Pakistan has significant natural resources including crude oil, natural gas, coal, water, land, uranium, and minerals. Coal resources make up a large portion of Pakistan's energy supply but many coalfields remain underdeveloped. Water resources are mainly derived from the Indus River and its tributaries but surface water is often wasted through flooding. Land resources support agriculture as the most important crops are cotton, wheat, rice, and sugarcane. Uranium and various minerals like chromites, copper, and gypsum are located throughout Pakistan but the mineral sector currently only contributes 0.5% to GDP.
Pakistan has significant mineral resources such as copper, gold, iron, coal, gems, and salt. Mining involves extracting minerals from the earth through surface or underground mining methods. Currently 52 minerals are mined in Pakistan, including major production of coal, rock salt, and other industrial minerals. The mining sector contributes around 0.5% to Pakistan's GDP currently. However, mining potential remains largely untapped due to issues such as lack of infrastructure, technology, funding, and government interest. Developing mining could boost Pakistan's economy through job creation, increased tax revenue, and industrial growth. However, environmental impacts and safety issues pose challenges.
China-Central Asia Energy Security Analysis (1)Sun Hwak Kwon
This document discusses China's pursuit of energy security in Central Asia. It outlines how China views energy security through both an economic and geopolitical lens. Key Central Asian countries that China focuses on include Kazakhstan due to its large oil reserves and shared border with China. The document also discusses China's strategies for negotiating control over Central Asian oil and gas fields and pipelines, as well as the role of multilateral organizations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in China's energy diplomacy.
Pakistan has extensive mineral resources including coal, copper, gold, and limestone. Major minerals are found in Balochistan, Sindh, KPK, and Punjab. Balochistan contains over 80% of Pakistan's minerals including large copper and coal reserves. Sindh has major coal reserves while KPK has significant gypsum deposits. Punjab contains iron ore reserves. However, Pakistan has yet to fully utilize its mineral wealth due to problems like lack of foreign investment, outdated extraction techniques, financial constraints, and low prioritization of the mineral sector.
Natural resources are naturally occurring assets that provide raw materials and energy used in economic activity. Some key natural resources are air, water, plants, animals, minerals, soils, and solar power. Renewable resources regrow or replenish, like sunlight, water, and trees. Non-renewable resources do not regrow or take a long time to regrow, like coal. Pakistan has deposits of minerals like coal, copper, gold, and chromite. Mineral resources are important for Pakistan's industrial development and economic growth.
The document discusses the natural resources of Pakistan and their importance for economic development. It outlines Pakistan's main mineral resources which include coal, natural gas, petroleum, limestone, marble, granite, rock salt, gypsum, and others. It also discusses forest resources and power resources. Mineral resources play a fundamental role in economic growth by fueling industry and development, while forests and power resources also contribute greatly to Pakistan's economy.
Zinc deposits are found worldwide, including major deposits in Pakistan. The largest zinc deposits in Pakistan are located in the Lasbela-Khuzdar Belt and include the Duddar, Surmai, and Gunga deposits, estimated at over 160 million tons total. The Gunga deposit in particular hosts around 30.5 million tons of zinc and lead ore within stratiform layers in carbonate and shale host rocks formed in a rifting environment during the Jurassic period. Zinc is mined through open pit and underground methods at Gunga and is a critical material used in alloys, coatings, and many industrial and consumer products due to its corrosion resistance.
Can the Caspian Sea be our savior in the energy deal? or Is it worth for the compelling missions? Thus, The Caspian Sea is an newly emerged region of potentially big oil resources. In order to understand the complexity of Caspian Bonanza firstly, control of production of the oil and gas, and secondly, control of the pipelines that will transfer the hydrocarbons the world markets should be examined.
Improving Oil Recovery In Fractured Reservoirs (Eor)Bakhtiar Mahmood
The aim of this project is to investigate the oil production in fractured reservoirs and to have an understanding of recovery mechanisms and all the methods that lead to improvement of the production in fractured reservoirs especially the EOR processes and to determine the advantages and limitations of fractures during EOR process
Pakistan has significant mineral resources such as copper, gold, iron, coal, gems, and salt. Mining involves extracting minerals from the earth through surface or underground mining methods. Currently 52 minerals are mined in Pakistan, including major production of coal, rock salt, and other industrial minerals. The mining sector contributes around 0.5% to Pakistan's GDP currently. However, mining potential remains largely untapped due to issues such as lack of infrastructure, technology, funding, and government interest. Developing mining could boost Pakistan's economy through job creation, increased tax revenue, and industrial growth. However, environmental impacts and safety issues pose challenges.
China-Central Asia Energy Security Analysis (1)Sun Hwak Kwon
This document discusses China's pursuit of energy security in Central Asia. It outlines how China views energy security through both an economic and geopolitical lens. Key Central Asian countries that China focuses on include Kazakhstan due to its large oil reserves and shared border with China. The document also discusses China's strategies for negotiating control over Central Asian oil and gas fields and pipelines, as well as the role of multilateral organizations like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in China's energy diplomacy.
Pakistan has extensive mineral resources including coal, copper, gold, and limestone. Major minerals are found in Balochistan, Sindh, KPK, and Punjab. Balochistan contains over 80% of Pakistan's minerals including large copper and coal reserves. Sindh has major coal reserves while KPK has significant gypsum deposits. Punjab contains iron ore reserves. However, Pakistan has yet to fully utilize its mineral wealth due to problems like lack of foreign investment, outdated extraction techniques, financial constraints, and low prioritization of the mineral sector.
