SBL corp, profile picture
Uploaded bySBL corp
PPT, PDF1,177 views

Geospatial services

Venugopalan Nair presents a lecture on remote sensing and GIS applications in hydrogeological mapping and water quality modeling, discussing topics such as image processing, classification, and the use of these technologies for sustainable development. The document details various resolutions in remote sensing and outlines a case study on water quality modeling in the Haridwar district of India, addressing groundwater sampling methods and laboratory analysis for various chemical constituents. The findings indicate significant variations in groundwater quality across the study area, highlighting the importance of effective monitoring and management strategies.

Embed presentation

Downloaded 66 times
SBL GSS Division Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Hydro geological Mapping and Water Quality Modeling By Venugopalan Nair
Outline 1. Introduction 2. Remote Sensing System 3. Electro Magnetic Spectrum 4. Digital Image Processing 5. Radiometric corrections 6. Geometric corrections 7. Thematic mapping 8. Hydro geological Mapping 9. Water Quality Modeling- A Case Study
Self Introduction Name: Venugopalan Nair Education: M.Sc. (Applied Geology), Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India M.Tech (Remote Sensing), Bharathidasan University, Trichy, India M.Tech (Hydrology), IIT, Roorkee, India Experience: 15 Years + in GIS National Geophysical Research Institute GB Pant Institute ofHimalayan Environment and Development Defense Terrain Research Lab Central Ground Water Board RMSI SBL
Self Introduction • Venugopalan Nair, Senior Manager, SBL has delivered a lecture on “Remote sensing and GIS in hydrogeological mapping and water quality modeling” for a training course on sustainable development and management of ground water resources, conducted by Central Ground Water Board, Rajiv Gandhi National Ground Water Training and Research Institute, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of water Resources, Government of India • In the lecture, Mr.Nair has explained the basics of remote sensing technology to participants from agricultural, soil conservation, Cochin University of Science and Technology, and many other departments constantly works for sustainable development. The presentation explained how this useful technology and implement in agriculture, land resource utilization, water conservation and ground water quality modeling. The enthusiastic participants made many queries in their respective domain and updated themselves about this technology.
Remote Sensing System
Electro Magnetic Spectrum
Energy Interactions
Energy Interactions
Resolutions in Remote Sensing 1. Spatial Resolution 2. Spectral Resolution 3. Radiometric Resolution 4. Temporal Resolution Resolutions in RResolutions in Remote Sensihjhjkhkngdfwefrefrte3trer3434ererwem ote Sensing
Spatial Resolutions CARTOSAT I MAGE Spatial Resolution: 2.5m LISS IV Image Spatial Resolution 5.8m Land sat Image Spatial Resolution 30m
Spectral Resolution
Characteristics of commonly used bands
Radiometric Resolutions
Temporal Resolution
Sample Satellite Image
Satellite Image Procurement 1. Sun Angle 2. Nadir angle 3. STD/Ortho ready
Digital Image Processing 1. Radiometric Corrections 2. Geometric Corrections 3. Image classification
Digital Image Processing PIXEL
Image Enhancement
GIS Services – Geo Referencing Using Feature matching Using DGPS points Using reference coordinates /grid
Pan Sharpening/Resolution Merging
Mosaicking
Colour balancing
Tiling
Digital Elevation Models
Digital Elevation Models
Ortho rectification
Classification 1. Supervised classification 2. Unsupervised classification 3. Hybrid classification
Supervised Classification 1. Training site identification 2. Spectral signature collection 3. Statistical analysis 4. Classification Methods 5. Process running
Supervised Classification
Supervised Classification • Advantages – Analyst has control over the selected classes tailored to the purpose – Has specific classes of known identity – Does not have to match spectral categories on the final map with informational categories of interest – Can detect serious errors in classification if training areas are misclassified
Supervised Classification • Disadvantages – Analyst imposes a classification (may not be natural) – Training data are usually tied to informational categories and not spectral properties • Remember diversity – Training data selected may not be representative – Selection of training data may be time consuming and expensive – May not be able to recognize special or unique categories because they are not known or small
Unsupervised Classification 1. Algorithm based 2. Inbuilt methods
Unsupervised Classification • Advantages – Requires no prior knowledge of the region – Human error is minimized – Unique classes are recognized as distinct units • Disadvantages – Classes do not necessarily match informational categories of interest – Limited control of classes and identities – Spectral properties of classes can change with time
Unsupervised Classification
Feature Extraction
Thematic mapping
Land Use Land Cover Mapping Activities  Input image collection  Geo referencing  LULC schema preparation  Image classification  Topology corrections  Field verification  Post field updation  Final LULC map compilation
