Northern Pakistan is well known for its active fault system and seismicity. Thus to prior to any investment in
developing certain facility a through seismic analysis is unavoidable to justify the investment. The chosen location for
Karrora Hydro Power is District Shangla in the north of Pakistan, and thus a “Seismic Hazard Analysis” was inevitable
for this facility.
To evaluate the seismicity of the site data about characteristics of seismic faults was gathered from Provincial Disaster
Management Authority Punjab (PDMA). Source to site distance was calculated by delineating the geographical location
of the faults and Weir using QGIS. Similarly, for site characterization borehole data from seven boreholes, drilled at the
target site, was used. The average values of shear wave velocity are above 800 m/sec at all the locations.
Different attenuation relationships were adopted to calculate the Peak Ground Motion (PGA) at the target site, with the
equation of Akkar & Bommer (2013) providing more realistic results for the Active Shallow Crustal Region (ACR).
Among various PGA values corresponding to different active faults Main Mantal Thrust (MMT) has a maximum PGA of
0.35g. Akkar & Bommer (2013) is used to compute Response Spectrum for all the active faults and MMT. “Time History
Scaling” was performed, using wavelet method, for the target spectrum of MMT.
DETERMINATION OF KWAZULU-NATAL SEA STATE PARAMETERS FOR THE SPECTRAL FUNCTIONSIAEME Publication
While there is a challenge and conflict between the need of energy and the
production, different alternatives are explored to minimize the used of coal in the
generation of electrical energy because of the greenhouse gases emission and climate
change. Ocean wave energy is one of the important solutions to the energy needed as
South Africa is almost surrounded by ocean. This paper defined the important
parameters intervening in the ocean wave energy assessment and the design of ocean
wave energy converters for KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa by defining the
significant height and the average peak period.
Based on the analysis of ocean wave data sets of this province the significant
height of 3.854 m and peak period of 9.807 s were obtained. Those can be used to
determine the wave class based on the environmental information’s, and the
appropriate type of spectral model to use in the study of ocean wave energy converters
for energy harvesting.
Geological aspect analysis for micro hydro power plant site selection based ...IJECEIAES
Geological characters analysis is essential for micro hydropower plant (MHP) development planning. This paper presents an analysis of the geological aspect to determine the layout of MHP components based on remote sensing data as part of a solution to addressing power shortages in Sungai Are District, South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province. Remote sensing and topographic map were extracted to identify the potential site. The topographic map and geological analysis were used to calculate the potential of electrical energy and the geological hazard risk, particularly floods and landslides. The results of the study identified four potential sites. Site 1 (Luas River, Ulu Danau Village) and site 3 (Putih River, Gintung Village) are suitable for MHP with a low cost of construction. Site 2 (Pecah Pinggan Village) and site 4 (Simpang Luas Village) are prone to flooding and landslides that makes it suitable for MHP but with a high cost of construction. Based on the geological aspect analysis, it is possible to optimize the hydropower capacity, by adding the volume of water flow from several nearby tributaries channeled into the hydropower flow system through civil construction engineering or by making a cascade design on the tailrace water flow
Lyapichev. Hydropower of Tadjikistan is extremely sensitive to climate change...Yury Lyapichev
The climate change impact on hydropower of Tadjikistan is ignored in design of Rogun (H=335 m) rockfill dam & HPP as well as in the final report of so called "experts"
Contribution to the Paleontology, Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of Ninety-seven Southern Tethyan Agglutinated Foraminiferal Species
Integrated Geophysical and Geospatial Approaches for Delineating Groundwater Potential Zones in Karachi, Pakistan
Evaluation of Wellbore Stability by Analytical and Numerical Methods: A Case Study in a Carbonate Oil Field
Assessment of Pollution and Identification of Sources of Heavy Metals, and Radionuclides Contamination in Sand along the Southern Part of the Cameroonian Coast (South-West, Africa)
Natural Resources at Rakhine; causes a violation of the human rights of Rohin...Safayat Hossain
Myanmar, a non-Muslim South Asian country nowadays is known for killing Muslims in the world. Vested political and economic interests are key factors behind this humanitarian problem and forced for the displacement, not just of the Rohingya Muslim but for the other minorities as well. Rakhine state is a strategically important state for Myanmar's neighbor’s country, China and India. Despite its rich natural resources, Rakhine remains one of Myanmar's most impoverished states. Rakhine ranked 8th important state in terms of natural resources, business, economy, etc. Discovery of this massive energy reserves in Rakhine caught few countries attention, which developed oil and gas pipelines to connect Myanmar's Kyaukphyu port with Kunming – allowing oil from the Gulf States and Africa to be pumped to China, bypassing the Malacca Straits, and transporting hydrocarbons from Myanmar's offshore fields to China. Of the 400 million cubic feet of gas produced every day, 379 million are exported to China. 771-kilometer pipeline starts at the Bay of Bengal in Rakhine state, from where most of the Rohingya have been forced out. Another big neighbor country India is constructing the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project through Rakhine state to directly connect its northeast with the Bay of Bengal and has nearly finished the Sittwe port work where the Kaladan project starts. Companies from France, Indonesia, China, India, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Hong Kong have invested in onshore projects while firms from South Korea, France, Malaysia, China, India, Thailand, and Vietnam are all involved in the exploration. In 2010 about 70000 acres of farmland were confiscated for the project but in those years no one dared to speak out about hardship caused by the junta. Farmer's land was confiscated. Some of them could not survive, some of them moved to another township to make a living, some are rapped, some are killed maximum are forced to go to Bangladesh. At least 6,700 Rohingya, including at least 730 children under the age of five, were killed in the month after the violence broke out, according to Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF). This study will analyze how natural resources are connected with the human rights violation of the Rohingya Refugee people of Myanmar. Keywords: Human-Rights, Rohingya, Hydropower, Natural Resources, Myanmar, China, Bangladesh, Economy, Business, Politics.