Natural resources are naturally occurring assets that provide raw materials and energy used in economic activity. Some key natural resources are air, water, plants, animals, minerals, soils, and solar power. Renewable resources regrow or replenish, like sunlight, water, and trees. Non-renewable resources do not regrow or take a long time to regrow, like coal. Pakistan has deposits of minerals like coal, copper, gold, and chromite. Mineral resources are important for Pakistan's industrial development and economic growth.
The document discusses the natural resources of Pakistan and their importance for economic development. It outlines Pakistan's main mineral resources which include coal, natural gas, petroleum, limestone, marble, granite, rock salt, gypsum, and others. It also discusses forest resources and power resources. Mineral resources play a fundamental role in economic growth by fueling industry and development, while forests and power resources also contribute greatly to Pakistan's economy.
Zinc deposits are found worldwide, including major deposits in Pakistan. The largest zinc deposits in Pakistan are located in the Lasbela-Khuzdar Belt and include the Duddar, Surmai, and Gunga deposits, estimated at over 160 million tons total. The Gunga deposit in particular hosts around 30.5 million tons of zinc and lead ore within stratiform layers in carbonate and shale host rocks formed in a rifting environment during the Jurassic period. Zinc is mined through open pit and underground methods at Gunga and is a critical material used in alloys, coatings, and many industrial and consumer products due to its corrosion resistance.
Can the Caspian Sea be our savior in the energy deal? or Is it worth for the compelling missions? Thus, The Caspian Sea is an newly emerged region of potentially big oil resources. In order to understand the complexity of Caspian Bonanza firstly, control of production of the oil and gas, and secondly, control of the pipelines that will transfer the hydrocarbons the world markets should be examined.
Improving Oil Recovery In Fractured Reservoirs (Eor)Bakhtiar Mahmood
The aim of this project is to investigate the oil production in fractured reservoirs and to have an understanding of recovery mechanisms and all the methods that lead to improvement of the production in fractured reservoirs especially the EOR processes and to determine the advantages and limitations of fractures during EOR process
Impediments to the Successful Utilization of Pakistan’s Coal ResourcesIJERA Editor
Pakistan is endowed with a vast variety of minerals including coal. However, despite its significant amount of coal deposits of about 186billion tons, no significant contribution to the country’s GDPhas been realized from this resource. Also, in the face of the possession of this ‘richness’ in coal deposits, the country is still facing acute shortage of electricity, which wipes off about 2% of GDP annually. The current deposits of coal can give Pakistan its much needed social and economic boost. Unfortunately, Pakistan has not been able to utilize its Thar coal potential fully since its discovery in 1992, for instance, due to policy issues and other concerns. This paper investigates the current markets, trends and utilization modes for Pakistan’s coal with reference to the reasons for failure of the Thar coal project as well as opportunities available for Pakistan, going forward.
The document is a final report on micro-economics of energy resources in Pakistan that focuses on coal. It discusses Pakistan's energy crisis, consumption of energy resources with over half used in Punjab, and types of coal. It outlines Pakistan's significant coal reserves, particularly the large Thar coal reserves in Sindh estimated to be the 4th largest in the world. The report notes developing Thar coal could meet Pakistan's energy needs for decades and help address the high costs of importing fuel.
The document discusses the natural resources of Pakistan. It describes Pakistan's mineral resources including coal reserves of 175 billion tons, natural gas reserves of 885.3 billion cubic meters, and crude oil reserves of 618 billion barrels. It also discusses Pakistan's water resources including the irrigation system consisting of wells, canals, and karez. The power resources of hydroelectricity from dams like Tarbela and Mangla, and thermal electricity from plants are also summarized. Forest resources are limited but important. In conclusion, Pakistan has significant natural resources that are vital for development.
Pakistan has significant natural resources but manages them poorly. The document outlines Pakistan's major resources - water, land, natural gas, minerals, and petroleum. Water resources include surface water, groundwater, and rainwater. Most of Pakistan's land is suitable for agriculture. Natural gas fields are located across the country, with Sui being the largest. Pakistan has reserves of minerals like iron ore, chromite, copper, salt, limestone and gypsum. Petroleum resources are found in various provinces. However, issues like corruption, political instability, and lack of planning have negatively impacted effective management of these important resources.
This document discusses the potential for geothermal energy in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan will face energy crises by 2025 as its major oil and gas reserves are depleted. It outlines nine phases of geothermal exploration and identifies several existing geothermal reservoirs and hot springs in northern Pakistan. These resources have potential to provide over 30,000 MW of direct use geothermal heat and electricity. However, Pakistan remains energy deficient despite its renewable energy resources like geothermal remaining largely unexplored. Harnessing renewable resources like geothermal could help overcome energy shortages.
Pakistan faces significant energy shortages as demand outpaces supply. The country relies heavily on expensive imported oil and gas, rather than domestic coal and hydropower. To address the energy crisis, the plan proposes exploring and developing Pakistan's domestic energy resources, including 1,250 MTOE of oil and gas and 1,540 MTOE of coal. It also aims to boost renewable energy like hydro and wind. Key strategies include developing coal resources like Thar, importing LNG, and pursuing gas pipeline projects with Iran and Turkmenistan to diversify Pakistan's energy mix and reduce reliance on expensive imports.
The document discusses the natural resources of Pakistan, including both renewable and non-renewable resources. It notes that Pakistan has significant coal, salt, gold, copper, gas, and oil reserves. It also describes Pakistan's agricultural and fishing industries. The role of the Pakistani government in developing these resources is also examined, including projects in mining, power generation, and irrigation.
