are made to better utilize Pakistan's natural resources and shift generation toward more renewable sources to overcome the energy crisis.
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Deterministic Seismic hazard Assessment of Karora Hydro Power Plant
Deterministic Seismic hazard Assessment of Karora Hydro Power Plant
Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic modeling for deciphering shallow conductiv...
Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic modeling for deciphering shallow conductiv...
More from zeeshan Ahmad
Oil Prices :The past
The document discusses the history of oil prices from the 1800s to the present. It notes that the modern oil industry began in Baku in 1837. In the late 1800s, the first commercial oil refinery was established and a single oil field in Baku accounted for over 90% of the world's oil production. The document then outlines major events and discoveries that impacted oil prices such as the Gulf Wars, the Iranian Revolution, and the increased shale oil production in the US that helped reduce prices in recent years. Political events and shifts in demand are cited as largely explaining major oil price fluctuations over the past few decades.
Major Basins Of Pakistan
This document summarizes the major geology and stratigraphy of Pakistan. It outlines the four major basins: Upper Indus Basin, Middle Indus Basin, Lower Indus Basin, and Baluchistan Basin. For each basin, it lists the geological groups in order of age, providing the name, type locality, lithology, and age. It describes over 50 geological groups spanning from Precambrian to Pleistocene ages. The groups consist of formations of shale, limestone, sandstone, conglomerate, and other sedimentary and volcanic rocks.
Internship Report
This document provides an overview of geological and geophysical exploration activities conducted by Mari Petroleum Company Limited (MPCL) in Pakistan. It discusses MPCL's operated and non-operated exploration blocks located across different basins in Pakistan. It also outlines the typical exploration cycle, including block evaluation, carving, bidding, award, and development. Key activities of MPCL discussed include seismic data acquisition and processing, well logging, petrophysical analysis, and reservoir modeling. Maps of MPCL's blocks and prospectivity zones in different basins are provided. The document serves as an internship report submitted to MPCL detailing the exploration work conducted during the internship period.
Internship report OGDCL
This internship report summarizes Zeeshan Ahmad's month-long internship from August 1-31, 2016 at OGDCL in Islamabad, Pakistan. The internship was a requirement for Zeeshan's BS in Geology program. During the internship, Zeeshan learned about OGDCL's vision, mission and core values. He studied hydrocarbon exploration prospects and sedimentary geology. Zeeshan also visited OGDCL's Islamabad head office and learned about oil and gas well symbols, sedimentary environments, rock textures, cuttings shapes, and grain sizes. The report provides an overview of petroleum origination through the death, decay and burial of organic matter over millions of years.
Rain Measurment
Raingauges are the most common tool for measuring rainfall and have been used for over 2,000 years. A raingauge is simply a cylinder that catches rainwater, allowing the user to measure rainfall rates in millimeters per hour and track rainfall amounts over time. Common rainfall categories include slight (under 0.5 mm/hr), moderate (0.5-4 mm/hr) and heavy (4-8 mm/hr). While raingauges measure liquid precipitation, they can also be used to determine the liquid equivalent of fallen snow.
Determination of ground water potential by resistivity method
This document discusses the electrical resistivity method for determining groundwater potential. It begins with an introduction to resistivity and how electrical currents are introduced into the ground. It then covers methodology which involves applying a current between electrodes and measuring the potential difference to calculate apparent resistivity. Different electrode configurations are described, including Schlumberger and Wenner arrays. The document also introduces the OhmMapper system, which uses capacitive coupling rather than direct contact with the ground to allow faster data collection in all terrain. In the end, it summarizes the results of interpreting resistivity data.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
Weathering and erossion
Weathering and erosion shape Earth's surface through physical and chemical processes. Weathering breaks down rocks and minerals through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition, while chemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rocks and minerals. Erosion transports weathered materials from their source, most commonly by water, wind, ice or gravity. Mass wasting specifically refers to the downslope movement of earth materials under the force of gravity by various processes such as rock falls, debris flows, slides and slumps. Factors like steep slopes, water saturation, earthquakes and removal of vegetation can make areas more prone to mass wasting.
Q-Value
The document discusses rock mass classification using the Q-system. It begins by defining rock mass and describing different types based on discontinuities, from massive to heavily jointed rock. It then discusses the Q-system which evaluates rock mass quality based on factors like degree of jointing, joint roughness, alteration, water conditions and stresses. These factors are used to calculate a Q-value, with higher values indicating better rock mass stability. The Q-system provides guidelines for rock support design based on the Q-value. Overall, the document provides an overview of rock mass characteristics and classifications using the Q-system.