İstasyon dağılımı çift kanaldan yapılıyor ve bu kanallar AFAD ve KOERI. İlginç olan durum bu istasyonlar 1 YIL içinde yerleştirilmiyor ve YILLARA yayılan bir yerleştirme planı var. İstatistik çalışanlar için iyi özellikle, 'İstasyon Etkilerinin Sismisite Değişimine Muhtemel Etkileri' konusunu çalışmak isteyenler için. Özellikle, 1995 yılında ki çalışmam bununla ilişkili. https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/2/147/1995/
AFAD tarafından DAFZ civarında kurulmuş 28 istasyonu var ve 2006 yılında kurmaya başlamış ve süreç 2017 yılına kadar yükselerek devam etmiş. 2006 yılında 28 istasyonun tamamını 1 DEFA'da kurmuş olsa idi fay zonlarının deprem tehlikesinin araştırılması için önemli bir VERİ toplanması olacaktı ve bugüne kadar 15 yıllık veri üzerinde '0-İnsan Etkisi' olduğundan istatistik çalışmalar ile bulunan sonuçlar anlamlı olacaktı. Sıkça sorulan soru vardır, 'Depremler son yıllarda sayısal olarak artıyor mu?' diye, EVET artıyor çünkü depremi kayıt eden İSTASYON sayısı arttığı için. Bu açıdan, 'İnsana bağlı olarak deprem tehlike verisinde ki değişim' araştırma konusu olur mu? Neden olmasın!
Benzer durum KOERI'de var ve 2006 yılında 5 olan istasyon sayısını 2011 yılına kadar tedrici olarak 10 sayısına yükseltiyor. 2011 yılından sonra sayı 12'de sabit kalıyor.
2006 yılından günümüze DAFZ üzerinde İKİLİ KURUM tarafından kurulan toplam istasyon sayısı 40, fakat bunlar TEK 1 YILDA kurulmadığı için İSTATİSTİK çalışmalara ETKİSİ olumsuz. 2006 yılında 40 istasyon 1 DEFADA kurulsa idi, DAFZ boyunca fayların deprem potansiyelinin araştırılması açısından ÇOK İYİ bir potansiyel olacaktı.
Deprem İstatistiği çalışmalarında DİKKAT edilecek ÇOK noktalar var, bu noktalar bölgede ki VERİ KAPASİTESİ ve VERİ KALİTESİ'nin iyi araştırılması ile mümkün olur. Aslında burada ANLATILANLARI İstatistiksel Sismoloji dersinde detaylı tartıştım. Deprem İstatistiği çalışacak olan ve bu konuda çalışmak isteyenler bu dersler BAŞTAN SONA not alarak 1 KERE daha dinlese İYİ olur. AKSİ taktirde çalışmalarınız İYİ 1 BİLİMSEL TEMELE dayanmazsa çok yararsız olabilir.
Optimistic, deterministic design of karaikal port breakwater structure case...eSAT Journals
Abstract Ports are important in international trade. These are gateway to country transport for cargo handling and commodity, where vessels may discharge or receive cargo. Karaikal port is the private port between the major ports of Chennai and tuticorin. It has two breakwater one is north breakwater of 650mtr and south breakwater of 600mtr. To increase cargo handling and protection of harbour from the waves and currents, breakwater structure is built and expansion has been taking place 400mtr on North side breakwater and 350mtr on south side Breakwater.For the expansion of breakwater, optimistic and deterministic design has been applied. In the deterministic design structural alternatives have been considered for economic design of breakwater. In the optimistic design we have to consider most economical Concrete Armour unit for the Armour layer of Karaikal port. Design of Rubble mound breakwater in a mathematical model for the purposes of weight of Armour layer and thickness of armour layer has been concluded.Design of Rubble mound breakwater in a mathematical model has consider x-bloc as a concrete armour unit which is suitable to reduce Breakwater structure construction cost in a Karaikal port. A breakwater could be optimized with respect to amongst others, construction costs, construction time, material reduction, environmental impacts and total cost. The most promising alternatives should be economically optimized and the results should be compared in order to assess the best solution. Rubble mound breakwater type with an concrete armour unit for that deterministic design and optimistic design has been applied for a Karaikal port. Keywords: Karaikal port 1, Rubble mound break water2.
Producing a defect-free casting for a critical application is a challenging job mainly due to two factors.
Primarily due to trial and error approach towards the design of riser, runner, gates, sprue, mold cavity, core and
chapstics. The other factor is not being able to maintain a good quality of the melt. Defects are the results of a merger of
several causes. In this study, the authors have chosen to use a FEM based commercial software to design riser and
employ chills to eliminate or minimize the shrinkage defects. The use of chills promoted directional solidification such
that the shrinkage cavities moved along the solidification front and away from casting into the riser. Study is made on
use of blind riser, open riser and their influence on shrinkage porosity
Eco Friendly Extraction and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Cissus Quadra...EditorIJAERD
Cissus quadrangualaris plant yield fibers and all the parts of this plant can be utilized in many applications. In
recent days, textile industries are widely using plant fibers for numerous applications acquired from lots of resources. The
advantage of natural fibers is their continuous supply, easy and safe handling, and biodegradable nature. The usage of
enzymes in the textile industry consents the development of eco-friendly technologies in fiber processing and tactics to
improve the final product quality. In the present work, natural cellulosic fibers were extracted from Cissus quadrangualaris
plant using an eco-friendly method (amylase enzyme). The physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of Cissus
quadrangualaris fibers were reported in this paper. Further, the properties of CQSF ensured that it can play an imperative
role in the textile manufacturing industries
More Related Content
Similar to Deterministic Seismic hazard Assessment of Karora Hydro Power Plant
DETERMINATION OF KWAZULU-NATAL SEA STATE PARAMETERS FOR THE SPECTRAL FUNCTIONSIAEME Publication
While there is a challenge and conflict between the need of energy and the
production, different alternatives are explored to minimize the used of coal in the
generation of electrical energy because of the greenhouse gases emission and climate
change. Ocean wave energy is one of the important solutions to the energy needed as
South Africa is almost surrounded by ocean. This paper defined the important
parameters intervening in the ocean wave energy assessment and the design of ocean
wave energy converters for KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa by defining the
significant height and the average peak period.
Based on the analysis of ocean wave data sets of this province the significant
height of 3.854 m and peak period of 9.807 s were obtained. Those can be used to
determine the wave class based on the environmental information’s, and the
appropriate type of spectral model to use in the study of ocean wave energy converters
for energy harvesting.