Pakistan has abundant natural and human resources that could help reduce poverty and spur economic development if properly managed. However, mismanagement and lack of proper planning have hindered Pakistan's potential. Adopting best management practices in areas like planning, organizing, leading and controlling could help Pakistan better utilize its resources and put the country on a path of self-reliant and sustainable growth.
This document provides information about the group members and topic of an assignment on statistics of fuel reserves in Pakistan. It then summarizes different types of fuels including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It discusses primary and secondary fuels and provides details on production and consumption of various fuels in Pakistan such as fuel oil, coal, natural gas, and rice production.
IRJET- Current Scenario and Future Prospects of Shale Gas in IndiaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the current scenario and future prospects of shale gas in India. It begins by providing background on shale gas, noting that it is natural gas produced from shale formations through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. It then discusses India's significant shale gas potential, with initial estimates of 300-2100 trillion cubic feet of gas in Indian shale basins. The document outlines some of India's major shale gas basins, including the Cambay Basin in Gujarat, the Krishna Godavari Basin, and the Cauvery Basin on the east coast. It provides details on the geology and prospective areas of these basins. Overall, the document analyzes India's shale gas resource potential and reserves while also discussing challenges to developing
Pakistan has a variety of natural resources including soil, water, forests, minerals, oil and gas. Soil quality varies by region and water resources are based on the Indus River system, though Pakistan faces water shortages. Forests cover only 4.8% of land but provide ecological benefits. Mineral resources include coal, gas, and oil. Coal reserves are extensive but low quality, while natural gas production is high but reserves are limited. Overall natural resources are important for Pakistan's economy and development but require sustainable utilization and management of shortages.
This document discusses the proposed Kala Bagh Dam project in Pakistan. It provides background information on the dam, including its purpose and key facts. The document outlines the project's history, beginning with initial surveys in the 1950s and ongoing political objections. It discusses the importance of the dam for irrigation, electricity generation, and flood control. The feasibility study addresses the dam site and engineering aspects, noting the composition of the bedrock and design parameters. In summary, the Kala Bagh Dam is a proposed hydroelectric project on the Indus River that would provide benefits but also faces political opposition.
Coal bed methane with reference to indiaKiran Padman
Coal bed methane (CBM) refers to natural gas trapped in coal beds. CBM was previously considered a mining hazard but is now seen as a potential energy source. Global CBM production has increased in recent decades in countries like the US, Australia, and China. India has significant estimated CBM reserves of around 70 trillion cubic feet. While CBM development has faced challenges in India, it could help meet the country's growing energy demand and reduce reliance on imports. Enhanced recovery techniques using carbon dioxide injection may further increase CBM production potential in the future.
The Geological Survey of Pakistan is responsible for studying Pakistan's geology and assessing its resource potential. It undertakes geological mapping, research, and investigations to understand the country's geological resources and support their management. It aims to expedite data publication, complete geological mapping, establish an open file system for investors, and develop the Geodata Centre of Pakistan. The GSP has completed reconnaissance mapping, systematic mapping, geophysical and geochemical surveys. It has also drilled many boreholes. Notable achievements include discoveries like the Dilband iron, Duddar-Gunga-Surmai lead-zinc, Saindak and Reko Diq copper-gold deposits, and delineation of the large Thar coal deposit.
Hydro potential in pakistan wapda 2008zubeditufail
This document provides information on the Diamer Basha Dam Project in Pakistan. The key points are:
- The Diamer Basha Dam Project will construct a 272m high dam on the Indus River, impounding 8.1 million acre feet of water.
- The dam will generate 4,500 MW of hydropower, increasing Pakistan's electricity capacity and reducing reliance on thermal power.
- In addition to power, the dam will support irrigation, extend the life of the Tarbela Dam, and create new infrastructure and employment.
- Construction will require resettling over 28,000 people and impact agricultural land, roads, and prehistoric rock carvings at the site. Ext
Hydro potential in pakistan wapda 2008zubeditufail
The document provides details about the Diamer Basha Dam Project in Pakistan. Some key points:
- The dam is located on the Indus River and will have an installed capacity of 4,500 MW.
- It will provide water storage of 6.4 million acre feet and average annual power generation of 1,800 GWh.
- Benefits include irrigation, clean energy, extending the life of Tarbela Dam, and reducing dependence on thermal power.
- The total cost is estimated at $11.3 billion and will be constructed through 5 contract lots between 2009-2018.
Pakistan has a variety of natural and renewable resources. Its main natural resources include fertile land, water sources like rivers and lakes, forests, natural gas deposits and various minerals. Renewable energy resources that can generate power include hydropower from major dams, wind and solar energy. Thermal power is also generated from fossil fuels like gas, oil and coal as well as nuclear power from plants. However, Pakistan's needs exceed its domestic production of some resources like oil, requiring imports to meet demand. Overall its resources are important for development but require sustainable management.
This document summarizes the experiences and expectations with longwall mining in India. It discusses that longwall mining was introduced in India in the 1970s but had limited success due to challenges like unstable geology and underrated mining equipment. Currently, longwall mining accounts for a small portion of underground coal production in India compared to other countries where it is a major production method. However, as opencast reserves deplete, longwall mining will need to play a bigger role to meet future coal demand given its higher productivity potential. The document examines the key reasons for the slow progress of longwall mining in India and argues for immediate action to adopt this bulk-mining method on a larger scale long-term.