Q-Value (Q method handbook by NGI)
This document provides an overview and update of the NGI Q-system for rock mass classification and support design for underground excavations. It discusses the history and development of the Q-system since its introduction in 1974. It also outlines the key aspects of calculating a Q-value, using the Q-value to evaluate support requirements, mapping in underground openings, and applying the Q-system during pre-investigations.
Some Of the Major Faults of Pakistan
The document discusses major faults in Pakistan. It describes several significant faults including the Jhelum Fault, the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), the Panjal Thrust (PT), the Kalabagh Fault, the Salt Range Thrust, and the Chaman Transverse Fault. The Jhelum Fault is an important strike-slip fault that extends from Jhelum River southwards. The MBT represents the major zone of recent deformation and largest earthquakes along the entire Himalayan Belt. The PT runs parallel to the MBT on the eastern limb of the syntaxes. The Kalabagh Fault is a prominent right-lateral strike-slip fault that extends between Kalabagh and Mianwali
Kohat-Potwar Basin or Upper Indus Basin
The document summarizes the lithostratigraphy and hydrocarbon production of the Upper Indus Basin located in northern Pakistan between latitudes 32° and 34° N and longitudes 70° and 74° E. Sedimentation in the basin began in the Precambrian and included formations from the Cambrian through Miocene periods. The basin has produced oil and gas from various formations, with the major producing fields located in Karak, Kohat, Attock, and Chakwal districts. Several dry wells were also drilled in the basin.
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Determination of ground water potential by resistivity method
Determination of ground water potential by resistivity method
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Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Katherine Romanak - Geologic CO2 Storage.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsPests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Recently uploaded (20)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Geothermal energy in Pakistan
- 1. Zeeshan Ahmad12- 13-2017 Geothermal Energy In Pakistan
- 2. Datum 0 m 8611 m
- 4. Based on the present increasing trends of the world’s population and energy demands, it is expected that the conventional sources (Oil, Gas and Coal) for the energy generation will be exhausted. Based on information of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, Pakistan will be suffering from energy crises by 2014 to 2025 because 10 of the largest Oil and Gas reservoirs of the country will be exhausted during 2014-2025. Overview
- 6. Phases for geothermal exploration The geothermal exploration addresses at least nine phases of integrated study, i.e. i) Identification of geothermal phenomena ii) Classification of the geothermal field production field exists iii) Location of productive zones, iv) Ascertaining that a useful geothermal, v) Estimation of the size of the resource, characteristics that might cause problems during field development
- 7. vi) Determination of heat content of fluids that will be discharged by wells in the geothermal field, vii) Compilation of a body of data against which the results of future monitoring can be viewed, viii)Assessment of pre-exploitation values of environmentally sensitive parameters, ix) Determination of any characteristics that might cause problems during field development
- 8. Major geothermal reservoirs of Northern Area of Pakistan are: (a) Tatta Pani, Tao, (b) Mushkin, (c) Sassi, (d) Budelas, (e) Hakuchar, (f) Chu Tran Hot springs in Pakistan
- 9. These hot springs are associated with MKT and MMT. These thermal springs are caused by the friction between MMT and MKT. The Indus and Baluchistan sedimentary basins are enriched in hot springs associated with siesmo-tectonic zones
- 13. Mud volcanoes are created due to the subduction zones. Mud volcanoes are described onshore and off- shore along Makran Region Baluchistan Famous mud volcanoes in Makran Region are Chandragup, Jabel-u- Ghurab, and Khandewari More than “80” mud volcanoes are explored in Pakistan Mud volcanoes in Pakistan
- 16. The geothermal energy resource potential of Pakistan has been preliminary estimated as under Preliminary Resource Estimates of Geothermal Energy
- 17. The Northern Areas of Pakistan including Khyber Pakhtun Khwa (KPK), Gilgit, Baltistan, and Azad Kashmir are famous for low temperature hot waters springs. Moreover the low temperature springs and water aquifers are also available in Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan provinces. All these low temperature water springs & aquifers can be used for direct use applications. The direct use geothermal energy resources are estimated at more than 30,000 MW of heat and electricity in all the province of Pakistan. Geothermal Energy Resources for the Direct Use
- 18. Pakistan Is among the naturally gifted country that is rich in conventional and renewable energy resources. Despite the massive potential of energy resources Pakistanis still an energy deficient country and have to import petroleum products to barely accomplish its energy demand. Geothermal energy is still one of the unexplored energy resources for electric power generation in Pakistan. Pakistan can overcome the energy shortage to a significant level by harnessing renewable energy resources , such as, geothermal energy. Conclusion
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