Geological aspect analysis for micro hydro power plant site selection based ...IJECEIAES
Geological characters analysis is essential for micro hydropower plant (MHP) development planning. This paper presents an analysis of the geological aspect to determine the layout of MHP components based on remote sensing data as part of a solution to addressing power shortages in Sungai Are District, South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province. Remote sensing and topographic map were extracted to identify the potential site. The topographic map and geological analysis were used to calculate the potential of electrical energy and the geological hazard risk, particularly floods and landslides. The results of the study identified four potential sites. Site 1 (Luas River, Ulu Danau Village) and site 3 (Putih River, Gintung Village) are suitable for MHP with a low cost of construction. Site 2 (Pecah Pinggan Village) and site 4 (Simpang Luas Village) are prone to flooding and landslides that makes it suitable for MHP but with a high cost of construction. Based on the geological aspect analysis, it is possible to optimize the hydropower capacity, by adding the volume of water flow from several nearby tributaries channeled into the hydropower flow system through civil construction engineering or by making a cascade design on the tailrace water flow
Lyapichev. Hydropower of Tadjikistan is extremely sensitive to climate change...Yury Lyapichev
The climate change impact on hydropower of Tadjikistan is ignored in design of Rogun (H=335 m) rockfill dam & HPP as well as in the final report of so called "experts"
Contribution to the Paleontology, Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of Ninety-seven Southern Tethyan Agglutinated Foraminiferal Species
Integrated Geophysical and Geospatial Approaches for Delineating Groundwater Potential Zones in Karachi, Pakistan
Evaluation of Wellbore Stability by Analytical and Numerical Methods: A Case Study in a Carbonate Oil Field
Assessment of Pollution and Identification of Sources of Heavy Metals, and Radionuclides Contamination in Sand along the Southern Part of the Cameroonian Coast (South-West, Africa)
Natural Resources at Rakhine; causes a violation of the human rights of Rohin...Safayat Hossain
Myanmar, a non-Muslim South Asian country nowadays is known for killing Muslims in the world. Vested political and economic interests are key factors behind this humanitarian problem and forced for the displacement, not just of the Rohingya Muslim but for the other minorities as well. Rakhine state is a strategically important state for Myanmar's neighbor’s country, China and India. Despite its rich natural resources, Rakhine remains one of Myanmar's most impoverished states. Rakhine ranked 8th important state in terms of natural resources, business, economy, etc. Discovery of this massive energy reserves in Rakhine caught few countries attention, which developed oil and gas pipelines to connect Myanmar's Kyaukphyu port with Kunming – allowing oil from the Gulf States and Africa to be pumped to China, bypassing the Malacca Straits, and transporting hydrocarbons from Myanmar's offshore fields to China. Of the 400 million cubic feet of gas produced every day, 379 million are exported to China. 771-kilometer pipeline starts at the Bay of Bengal in Rakhine state, from where most of the Rohingya have been forced out. Another big neighbor country India is constructing the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project through Rakhine state to directly connect its northeast with the Bay of Bengal and has nearly finished the Sittwe port work where the Kaladan project starts. Companies from France, Indonesia, China, India, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Hong Kong have invested in onshore projects while firms from South Korea, France, Malaysia, China, India, Thailand, and Vietnam are all involved in the exploration. In 2010 about 70000 acres of farmland were confiscated for the project but in those years no one dared to speak out about hardship caused by the junta. Farmer's land was confiscated. Some of them could not survive, some of them moved to another township to make a living, some are rapped, some are killed maximum are forced to go to Bangladesh. At least 6,700 Rohingya, including at least 730 children under the age of five, were killed in the month after the violence broke out, according to Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF). This study will analyze how natural resources are connected with the human rights violation of the Rohingya Refugee people of Myanmar. Keywords: Human-Rights, Rohingya, Hydropower, Natural Resources, Myanmar, China, Bangladesh, Economy, Business, Politics.
İstasyon dağılımı çift kanaldan yapılıyor ve bu kanallar AFAD ve KOERI. İlginç olan durum bu istasyonlar 1 YIL içinde yerleştirilmiyor ve YILLARA yayılan bir yerleştirme planı var. İstatistik çalışanlar için iyi özellikle, 'İstasyon Etkilerinin Sismisite Değişimine Muhtemel Etkileri' konusunu çalışmak isteyenler için. Özellikle, 1995 yılında ki çalışmam bununla ilişkili. https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/2/147/1995/
AFAD tarafından DAFZ civarında kurulmuş 28 istasyonu var ve 2006 yılında kurmaya başlamış ve süreç 2017 yılına kadar yükselerek devam etmiş. 2006 yılında 28 istasyonun tamamını 1 DEFA'da kurmuş olsa idi fay zonlarının deprem tehlikesinin araştırılması için önemli bir VERİ toplanması olacaktı ve bugüne kadar 15 yıllık veri üzerinde '0-İnsan Etkisi' olduğundan istatistik çalışmalar ile bulunan sonuçlar anlamlı olacaktı. Sıkça sorulan soru vardır, 'Depremler son yıllarda sayısal olarak artıyor mu?' diye, EVET artıyor çünkü depremi kayıt eden İSTASYON sayısı arttığı için. Bu açıdan, 'İnsana bağlı olarak deprem tehlike verisinde ki değişim' araştırma konusu olur mu? Neden olmasın!
Benzer durum KOERI'de var ve 2006 yılında 5 olan istasyon sayısını 2011 yılına kadar tedrici olarak 10 sayısına yükseltiyor. 2011 yılından sonra sayı 12'de sabit kalıyor.
2006 yılından günümüze DAFZ üzerinde İKİLİ KURUM tarafından kurulan toplam istasyon sayısı 40, fakat bunlar TEK 1 YILDA kurulmadığı için İSTATİSTİK çalışmalara ETKİSİ olumsuz. 2006 yılında 40 istasyon 1 DEFADA kurulsa idi, DAFZ boyunca fayların deprem potansiyelinin araştırılması açısından ÇOK İYİ bir potansiyel olacaktı.
Deprem İstatistiği çalışmalarında DİKKAT edilecek ÇOK noktalar var, bu noktalar bölgede ki VERİ KAPASİTESİ ve VERİ KALİTESİ'nin iyi araştırılması ile mümkün olur. Aslında burada ANLATILANLARI İstatistiksel Sismoloji dersinde detaylı tartıştım. Deprem İstatistiği çalışacak olan ve bu konuda çalışmak isteyenler bu dersler BAŞTAN SONA not alarak 1 KERE daha dinlese İYİ olur. AKSİ taktirde çalışmalarınız İYİ 1 BİLİMSEL TEMELE dayanmazsa çok yararsız olabilir.