The way forward for Mineral Beneficiation in PakistanIJERA Editor
Pakistan is blessed with a vast variety and volume of minerals but has been unable to receive due benefits in the upgrading of its economy and growth. The mining sector currently contributes less than 1% in total GDP of the country. Pakistan can extract full benefits from the primary development and beneficiation of minerals, by avoiding Dutch disease and Resource curse. This paper presents the scenario for charting a way forward for beneficiation of mineral resources in Pakistan. The methodology focuses on the top challenges faced by the country, which serve as impediments for the sound formulation of a strategy for beneficiation of its minerals. However, there is still room for improvement in the development and beneficiation of Pakistan's mineral resources. By addressing the challenges discussed in the paper, it would be highlighted that Pakistan would be able to use the primary development and beneficiation of its mineral resources to improve the state of its declining economic growth.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Impediments to the Successful Utilization of Pakistan’s Coal ResourcesIJERA Editor
Pakistan is endowed with a vast variety of minerals including coal. However, despite its significant amount of coal deposits of about 186billion tons, no significant contribution to the country’s GDPhas been realized from this resource. Also, in the face of the possession of this ‘richness’ in coal deposits, the country is still facing acute shortage of electricity, which wipes off about 2% of GDP annually. The current deposits of coal can give Pakistan its much needed social and economic boost. Unfortunately, Pakistan has not been able to utilize its Thar coal potential fully since its discovery in 1992, for instance, due to policy issues and other concerns. This paper investigates the current markets, trends and utilization modes for Pakistan’s coal with reference to the reasons for failure of the Thar coal project as well as opportunities available for Pakistan, going forward.
The document is a final report on micro-economics of energy resources in Pakistan that focuses on coal. It discusses Pakistan's energy crisis, consumption of energy resources with over half used in Punjab, and types of coal. It outlines Pakistan's significant coal reserves, particularly the large Thar coal reserves in Sindh estimated to be the 4th largest in the world. The report notes developing Thar coal could meet Pakistan's energy needs for decades and help address the high costs of importing fuel.
The document discusses the natural resources of Pakistan. It describes Pakistan's mineral resources including coal reserves of 175 billion tons, natural gas reserves of 885.3 billion cubic meters, and crude oil reserves of 618 billion barrels. It also discusses Pakistan's water resources including the irrigation system consisting of wells, canals, and karez. The power resources of hydroelectricity from dams like Tarbela and Mangla, and thermal electricity from plants are also summarized. Forest resources are limited but important. In conclusion, Pakistan has significant natural resources that are vital for development.
Pakistan has significant natural resources but manages them poorly. The document outlines Pakistan's major resources - water, land, natural gas, minerals, and petroleum. Water resources include surface water, groundwater, and rainwater. Most of Pakistan's land is suitable for agriculture. Natural gas fields are located across the country, with Sui being the largest. Pakistan has reserves of minerals like iron ore, chromite, copper, salt, limestone and gypsum. Petroleum resources are found in various provinces. However, issues like corruption, political instability, and lack of planning have negatively impacted effective management of these important resources.
This document discusses the potential for geothermal energy in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan will face energy crises by 2025 as its major oil and gas reserves are depleted. It outlines nine phases of geothermal exploration and identifies several existing geothermal reservoirs and hot springs in northern Pakistan. These resources have potential to provide over 30,000 MW of direct use geothermal heat and electricity. However, Pakistan remains energy deficient despite its renewable energy resources like geothermal remaining largely unexplored. Harnessing renewable resources like geothermal could help overcome energy shortages.
Pakistan faces significant energy shortages as demand outpaces supply. The country relies heavily on expensive imported oil and gas, rather than domestic coal and hydropower. To address the energy crisis, the plan proposes exploring and developing Pakistan's domestic energy resources, including 1,250 MTOE of oil and gas and 1,540 MTOE of coal. It also aims to boost renewable energy like hydro and wind. Key strategies include developing coal resources like Thar, importing LNG, and pursuing gas pipeline projects with Iran and Turkmenistan to diversify Pakistan's energy mix and reduce reliance on expensive imports.
The document discusses the natural resources of Pakistan, including both renewable and non-renewable resources. It notes that Pakistan has significant coal, salt, gold, copper, gas, and oil reserves. It also describes Pakistan's agricultural and fishing industries. The role of the Pakistani government in developing these resources is also examined, including projects in mining, power generation, and irrigation.
Pakistan has abundant natural and human resources that could help reduce poverty and spur economic development if properly managed. However, mismanagement and lack of proper planning have hindered Pakistan's potential. Adopting best management practices in areas like planning, organizing, leading and controlling could help Pakistan better utilize its resources and put the country on a path of self-reliant and sustainable growth.
This document provides information about the group members and topic of an assignment on statistics of fuel reserves in Pakistan. It then summarizes different types of fuels including solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. It discusses primary and secondary fuels and provides details on production and consumption of various fuels in Pakistan such as fuel oil, coal, natural gas, and rice production.
IRJET- Current Scenario and Future Prospects of Shale Gas in IndiaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the current scenario and future prospects of shale gas in India. It begins by providing background on shale gas, noting that it is natural gas produced from shale formations through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. It then discusses India's significant shale gas potential, with initial estimates of 300-2100 trillion cubic feet of gas in Indian shale basins. The document outlines some of India's major shale gas basins, including the Cambay Basin in Gujarat, the Krishna Godavari Basin, and the Cauvery Basin on the east coast. It provides details on the geology and prospective areas of these basins. Overall, the document analyzes India's shale gas resource potential and reserves while also discussing challenges to developing
Pakistan has a variety of natural resources including soil, water, forests, minerals, oil and gas. Soil quality varies by region and water resources are based on the Indus River system, though Pakistan faces water shortages. Forests cover only 4.8% of land but provide ecological benefits. Mineral resources include coal, gas, and oil. Coal reserves are extensive but low quality, while natural gas production is high but reserves are limited. Overall natural resources are important for Pakistan's economy and development but require sustainable utilization and management of shortages.
This document discusses the proposed Kala Bagh Dam project in Pakistan. It provides background information on the dam, including its purpose and key facts. The document outlines the project's history, beginning with initial surveys in the 1950s and ongoing political objections. It discusses the importance of the dam for irrigation, electricity generation, and flood control. The feasibility study addresses the dam site and engineering aspects, noting the composition of the bedrock and design parameters. In summary, the Kala Bagh Dam is a proposed hydroelectric project on the Indus River that would provide benefits but also faces political opposition.
Coal bed methane with reference to indiaKiran Padman
Coal bed methane (CBM) refers to natural gas trapped in coal beds. CBM was previously considered a mining hazard but is now seen as a potential energy source. Global CBM production has increased in recent decades in countries like the US, Australia, and China. India has significant estimated CBM reserves of around 70 trillion cubic feet. While CBM development has faced challenges in India, it could help meet the country's growing energy demand and reduce reliance on imports. Enhanced recovery techniques using carbon dioxide injection may further increase CBM production potential in the future.
The Geological Survey of Pakistan is responsible for studying Pakistan's geology and assessing its resource potential. It undertakes geological mapping, research, and investigations to understand the country's geological resources and support their management. It aims to expedite data publication, complete geological mapping, establish an open file system for investors, and develop the Geodata Centre of Pakistan. The GSP has completed reconnaissance mapping, systematic mapping, geophysical and geochemical surveys. It has also drilled many boreholes. Notable achievements include discoveries like the Dilband iron, Duddar-Gunga-Surmai lead-zinc, Saindak and Reko Diq copper-gold deposits, and delineation of the large Thar coal deposit.
Hydro potential in pakistan wapda 2008zubeditufail
This document provides information on the Diamer Basha Dam Project in Pakistan. The key points are:
- The Diamer Basha Dam Project will construct a 272m high dam on the Indus River, impounding 8.1 million acre feet of water.
- The dam will generate 4,500 MW of hydropower, increasing Pakistan's electricity capacity and reducing reliance on thermal power.
- In addition to power, the dam will support irrigation, extend the life of the Tarbela Dam, and create new infrastructure and employment.
- Construction will require resettling over 28,000 people and impact agricultural land, roads, and prehistoric rock carvings at the site. Ext
Hydro potential in pakistan wapda 2008zubeditufail
The document provides details about the Diamer Basha Dam Project in Pakistan. Some key points:
- The dam is located on the Indus River and will have an installed capacity of 4,500 MW.
- It will provide water storage of 6.4 million acre feet and average annual power generation of 1,800 GWh.
- Benefits include irrigation, clean energy, extending the life of Tarbela Dam, and reducing dependence on thermal power.
- The total cost is estimated at $11.3 billion and will be constructed through 5 contract lots between 2009-2018.
Pakistan has a variety of natural and renewable resources. Its main natural resources include fertile land, water sources like rivers and lakes, forests, natural gas deposits and various minerals. Renewable energy resources that can generate power include hydropower from major dams, wind and solar energy. Thermal power is also generated from fossil fuels like gas, oil and coal as well as nuclear power from plants. However, Pakistan's needs exceed its domestic production of some resources like oil, requiring imports to meet demand. Overall its resources are important for development but require sustainable management.
This document summarizes the experiences and expectations with longwall mining in India. It discusses that longwall mining was introduced in India in the 1970s but had limited success due to challenges like unstable geology and underrated mining equipment. Currently, longwall mining accounts for a small portion of underground coal production in India compared to other countries where it is a major production method. However, as opencast reserves deplete, longwall mining will need to play a bigger role to meet future coal demand given its higher productivity potential. The document examines the key reasons for the slow progress of longwall mining in India and argues for immediate action to adopt this bulk-mining method on a larger scale long-term.
The way forward for Mineral Beneficiation in PakistanIJERA Editor
Pakistan is blessed with a vast variety and volume of minerals but has been unable to receive due benefits in the upgrading of its economy and growth. The mining sector currently contributes less than 1% in total GDP of the country. Pakistan can extract full benefits from the primary development and beneficiation of minerals, by avoiding Dutch disease and Resource curse. This paper presents the scenario for charting a way forward for beneficiation of mineral resources in Pakistan. The methodology focuses on the top challenges faced by the country, which serve as impediments for the sound formulation of a strategy for beneficiation of its minerals. However, there is still room for improvement in the development and beneficiation of Pakistan's mineral resources. By addressing the challenges discussed in the paper, it would be highlighted that Pakistan would be able to use the primary development and beneficiation of its mineral resources to improve the state of its declining economic growth.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
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How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
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2. 2
Table of Contents
1. Country Profile………………………………………………………………………..3
2. Natural resources…………................................................................................4
i. Crude Oil……………………………………………………………………..4
ii. Natural Gas…………………………………………………………………..5
iii. Coal……………………………………………………………………...……6
iv. Water………………………………………………………………………….8
v. Land………………………………………………………………………….10
vi. Uranium……………………………………………………………………...12
vii. Minerals……………………………………………………………………...13
3. Conclusion and Outlook……………………………………………………………..15
4. References……………………………………………………...……………………...16
3. 3
Country Profile
Pakistan represents Pre-Cambrian to recent strata with different tectonometallic and sedimentary
basins. Pakistan has large reserves of coal but the deposits need to be exploited for provincial and
national development. Coal resources and their discoveries are necessary in order to meet
increasing demands. Share of coal in energy sector of Pakistan has increased from 6.5% (2003-04)
to 7.6% (2008-09) and but later fell back to 6.7% (2010-11). Considering growing energy needs,
this figure should have been more than its predecessor. Balochistan province tops coal production
with a 58% share. Pakistan is ranked 7th internationally regarding lignitic coal reserves but,
unluckily, Pakistan steel industry has imported from 2.84mt to 4.27mt coal per year between 2006
and 2011. This expenditure can be saved and spent on research and technology development.