Optimistic, deterministic design of karaikal port breakwater structure case...eSAT Journals
Abstract Ports are important in international trade. These are gateway to country transport for cargo handling and commodity, where vessels may discharge or receive cargo. Karaikal port is the private port between the major ports of Chennai and tuticorin. It has two breakwater one is north breakwater of 650mtr and south breakwater of 600mtr. To increase cargo handling and protection of harbour from the waves and currents, breakwater structure is built and expansion has been taking place 400mtr on North side breakwater and 350mtr on south side Breakwater.For the expansion of breakwater, optimistic and deterministic design has been applied. In the deterministic design structural alternatives have been considered for economic design of breakwater. In the optimistic design we have to consider most economical Concrete Armour unit for the Armour layer of Karaikal port. Design of Rubble mound breakwater in a mathematical model for the purposes of weight of Armour layer and thickness of armour layer has been concluded.Design of Rubble mound breakwater in a mathematical model has consider x-bloc as a concrete armour unit which is suitable to reduce Breakwater structure construction cost in a Karaikal port. A breakwater could be optimized with respect to amongst others, construction costs, construction time, material reduction, environmental impacts and total cost. The most promising alternatives should be economically optimized and the results should be compared in order to assess the best solution. Rubble mound breakwater type with an concrete armour unit for that deterministic design and optimistic design has been applied for a Karaikal port. Keywords: Karaikal port 1, Rubble mound break water2.
Producing a defect-free casting for a critical application is a challenging job mainly due to two factors.
Primarily due to trial and error approach towards the design of riser, runner, gates, sprue, mold cavity, core and
chapstics. The other factor is not being able to maintain a good quality of the melt. Defects are the results of a merger of
several causes. In this study, the authors have chosen to use a FEM based commercial software to design riser and
employ chills to eliminate or minimize the shrinkage defects. The use of chills promoted directional solidification such
that the shrinkage cavities moved along the solidification front and away from casting into the riser. Study is made on
use of blind riser, open riser and their influence on shrinkage porosity
Eco Friendly Extraction and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Cissus Quadra...EditorIJAERD
Cissus quadrangualaris plant yield fibers and all the parts of this plant can be utilized in many applications. In
recent days, textile industries are widely using plant fibers for numerous applications acquired from lots of resources. The
advantage of natural fibers is their continuous supply, easy and safe handling, and biodegradable nature. The usage of
enzymes in the textile industry consents the development of eco-friendly technologies in fiber processing and tactics to
improve the final product quality. In the present work, natural cellulosic fibers were extracted from Cissus quadrangualaris
plant using an eco-friendly method (amylase enzyme). The physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of Cissus
quadrangualaris fibers were reported in this paper. Further, the properties of CQSF ensured that it can play an imperative
role in the textile manufacturing industries
The sarcasm detection with the method of logistic regressionEditorIJAERD
The prediction analysis is approach which may predict future possibilities. This research work is based on the
sarcasm detection from the text data. In the previous time SVM classification is applied for the sarcasm detection. The SVM
classifier classifies data based on the hyper plane which give low accuracy. To improve accuracy for sarcasm detection
logistic regression is applied during this work. The existing and proposed techniques are implemented in python and results
are analysed in terms of accuracy, execution time. The proposed approach has high accuracy and low execution time as
compared to SVM classifier for sarcasm detection.
Experimental study on the use of locally produced ester base fluids at the dr...EditorIJAERD
Drilling fluids play an important role in the successful drilling applications of oil and gas wells. This role of
drilling fluid in oil exploration and exploitation activities is similar to the blood circulation in the human body according to
the some researches. The most commonly used drilling fluids are water based fluids in the drilling applications. In this study,
to investigate the performance of the ester-based drilling fluid in application of shale occurrence drilling was aimed. This
study therefore was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of shale occurrence on the rheological
properties of ester-based drilling fluid. The fluids used in this study were XB1000 refined from waste cooking oil as esterbased fluid and diesel oil refined from petroleum as oil-based fluid. Within this scope, experimental studies were conducted
to obtain some properties such as plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength. The results showed that plastic viscosity
increased as solid percentage increased in both samples and insignificant shale swelling between the two oil mud fluids
shows same tolerance level. Thus, the synthetic-based drilling fluids can be used as a suitable alternative to the oil-based
drilling fluids to curb environmental pollution.
Runoff modelling using hec hms for rural watershedEditorIJAERD
Due to climate change it is very essential to do hydrological modelling. Reliable models are essential for planning,
developmental works, prediction and safety of the population. Hydrological models are used to determine catchment
discharge/flow through an efficient way. HEC-HM (Hydrological engineering centre Hydrological modelling system) is
one of hydrological modelling tool developed by United States army corps of engineer (USACE) for event as well as for
continuous simulations. Models, especially continuous simulations are useful for future predictions of stream flow due to
land-use changes or extreme events phenomenon. In this study continuous hydrologic modellingwas carried out using
HEC HMS modelling tool.
Deficit and Constant Loss methods with Clark transform methods were selected. The calibrated model (period
1986-1988) was validated with data set of the period of 2009-2013. Study concluded that the model recommended and
can be used for stated River as decision support tool in the design and operation.
The several assets for high-speed data transmission over wireless uses the Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) as it is a multicarrier transmission scheme. A large number of narrow bandwidth carriers is
therefore adopted by the OFDM. Individually for an OFDM, each subcarrier is attenuated under the frequency-selective
and fast fading channel, therefore the resulting gain is high attenuation which leads to poor performance of all OFDM
subcarriers if the same fixed transmission scheme are used. Thus the main goal of the indicated paper is to grab an
understanding of the inequality between fixed & adaptive modulations schemes as the introduction of the adaptive
modulation. The need for the above system is to make use of the speaker's voice to check their character and control
approach to administrations, for example, voice dialing data administrations, voice send, and security control for secret
data. The performance of paperwork basically states that implementation of adaptive modulation is done into blocks of
adjacent subcarriers which is the result of dividing whole subcarriers. Therefore the equivalent modulation scheme which
is the calculation of average instantaneous signal to noise (SNR) is exercised to entire subcarriers of the equal block. The
OFDM system average bit error rate (BER) performance is observed here under fixed modulation and adaptive
modulation, and these modulation techniques are recorded by accepting the different inverse fast Fourier transforms
(IFFT) size and uncomplicated adaptive Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) strategy. The simulation in MATLAB
shows the results as the performance of fixed modulation is inferior to that of the BER performance of OFDM system
using adaptive modulation. The prospective adaptive modulation and coding Technique uses OFDM to manage the fixed
BER under changing the channel.
Soil health analysis for crop suggestions using machine learningEditorIJAERD
Indian economy is depending on agriculture. Agriculture is the main source of income for most of the
population. So farmers are always curious about yield prediction. Many factors are responsible like soil, weather, rain,
fertilizers and pesticides to increase yield production. Agriculture being a soil-based industry, an increase in yield can
only be attained by ensuring that the soil provides a balanced and an adequate supply of nutrients. Soil testing is pivotal
in understanding the deficiencies in soil and avoiding nutrient imbalance. This survey and study focuses on the different
soil types, crop types and soil test reports. Soils are complex mixtures of air, water, minerals, organic matter, and
countless organisms that are the decaying remains of once-living things. We can say soil is an important ingredient of
agriculture. There are several types of soils and each type of soil can have different kinds of features and different kinds
of crops grow on different types of soils. We must know which type of crop is go better in our soil. We can apply machine
learning techniques to classify soil and to predict the crop suitable.
Ik analysis for the hip simulator using the open sim simulatorEditorIJAERD
The model of the project to create a detailed assembly of muscles spotting the hip joint. Additional muscles
and combinations were added to the baseline lower extremity assemblies currently available in OpenSim. The geometry
of the muscles was adjusted to pair moment arms reported here. The slack moment and the isometric were added to the
arithmetic value of the tanquntial assembly of joints
Anomaly detection is usually associate degree identification of associate degree odd or abnormal
information typically even known as as an outlier from a offer pattern of information. It involves machine learning
technique to be told the info and verify the outliers supported a likelihood condition. Machine learning, a branch
of AI plays a significant role in analyzing the info and identifies the outliers with a decent likelihood. The target of this
paper is to work out the outlier supported anomaly detection techniques and describe the quality standards of the actual
trade. We have a tendency to describe associate degree approach to analyzing anomalies in trade information
supported the identification of cluster outliers.
Experimental investigation of the effect of cold joint on strength and stiffn...EditorIJAERD
in this paper the effect of cold joint has been discussed for two RC Beam-Column Connections. Specimen 1
was poured monolithically whereas, construction joint in specimen 2 at bottom and top column was provided according
to section 3.2.2.2, ACI 224.3R-95. Both specimens were tested through quasi static cyclic loading under displacement
controlled condition, and the effect of cold joint was investigated. It was concluded that due to construction joint in
connections the maximum load carrying capacity decreases up to 39%. In addition, the strength degradation was more in
specimen having construction joint in column. Similarly the stiffness degradation decreases up to 50% due construction
joint. It was also observed that specimen having construction joint shows overall strength lost at 1.5% while specimen
having no construction joint was maintain their strength up to 3% drift.
Investigating willingness to pay for congestion pricing in peshawar universit...EditorIJAERD
Congested road is a perfect example of tragedy of the commons as there is no restriction for drivers not to
exploit it. Car users are independent in their traveling decisions but their decisions have negative consequences for
others for which they do not pay rather the non-users pay for them in the form of hard cash, inconvenience and lack of
safety. This unwanted but widely practiced phenomena has over-shadowed the livable environment even in universities
all across Pakistan particularly in Peshawar university campus (case study) where the environment is exacerbated by
minimum personalized vehicle holders for the maximum non-car commuters resulting from the free vehicular entrance
and biased provision of infrastructure. This leads to huge social divide, inequality and gender disparity. In addition to
finding appropriate rent for provision of new equitable, environment and gender friendly modes of transport like rental
bikes and golf carts, Willingness to pay for congestion pricing as proposed solution is investigated through online webbased questionnaire survey from 580 respondents and statistical analysis is used for selecting most feasible mode(s) of
alternate in-campus transportation. Results showed that 67.6% respondents were WTP for congestion charging and
55.3% selected golf carts as their preferred mode in campus followed by rental bike with 27.6%. Appropriate rent chosen
for golf cart was PKR 20 and less than PKR 20 for rental bikes by more than half of the respondents. Congestion pricing
was perceived as effective solution and proposed modes were opted as the preferred modes for traveling in campus.
Capacity evaluation of masonry infill strengthened with wire containment meshEditorIJAERD
Masonry bricks construction is vulnerable to seismic forces and has been used around the world. This
research is carried out on infill masonry wall constructed from half scaled bricks to stabilize the ductility and
deformation of infill wall to reduce the cost and casualties. Three panel are designed for the direct in-plane loading and
out-of-plane loading, with retrofitting technique using steel wire mesh and last panel is without steel wire mesh for
simple prism test is perform on these three panel. The result shows the panel is constructed with retrofitting technique of
in-plane and out-of-plane are more durable and stabilized as to simple masonry bricks wall construction
Design intervention to reduce muscular strength for using stone polishing mac...EditorIJAERD
Stone polishing work is an integral part of the construction sector. Hand-held polishing machine often results
in excessive hand-arm vibration (HAV) and manual effort. To overcome these problems, a new design was
conceptualised, developed, and validated. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a new handle on the transmissibility of
HAV and muscle activities during polishing activity. 13 experienced participants involved in polishing activities were
selected in this interventional field experiment. Tool handles (existing and modified) were taken as the independent
variables, while electromyography and HAV values were considered as dependent variables. The vibration level was
measured at the handle and wrist for both existing and modified stone polishing machine. The result showed that the
muscle strength for operating the modified stone polishing machine was less than the existing stone polishing machine
Screening and evaluation of medicinal properties of grape fruit varieties in ...EditorIJAERD
Theni districts could be considered one of the highest grapes producing area also export best quality of
Paneer dhrakshai Indian table grapes in Tamil Nadu. The research work focused to identify the nutritive compounds in
the grapes (Vitis vinifera) species which are a wonderful fruit having pulp content, vibrant color and exert an immense
health benefits. Grape fruits were found to be rich source of Anthocyanin content and vitamin C also macromolecules
contents such as carbohydrate contents of 29mg, Protein 18.7mg and fat content 3.7mg /100 g of f. wt. Micronutrients
were estimated by AAS which showed that calcium content was 3.1mg/g.f.wt, iron content 2.7 mg/g.f.wt, potassium 2.6
mg/g.f.wt found to be more than other minerals in fresh extracts of grape fruits. The comparative results of revealed
considerable amount of phytoconstituents in grape fruits in which anthocyanins alone has been taken to evaluate
therapeutic effects on breast cancer cell MCF-7 cell viability test was carried out to determine cell proliferation. The
results revealed presence of anthocyanins in high quantity in the process of purification through various biochemical
methods that could ultimately be used for preventing cancerous cell proliferation which reduces the development of
cancer diseases. On comparison Grapes (Vitis vinifera) may serve as functional food with vital pharmaceutical and
biological value.
Modification of airflow around a FSAE Race car using sidepods to increase the...EditorIJAERD
Aerodynamics pertaining to vehicles focuses on improving the drive-ability of the vehicle while also reducing
losses due to air drag. This paper focuses on maximizing the cornering performance of the formula student race car with
slight modifications to the airflow around the vehicle and meagre addition of weight. The undertray produces downloads
by altering the velocity of air flowing underneath it. The sidepods act to reduce flow velocity above the undertray, thus
increasing the pressure above it. This leads to an increased pressure difference over the surface of the undertray which
translates to increase in downforce. The car is able to have a 10% decrease in lap times on a 500m racetrack.