Furthermore, thermal power plants should be installed to use indigenous coal reserves to increase
electrical power supply, keeping in view the population increase. Developments for coal resources
are necessary due to increasing energy demand in Pakistan, whereas in Pakistan, many coal fields
remain under-developed. To develop these coalfields, it is necessary to create the technology to
use the mixed lignitic, subbituminous and bituminous coal because majority of the reserves are
lignitic in Pakistan. The Thar coal deposit of Sindh is lignitic and available in grand quantity. Its
development should be started on trial basis initially as vertical shaft mining method. Alternatively,
open pit mining could be opted for but ground water may cause trouble in this regard. Pakistan has
mountaineous areas to store rain water and plain areas for irrigation but most of surface water is
being wasted as flood. The construction of major dams has mostly been hampered for a variety of
reasons. As population increases, construction of smaller dams in all provinces, districts and even
tehsil levels proportionally increases. Furthermore, at the mouth of main stream/nalas/rud
streaming from mountains, radial tributaries may be constructed in Daman/barren lands to provide
water for cultivation. Water resources wasting as flood begs for construction of small dams
especially in Kohat and Potwar (upper Indus); Sulaiman (middle Indus) and Kirthar (lower Indus)
basins and Balochistan basin of Pakistan which holds its vast plain areas. The main purposes and
goals of the present study are to present handy and brief information based on previous and recent
4. 4
wide spread work and also recent discoveries. Furthermore, water resources and their dam
constructions are also vital for the development of Pakistan due to increasing population.
NATURAL RESOURCES
i. Crude Oil:
Pakistan holds 353,500,000 barrels of proven oil reserves as of 2016, ranking 52nd in the world
and accounting for about 0.0% of the world's total oil reserves of 1,650,585,140,000 barrels.
Pakistan has proven reserves equivalent to 1.7 times its annual consumption. This means that,
without imports, there would be about 2 years of oil left (at current consumption levels and
excluding unproven reserves).
6. 6
Natural gas isan importantsource of electricitygeneration.Inordertomeetthe Kyototargetsin
reducingCO2 emissions,manycountriesare exploringpolicyoptionstoencourage the use of natural gas
as an alternative source (ApergisandPayne ).Natural gasbecomesanattractive optionbecause itis
more efficient,providesabetteroperational flexibility,reducesCO2emissionandlowerscapital costs.
EIA reportedthatworldnatural gas consumptionasa percentage of total energyisaround21% and 23%
in1990 and 2007, respectively.Likewise,the total natural gasconsumptionisexpectedtogrow at 18%
annuallybetween2007 and 2035.
DevelopingcountriessuchasPakistanare not likelytoattract investmentinestablishingexpensivefuel
strategies1andthusnatural gas becomesthe alternative.Natural gasisa dominantfuel inPakistan
accountingfor47% of primaryenergydemandin2007. Since 2000, natural gas and petroleumare the
mainsourcesof energyinPakistanconsistof 50% and29% of total energyconsumption,respectively
(PakistanEnergyYearbook ).Nevertheless,the consumptionof petroleumisdecreasingdue tothe hike
of petroleumpricesandvehiclesare convertedtousingnatural gas.Furthermore,the governmentalso
encouragesof using local compressedgasandliquefiedpetroleumgasinthe transportationandpower
sectors.These twosectorsaccount fornearly51% and 40% of the total gas consumption,respectively
(GoP ).Natural gas alsooffersthe cheapestanda cleaneralternativesource of energy.Therefore,itis
importantandtimelytoinvestigatethe linkageof natural gasconsumptionandeconomicgrowthincase
of Pakistan.