Gear shifting mechanism was designed & applied to make the shifting process faster and less destructible for
the driver. The new device must be reliable with small dimensions and maintenance cost. Main aim of this project is to
improve gear shifting process quickly by using devices such as a manual four speed gear box, single pneumatic double
acting cylinders, single pneumatic two position five ways directional control valves, an electrical motor, a belt, two
pulleys, push button, compressor. According to gear shifting method, the driver can do select transmission gear ratio
without moving his/her hands from the steering wheel by putting the gear shifting push buttons on the steering wheel
An Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Domestic ApplicatonsEditorIJAERD
Thermal Energy storage has been the significant area of research over the last many decades. Various methods
and materials are developed for storing heat energy. Yet a main obstacle to modern methods is its lack of thermal mass.
Phase change materials are one of the optimized alternate to various energy storing methods and materials. They have
high energy storage capacity. In any case, despite the fact that the data is quantitatively tremendous, it is moreover
spread generally in the writing, and hard to discover. This report contrasts on the properties of phase change materials
and also reveals their significant applications. Furthermore, the discussion includes main benefits and drawbacks of
phase change materials over the different renewable energy sources. It also carries various types of PCMs and
performance analysis of PCMs for selecting the best required PCM for the purpose of heating and cooling of building.
The main objective of our project is to provide an optimum solution PMT. To stop Pass duplication fraud
and save govern- ment money. It helps to avoid unnecessary traditional pass process and convert the process into the
digital pass system. It will Organize and create a Central Data system using Aadhar card and increase security in the
Pass System. It will also help to avoid the line System and the student won't need to Login again and again into the
system.
It will be completely on-time registration process then data will store into the system. Student just need to scan Aadhar
card QR Code and put pass Date details next time of visit. This system was intended to develop an application for PMT
to perform function- tonalities like accessing the basic information of a student from educational institutions for
authentication and provide Bus pass
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Heart attack and alcohol detection sensor using internet of thingsEditorIJAERD
—In this system we tend to implement a heart-beat observation and heart failure detection system victimization
using the Internet of things. Recently we have got enlarged range of heart diseases as well as enlarged risk of heart
attacks. The detector is then interfaced to a microcontroller that enables checking pulse rate readings and transmittal
them over web. The user might set the high likewise as low levels of heart beat limit. Once setting these limits, the system
starts observation as shortly as patient heart beat goes on top of an explicit limit, the system sends response to the
controller that then transmits this over the net and alerts the doctors likewise as involved. This technique is employed to
watch heartbeat rate of the motive force perpetually and prevents from the accidents by dominant through IOT. IOT
conveys the emergency message to the Owner, auto and therefore the Police. Arduino processor ATmega328 is ready to
handle a lot of functions than standard microcontrollers. This technique is intended for the protection of individuals
sitting within the vehicle.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
PROJECT FORMAT FOR EVS AMITY UNIVERSITY GWALIOR.ppt
Deterministic Seismic hazard Assessment of Karora Hydro Power Plant
1. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research
Development
Volume 6, Issue 10, October -2019
@IJAERD-2019, All rights Reserved 59
Scientific Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 5.71
e-ISSN (O): 2348-4470
p-ISSN (P): 2348-6406
Deterministic Seismic hazard Assessment of Karora Hydro Power Plant
Abdul Tahir Jamil1
, Shahid Ullah2
, Saira Sherin3
,Junaid Khan1
,Muhammad Fahad4
1
Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, UET Peshawar
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, UET Peshawar
3
Lecturer, Department of Mining Engineering, UET Peshawar
4
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, UET Peshawar.
Abstract — Northern Pakistan is well known for its active fault system and seismicity. Thus to prior to any investment in
developing certain facility a through seismic analysis is unavoidable to justify the investment. The chosen location for
Karrora Hydro Power is District Shangla in the north of Pakistan, and thus a “Seismic Hazard Analysis” was inevitable
for this facility.
To evaluate the seismicity of the site data about characteristics of seismic faults was gathered from Provincial Disaster
Management Authority Punjab (PDMA). Source to site distance was calculated by delineating the geographical location
of the faults and Weir using QGIS. Similarly, for site characterization borehole data from seven boreholes, drilled at the
target site, was used. The average values of shear wave velocity are above 800 m/sec at all the locations.
Different attenuation relationships were adopted to calculate the Peak Ground Motion (PGA) at the target site, with the
equation of Akkar & Bommer (2013) providing more realistic results for the Active Shallow Crustal Region (ACR).
Among various PGA values corresponding to different active faults Main Mantal Thrust (MMT) has a maximum PGA of
0.35g. Akkar & Bommer (2013) is used to compute Response Spectrum for all the active faults and MMT. “Time History
Scaling” was performed, using wavelet method, for the target spectrum of MMT.
A. INTORDUCTION
Geographically Pakistan lies in the south Asian region between 23° and 37° north latitude and 60° and 76° east longitude
and stretches over 1600 KMs from southwest to northeast. Pakistan has an estimated hydel potential of more than 40,000
MW, most of which lies in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is unfortunate that major portion of this hydel
potential is still not utilized which needs to be harness. At the moment, the total installed hydel capacity in the Pakistan is
about 10127 MW, out of which 5790 MW is in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 2386 MW in Azad Jammu &
Kashmir (AJK), 1802 MW in Punjab and 151 MW in the province of Gilgit Baltistan. Similarly, various hydropower
projects of total approximate capacity of 8518 MW are currently under construction in the country.
Energy is critical for the progress of the countries not only for social development and human welfare but also as a
reagent for overall development. Energy in the form of electricity provides the basic infrastructural input to the national
economic growth. The per capita electric consumption is considered as an index of a nation’s progress and development.
Pakistan’s per capita electric consumption is 471 KWh as compared to the average per capita consumption of the world
3127 KWh (retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC) which is on the much lower
side that needs to be rapidly improved.
Chronic shortage of electric power has been faced by Pakistan in the recent years. The gap between demand and supply
from the national electric power stations is increasing day by day and reaches a maximum of 7500 MW in the months of
June to September. The power generation authorities are striving hard to narrow the gap, by installing thermal power
stations with steam and gas turbines as well as combined cycle units. These power generation stations are not only
expensive but also not convenient to rely upon, due to continually increasing cost of fuel and exhausting resources. Water
is the primary source, cheap and abundantly available source of energy in Pakistan. The shortage of energy can be
minimized by exploring small and medium hydel projects in the country and especially in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Province.