iii. Coal:
Due to the present energy crises in the world and particularly in Pakistan, the government and
power generation sectors have shown keen interest in the indigenous coal resources for its
utilisation in the electric power generation, cement and other related industries. The development
of coal will have an important multiplier effect by creating a number of supporting industries which
will provide additional employment for skilled labour, income for the mining community and
experience with new and modern technologies. Production of domestic coal will reduce the
demand for imported fuels which drains an inordinate percentage of Pakistan’s scarce foreign
exchange resources. Coal from different areas of Pakistan generally ranges from lignite to high
volatile bituminous. These coals are friable with relatively high content of ash and sulphur. Coal
of Pakistan is being used for cement, sugar, steel, brick-kiln, domestic supply and by other
industries including, Water and Power Development Authority. Pakistan is ranked 7th
internationally in having lignitic coal reserves. Most of the world’s lignite coal is found in Asia
and Pakistan is tops lignitic coal-bearing countries in Asia. 97% of coal reserves of Pakistan belong
7. 7
to lignite and remaining only 3% are sub-bituminous to bituminous. So far, out of an estimated
475bt of sub-bituminous and lignite reserves of the world, 46.7% occur in Asia, 34.9% in Europe,
9.6% in America and 7.7% in Australia. The recoverable reserves of lignite in Asia are as follows:
Pakistan, 36.9%; Indonesia, 31.6%; China, 27.4%; India, 2.8% and Thailand, 1.2%. The
percentage of lignite to hard coal in Asia is represented as follows: Pakistan, 97%; Thailand, 83%;
Indonesia, 58% and India, 3% (Ghaznavi, 2002). The percentage of hard coal to over all reserves
in Asia is as follows: Pakistan, 3%; Thailand, 17%; Indonesia, 42% and India, 97% Working coal
mines in Balochistan are Mach, Sor Range-Deghari, Narwar-Pir Ismail Ziarat, KhostShahrag-
Harnai Duki, Chamalang-Bahlol and Kingri coalfields whereas a non-developed coalfield is
situated in Toi Nala (Ghoze Ghar) with total reserves of about 458.7mt; working coal mines in
Punjab are Makerwal and Salt Range coalfields with total reserves of about 235mt; working coal
mines in Sindh are Lakhra and Meting-Jhimpir coalfields whilst nondeveloped coalfields are
Sonda-Thatta, Jherruck, Ongar, Indus East, Badin and Thar coalfields with total reserves of about
185,457mt; working coal mines in KPK are Hangu/Orakzai, Cherat, Dara Adamkhel and Gulakhel
coalfields and those of non-developed coal fields in the same region is the Shirani coalfield with
total reserves of about 122.99mt and, lastly, working coal mines in Azad Kashmir are Kotli
coalfields with total reserves of about 8.72mt. With this, the grand total reserves of Pakistan are
about 186,282.41mt. A few coalfields in Balochistan and most coalfields in Sindh are non-
developed. Due to the prevalent energy crises, it is necessary to find new coalfields, utilise
explored coalfields and introduce semi-mechanisation in coal mining to keep up production as well
as its cost at competitive levels. Due to recent discovery, the coal reserves of Balochistan have
increased from 196mt to 458.2mt (Malkani, 2011). The present research resulted as grand total
reserve of 186,282.41mt coal in Pakistan. Out of these, 3479.45mt have been measured,
12023.20mt have been indicated and 56947.26mt inferred whereas hypothetical reserves are about
113832.30mt.
8. 8
iv. Water:
Surface Water-Resources
Surface water-resources of Pakistan are mainly based on the flows of the Indus River and its
tributaries. The Indus River has a total length of 2900 kilometres (Km) and the drainage area is
about 966,000 sq. Km. Five major tributaries joining its eastern side are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi,
Beas and Sutlej; besides, three minor tributaries are the Soan, Harow, and Siran, which drain in
mountainous areas. A number of small tributaries also join the Indus towards its western side. The
biggest of such tributaries is River Kabul.
During the current century, the Indus Basin has developed the largest contiguous irrigationsystem
in the world. The system includes Indus River and its major tributaries, 3 major reservoirs (Tarbela,
Mangla and Chashma), 19 barrages/headworks, 12 link canals, 45 canal commands and some
9. 9
99,000 watercourses. The total length of the canal-system is, 58,450 Km, with 88,600 watercourses,
farm channels and field ditches running another 160,000 Km in length.
Rainfall
Rainfall is neither sufficient nor regular. In the Sindh plains, high-intensity rainfall occurs during
July and August and its intensity continues to decrease from coastal areas towards central parts of
the Sindh. The southern Punjab and northern Sindh are the areas of very low annual rainfall- less
than 152 mm. The areas above the Salt Range, including the districts of Jhelum, Rawalpindi,
Attock and Mianwali, receive high rainfall, above the average of 635 mm per year. The winter
rains are generally widespread. Northern and northwestern area of NWFP and the northern areas
of Balochistan receive comparatively high order of rainfall during winter. The magnitude of the
annual rainfall over nearly 21 million hectares (Mha) of Indus Plains and Peshawar valley averages
about 26 MAF. The present contribution of rain to crops in the irrigated areas is estimated at about
6 MAF.
Ground Water Resources
Most of the groundwater resources of Pakistan exist in the Indus Plain, extending from Himalayan
foothills to Arabian Sea, and are stored in alluvial deposits. The Plain is about 1,600 Km long and
covers an area of 21 Mha and is blessed with extensive unconfined aquifer, which is fast becoming
the supplemental source of water for irrigation. The aquifer has been built due to direct recharge
from natural precipitation, river flow, and the continued seepage from the conveyance-system of
canals, distributaries, watercourses and application-losses in the irrigated lands during the last 90
years. This aquifer, with a potential of about 50 MAF, is being exploited to an extent of about 38
10. 10
MAF by over 562,000 private tubewells and about 10,000 public tubewells.
v. Land:
11. 11
Crops
About 28% of Pakistan’s total land area is under cultivation. Pakistan boasts one of the largest
irrigation systems in the world. According to Wikipedia, “the most important crops are cotton,
wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize, sorghum, millets, pulses, oil seeds, barley, fruits and vegetables,
which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output.” The fertile lands of
Punjab are ready to feed a population twice that of current Pakistan.
Livestock
According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan, the livestock sector contributes about half of the
value added in the agriculture sector, amounting to nearly 11 per cent of Pakistan's GDP, which is
more than the crop sector. The leading daily newspaper Jang reports that the national herd consists
of 24.2 million cattle, 26.3 million buffaloes, 24.9 million sheep, 56.7 million goats and 0.8 million
camels. In addition to these there is a vibrant poultry sector in the country with more than 530
million birds produced annually. These animals produce 29.472 million tons of milk (making
Pakistan the 4th largest producer of milk in the world), 1.115 million tons of beef, 0.740 million
tons of mutton, 0.416 million tons of poultry meat, 8.528 billion eggs, 40.2 thousand tons of wool,
21.5 thousand tons of hair and 51.2 million skins and hides.
The Food and Agriculture Organization reported in June 2006 that in Pakistan, government
initiatives are being undertaken to modernize milk collection and to improve milk and milk product
storage capacity.
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued this sector at Rs.758,470 million in 2005
thus registering over 70% growth since 2000.
Fishery
Fishery and fishing industry plays an important role in the national economy of Pakistan. With a
coastline of about 1046 km, Pakistan has enough fishery resources that remain to be fully
developed. It is also a major source of export earnings. Aquaculture is also a rapidly developing
industry in Pakistan. Especially the Punjab Province has demonstrated rapid growth in fish
farming. GIFT Tilapia culture has also been introduced quite recently in Pakistan especially Punjab
province.
12. 12
Forestry
The forestry sector of Pakistan is a main source of lumber, paper, fuelwood, latex, medicine as
well as food and provide ecotourism and wildlife conservation purposes. Less than 4% of land in
Pakistan is covered with forests.
vi. Uranium:
Regionally uranium deposits are located in central and southern part of Pakistan such as in Bannu
Basin, Sulaiman Range, Dera Ghazi Khan, Issa Khel, Mianwali District and Kirther Range. First
uranium deposit was discovered in Sulaiman Range in 1959 then in 1970 many small deposits
discovered in Dera Ghazi Khan district[3,4] and recently in 2000/2001 Taunsa was also discovered
in this district[4]. So the area of Dera Ghazi Khan is important regarding uranium production and
this area lies in Sulaiman Range. Similarly in Bannu Basin and in Salt Range small deposits Qabul
Khel and Kalar Kahar respectively were also discovered. In north of Dera Ghazi Khan District
dozen of small uranium deposits discovered such as Baghal Chur, Rakuchur, Rakhi Munh, Nangar
Nai, Kaha Nalo, Rajanpur and Taunsa.
13. 13
vii. Minerals:
Currently about 52 minerals are under exploitation but on small scale. the major production is of
coal and rock salt and other construction minerals. At this time, the mineral sector is mainly
concentrated in five principal minerals. Namely limestone, coal, gypsum, sulphur, crude oil and
natural gas. The current contribution of mineral sector to the GDP is about 0.5%.
14. 14
BALOCHISTAN is the richest province around 80 to 85% minerals present here. Rest of 10 to
15% is present in KPK, SINDH, PUNJAB.
The most important minerals are given as follows:
Chromites: Chromite is used in making engineering tools and stainless steel. It is found at
Chaghi, Muslim Bagh, Malakand and Zhob.
Copper: Copper is used in electrical equipment, power and communication transmission
lines. It is found at Sandak, Chaghi
Gypsum: Gypsum is used in the manufacture of cement, fertilizers and Plaster of Paris. It
is found at Hazara, Kohat, D.G.Khan and Dandot.
Iron Ore: Iron ore is used in making steel and engineering products. Quality of iron ore is
not of good standard. It is found at Kalabagh, Chitral, Hazara, Makerwal and Khuzdar.
Rock Salt: Rock salt is used for cooking as well as in the manufacture of soda ash. It is also
used in textile and tanning industries. It is found at Khewra, Warcha and Kalabagh.
Marble and Granite: Marble is used for decoration in construction industry. It is available
in great quantities at various places of the country.
Lime Stone: Limestone is used in manufacture of cement, bleaching powder and glass and
paint industries. It has rich deposits in the country. Lime stone is found at Hyderabad,
Potohar and at Khewra Salt range.
15. 15
Conclusion and Outlook
Pakistan is rich in diverse natural resources. Pakistan’s human resources include a population of
intelligent young people and a burgeoning urban middle class. The culture, knowledge, wealth,
and infrastructure are sure to grow and improve in the near future. This combined with its prime
location will lead to long-term success for the nation if resources are properly utilized and
economically spent.
16. 16
References:
1. CIA world fact book
2. United States Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Resources Program
3. United States Energy Information Administration
4. United States Energy Information Administration
5. Apergis N, Payne JE. Natural gas consumption and economic growth: a panel
investigation of 67 countries. Applied Energy 2010; 87:2759–63.
6. Pakistan Energy Year book (2005). Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan,
Pakistan.
7. GOP. Economic survey of Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan: Published by Ministry of
Finance; 2008-09.
8. EIA. International energy outlook 2010. Washington DC: Energy International
Administration; 2010.
9. A REVIEW OF COAL AND WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN: M. SADIQ
MALKANI Sci., Tech. and Dev., 31 (3): 202-218, 2012
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan#Livestock
11. Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2005-6 Archived 2008-06-02 at the Wayback Machine
12. Business & Finance Review Archived 2008-04-11 at the Wayback Machine.
13. Agriculture (GIEWS), global information and early warning system on food and.
"Food Outlook - No. 1 June 2006". www.fao.org. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
14. http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/forests-grasslands-drylands/country-profile-140.html