The proposed Karora HPP is a run of river scheme on Khan Khwar approximately 300 m upstream of village Kuz Kana
in Shangla District. The project is nearly 25 km from Besham which is about 225 km from Islamabad. The proposed weir
site is located at latitude 34º 55’ 21” North and longitude 72º 45’ 25” East while the powerhouse is located 5.2 km
downstream of the proposed weir site near Ranial village. Karora HPP is accessible through fairly good condition
Besham–Mingora road upto Karora village and fair condition single metaled road from Karora village to Kuz Kana
village near the weir site. The power generation capacity of the Karora HPP is 11.8 MW.
Earthquakes are generally caused by the release of accumulated stresses in the earth’s crust. These stresses build up due
to crustal deformation resulting from the movement of continental plates and are released along faults causing rupture of
2. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 6, Issue 10, October-2019, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406
@IJAERD-2019, All rights Reserved 60
the crust. Therefore, the occurrence of earthquakes is not merely a random phenomenon but is governed mainly by elastic
and tectonic processes. Location map of Project site with respect to Seismic Hazard is shown in Figure-1.
Figure-1 Location Map of Karora HPP Site, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
According to Basin Architecture Map shown in Figure-2 and Tectonic Map of Pakistan and Northern Areas shown in
Figure-3, the site is located in a highly seismically active area affected by the continuing northward drifting of the Indian
plate and its subduction below the southern flank of Eurasian plate. The collision of the two plates began about 50
million years ago and the full contact between them was completed about 40 million years ago. Yet the Indian plate
keeps on slowly drifting northward. As the Indian plate subducts below the Eurasian plate, its top surface layers get
“peeled off” and folded back. This has resulted in the production of a crustal accretion wedge, the Himalayan Range, and
this deformation is continuing at the rate of about 2-4 cm per year. The accreted wedge is made up of continental crust
and is separated by a general plane of decollement or separation along weak strata. The geology in this corner of the
Indian plate is very complex and a biaxial state of stresses in the crust has created sharp bends and closed arches of faults
called syntaxes.
Figure-2 Basin Architecture of Pakistan
3. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 6, Issue 10, October-2019, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406
@IJAERD-2019, All rights Reserved 61
Figure-3 Tectonic Map of Northern Pakistan
The geotectonic of the whole region is therefore related to the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with the Eurasian
Plate and subsequent formation process of the Himalayan ranges. This intercontinental collision has resulted in intense
deformation with complex folding involving strike-slip and thrust faulting and crustal thickening, expressed as a series of
thrust faults accompanied by a continental subduction process. This tectonic process is the origin of the seismicity along
the Himalayas and in particular where Northern Pakistan and Kashmir are located. The major regional faults, related to
the intercontinental collision, include Main Karakorum Fault (MKF), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Punjal Thrust (PT),
Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) and Salt Range Thrust. The Karora hydropower plant site is,
however, located in the sub Himalayas close to the Kashmir Thrust, considered to be an extension of Main Frontal Thrust
(MFT) / Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), which is active and a source of a large number of destructive earthquakes.
The above discussion indicates that the project site is located in an area where crustal deformation is an active process
due to presence of some major active faults in the region, and it is, therefore, imperative to carry out seismic hazard
evaluation for safe design of the various project structures and equipment.
B. INPUT DATA
To compute Peak Ground Acceleration at a particular site, by using Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis, it is an
unavoidable prerequisite to have information about the significant Earthquake Sources, information about source to site
distance and data about the target site condition. The Source Information is necessary in a sense that a Source more likely
to cause severe shaking at the site should be identified, similarly, the source to site distance have effect on Earthquake
Waves in form of attenuation. The site characteristics are of particular importance for soft soil, as soft soil amplifies the
Earthquake Waves and might make the condition worse through local resonance.
C. SEISMIC SOURCES
To identify the significant seismic sources, it was essential to have an idea of the physical location of the Karrora Hydro
Power with respect to its surrounding. This purpose could be best met by plotting the location the Weir on Global Map
using Geographical Information System (GIS). The coordinates of the Weir were obtained using GPS and the same were
input to GIS to plot the location of the Weir.
After delineating the weir’s location, the areas in the near vicinity of the target site could be easily identified. The data
about seismic sources of Pakistan is quite sparse, however, the faults data, in form of GIS shape file was obtained from
PDMA Punjab, which reports the active faults and separation zones (blind) in the Northern Regions of Pakistan. This
shape file was uploaded to our GIS file and two buffers (50 Km and 100 Km) were drawn to mark the locations of the
faults near by the Target Site. The faults in those buffers were clipped and their details drawn from rest of the data for the
purpose of further analysis.
To get a rough idea about the activeness of these faults Earthquake data obtained from ISC catalogue (from 1905 to
2018) was plotted on top of the faults to identify the faults with more epicenters. It clearly shows events parallel to non
for the predicted and expected blind zones. As the data of PDMA Punjab is quite rudimentary, however, still it is the
most detailed source present at hand.
4. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 6, Issue 10, October-2019, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406
@IJAERD-2019, All rights Reserved 62
Figure-4 Earthquake producing sources around Karora
D. Source to Site Distance
As mentioned previously, source to site distance “D” is one of the major inputs for computing PGA, and thus the source
to site distance of the selected faults was calculated using a measuring tool on QGIS. Efforts were made to obtain the
optimum shortest distance between the particular fault and the weir location. Although the Hydro Power consists of
different structures located at different locations in the vicinity of the weir, but still the all the distances were calculated
from faults to weir location. The difference between the final results is insignificant if distances to each of the structures
are calculated separately.
Site characteristics:
To obtain Idea about the Earmarks of site Seven Boreholes were made throughout the Hydro Power site. The Site is
mostly rocky with a few meters of clayey overburden layers. However, the depth of soft layer is so insignificant that the
shear wave velocity is still above 800 m/s thus exempting the need for site response analysis. Moreover, due to shallow
rock outcrops the foundations for different structures are to be laid directly at the rocks.
Analysis:
To compute the PGA values at the target site a proper attenuation relationship should be adopted. The attenuation
relationships recommended by (STEWART ET AL) for active shallow crustal regions (ACR) were used. The inputs in
form Fault’s Magnitude, Epicentral Distance and Shear Wave Velocity were used. The Fault Magnitude was calculated
from the fault’s length. Besides PGA values, the response spectra corresponding to each fault was obtained. This
response spectrum was further used to obtain the “Matched Earthquake Time History” for our case.
Magnitude:
Different models are available to anticipate the magnitude of a fault. Two such models are that of Wells & Coppersmith
and Toecher’s Formula. Both models were used to anticipate the Magnitudes of the selected faults based on the rupture
length, however, the well & copper smith model being more advanced and compatible with the empirical results was
used in the final calculations. The calculation from Toecher’s formula was used mere for comparison.
With regards to rupture length, if the rupture length of a fault is not known then half the length of the fault should be used
for calculating magnitude in case of Hydro Power (ICOLD Specification). The rule of selecting 50% of the total fault’s
length as a rupture length is flexible subjected to the total length of the fault, say, for faults with very short length can
rupture fully easily as opposed to faults with longer total lengths.
5. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 6, Issue 10, October-2019, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406
@IJAERD-2019, All rights Reserved 63
S.
No.
Fault Name Length (M)
Distance
(M)
Wells &
Smith
Toechr
1 Banna Fault 74.72 39 6.75 7.23
2 Baraul Fault 18.30 86 6.10 6.62
3 Batal Fault 28.93 91 6.31 6.82
4 Chakesar Fault 50.66 3 6.57 7.06
5 Chawa Fault 22.44 29 6.19 6.71
6 Darband Fault 72.37 46 6.73 7.22
7 Dir Thrust 93.46 65 6.85 7.33
8 Gandhar Fault 49.11 94.5 6.55 7.05
9 Kaghan Fault 59.59 71 6.64 7.13
10 Kalam Thrust 98.02 71 6.87 7.35
11 Kamain-Patas Fault 90.78 35 6.84 7.31
12 Kamila Shear Zone 243.45 28 7.29 7.74
13 Kandar Fault 30.86 10 6.34 6.85
14 Kishora Fault 105.50 9 6.91 7.38
15 MBT 134.49 80 7.02 7.48
16 MMT 258.16 38 7.32 7.77
17 Nandihar Fault 31.71 34 6.35 6.86
18 Pakhli Fault 51.31 36 6.57 7.07
19 Panjal Fault 98.76 75 6.88 7.35
20 Puran Fault 66.25 9 6.69 7.18
21 Shahai Fault 79.00 65 6.77 7.25
22 Shekdar Fault 41.38 36 6.47 6.97
23 Shergarh Sar Fault 45.35 44 6.52 7.01
Table 1: All values are in Km. D is source to site Distance, while Length represents Length of the Fault.
Peak Ground Acceleration:
STEWART ET AL recommended three equations for Active Shallow Crustal Region one of them is that of AKKAR &
BOOMAR ET AL2010, however, an updated version of this model is AKKAR & BOOMAR 2013 which was used
instead of 2010 to compute the PGA values at the site along with the response spectrums for different faults. The
equation takes inputs in form of Magnitude, Source to Site Distance, Shear Wave Velocity and Fault’s Mechanisms.
Different empirical coefficients of the equation are available for using three different kinds of Source to Site Distances
i.e. Epicentral Distance, Rjb and Hypocentral distance. We used Epicentral Distances calculated from GIS and the data of
Fault’s Mechanisms as provided by the PDMA Punjab. The Maximum reliable PGA value obtained was 0.35g for Main
Mantle Thrust (MMT).
6. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 6, Issue 10, October-2019, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406
@IJAERD-2019, All rights Reserved 64
Figure 4: Response Spectrum for MMT
Figure 5: Comparison of RS for different Faults
Time History Scaling:
To obtain a time history that would produce same Response Spectrum as our target spectrum Wavelet Matching Process
was adopted using” Seismo Match” and Time Histories obtained from Peer NGA data base of San Fernando 1971
(RSN80). While obtaining these Time Histories the prevailing condition of the study area were kept in mind. Using
double scaling with a final scale factor of 1.1 the Time History that would produce the Response Spectrum same, at least
in the range of periods on interest, as that of the Target Response Spectrum was obtained. In the first run scaling was
done from 0.05sec to 2sec, while in second run the range was expanded in lower bound to 0.02sec.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 1 2 3 4
Sa (g)
Time Period (sec)
RS (MMT)
RS
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 1 2 3 4
Sa (g)
Time Period (sec)
Comparison Plot
Banna-F
Baraul-F
Batal-F
Chawa-F
Darband
Dir-F
Gandahar-F
Kaghan-F
Kalam-F
Kamain-F
7. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 6, Issue 10, October-2019, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406
@IJAERD-2019, All rights Reserved 65
Figure 6: Unmatched Spectrums
Figure 7: Matched Spectrums
8. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 6, Issue 10, October-2019, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406
@IJAERD-2019, All rights Reserved 66
Figure 8: Original Time Histories
Figure 9: Modified Time Histories
9. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
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Conclusions:
The Karora HPP site lies in a seismically active zone which might experience seismic hazard of significantly high
magnitude.
On the basis of felt intensity data and the instrumental record of macro and micro seismicity, the faults of Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT), Kashmir Thrust (KT), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) and Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone
(IKSZ), are considered to be active in the Project area.
Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis was performed to obtain the hazard value of 0.35g corresponding to MMT.
Attenuation relationship developed by Akkar & Bommer (2013) was using for calculation of PGA and Response
spectrum as recommended by Stewart et al 2013.
Response Spectrum corresponding to MMT was selected as a target spectrum and Time History Scaling was performed
through SeismoMatch by using Wavelet Method.
With Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA), value of 0.39g for Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE) has
been calculated. The available 635 seismic events around this site indicate OBE values of the order of 0.35g for Karora
HPP.
The values calculated in the previous paras are considered adequate for structures of the relatively small Hydropower
Projects (7.5 MW) involving diversion weirs and small structures.
Faults Data obtained from PDMA Punjab have depicted both blind separation zones and active faults. One of such
Faults in a very close vicinity to the target site is Chakesar Fault a mere of 3 KM distance from site.
Faults Data obtained from PDMA Punjab have depicted both blind separation zones and active faults. One of such Faults
in a very close vicinity to the target site is Chakesar Fault. Following recommendations should be adopted keeping in
view the proximity of some of the Faults.
True nature of the near field faults, say, Puran Fault and Chakesar Fault should be studied through proper field
observations.
Near-Field attenuation relationships should be used to calculate the hazard posed by the near field faults.
After gaining some insight in to the realistic nature of near field seismic source the PGA value corresponding to MMT
might be recommended for final design or discarded subjected to a more critical situation posed by the closer faults.
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