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF GROUND WATER QUALITY DETERIORATION
STUDY AREA LOCATION " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º LOCATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25 Km 53 K/1 53 K/2 53J/4 53F/16 53G/13 53 G/14
" " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º GEOLOGI CAL MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 3 6 9 121.5 Km Legend Formations Doon Alluvium Siwaliks Bhabar Tarai Alluvial Plains GEOLOGY SIWALIC FORMATIONS INDO-GANGETIC ALLUVIUM BHABAR TARAI ALLUVIAL PLAINS STUDY AREA
HYDRO-GEOLOGY AQUIFER PARAMETERS RANGE THICKNESS OF SHALLOW AQUIFERS 4 TO 100M DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL 1.5 TO 17.6 M BGL COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY 2.16 TO 28.8 M/DAY STORATIVITY 1 X 10-4 TO 3.74 X 10-4 TRANSMISSIVITY 10 TO 2880 M2 /DAY SPECIFIC YIELD 0.13 TO 0.26 STUDY AREA
HYDRO-GEOLOGY CROSS SECTION ALONG MANAKPUR - JWALAPUR CROSS SECTION ALONG GANESHPUR – SHIKARPUR STUDY AREA
IAWQ MODEL THROUGH GIS × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 × 5 × 3 WeightRatings 9 3 6 5 5 6 4 132
AQUIFER WATER QUALITY INDEX  THE METHOD HAS A LOW COST OF APPLICATION  APPLIED IN EXTENSIVE REGIONS  RELATIVELY FEW, EASY TO COLLECT, AND COMMON DATA IS REQUIRED  SEVERAL PARAMETERS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP DECREASE THE PROBABILITY OF IGNORING SOME IMPORTANT PARAMETERS RESTRICT THE EFFECT OF AN INCIDENTAL ERROR  ENHANCE THE STATISTICAL ACCURACY OF THE MODEL OTHER SPECIALIZED METHODS WOULD REQUIRE SPECIFIC PARAMETERS. ADVANTAGES OF AWQI METHOD
DRASTIC MODEL DISADVANTAGES OF DRASTIC METHOD SO MANY VARIABLES ARE FACTORED INTO THE FINAL INDEX THAT CRITICAL PARAMETERS IN GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION MAY BE SUBDUED BY OTHER PARAMETERS THAT HAVE NO BEARING ON GROUND WATER POLLUTION.  THE SELECTION OF THE PARAMETERS IS BASED ON QUALITATIVE JUDGMENT AND NOT QUANTITATIVE STUDIES.
MODALITY OF GROUND WATER SAMPLE COLLECTION PRE FIELD PREPARATIONS PURGING OF THE WELLS SAMPLE COLLECTION FIELD ANALYSIS pH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE TEMPERATURE STORAGE LABORATORY ANALYSIS GROUND WATER QUALITY
LABORATORY ANALYSIS CONSTITUENT METHOD PHYSICAL pH POTENTIOMETRIC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE (micro mhos/cm at 250 C) ELECTROMETRIC TDS ELECTROMETRIC MAJOR IONS Ca2+ TITRIMETRIC Mg2+ EMPERICAL CALCULATION N+ PHOTOMETRIC (EMISSION) K+ PHOTOMETRIC (EMISSION) Cl- TITRIMETRIC SO4 2- GRAVIMETRIC HCO3 - EMPERICAL CALCULATION CO3 2- EMPERICAL CALCULATION Contd….. GROUND WATER QUALITY
LABORATORY ANALYSIS CONSTITUENT METHOD NUTRIENTS NO3 - ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODES PO4 2- SPECTRO PHOTOMETRIC (ABSORPTION) TOC TOC ANALYSER HEAVY METALS Cd VOLTAMETRIC Cu VOLTAMETRIC Pb VOLTAMETRIC Zn VOLTAMETRIC GROUND WATER QUALITY
DISTRIBUTION OF pH AND TDS " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend pH Value High : 8.8 Low : 7.1 POTENTI AL HYDROGEN I ON CONCENTRATI ON (pH) MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend TDS (mg/l) 0- 500 500 - 1,010 TOTAL DI SSOLVED SOLI DS (TDS) MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
DISTRIBUTION OF Ca+ AND Mg2+ " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Calcium Concentration (mg/l) 0 - 75 75 - 150 150 - 225 225 - 300 300 - 408 CALCI UM CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Magnisium Concentration (mg/l) 15- 30 30 - 60 60 - 90 90 - 98 MAGNI SI UM CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
DISTRIBUTION OF Na+ AND K+ " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Sodium Concentration (mg/l) High : 259 Low : 0 SODI UM CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Potassium Concentration (mg/l) High : 66 Low :0 POTASSI UM CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
DISTRIBUTION OF Cl- AND SO4 2- " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Chloride Concentration (mg/l) High : 87.0844 Low : 2.11874 CHLORI DE CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Sulphate Concentration (mg/l) 0 - 200 200 - 400 SULPHATE CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
DISTRIBUTION OF TA AND NO3 - " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 0 - 200 200 - 400 400 - 600 TOTAL ALKALI NI TY MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Nitrate Concentration (mg/l) 0- 45 45 - 90 90 - 135 135 - 180 180 - 225 225 - 230 NI TRATE CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
DISTRIBUTION OF Cd AND Pb " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Cadmium Concentration (mg/l) High : 0.00775389 Low : 0 CADMI UM CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Lead Concentration (mg/l) High : 0.027918 Low : 0.00100244 LEAD CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
DISTRIBUTION OF Cu AND Zn " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Copper Concentration (mg/l) High : 0.0607936 Low : 0.00101479 COPPER CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Zinc Concentration (mg/l) High : 3.43757 Low : 0.00583 ZI NC CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
PIPPER DIAGRAM GROUND WATER QUALITY
STATISTICAL SUMMARY CONSTITUENT MIN MAX MEAN SD BIS DESIRABLE LIMITS PHYSICAL pH 7.1 8.8 7.7 0.35 6.5-8.5 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE (micro mhos/cm at 250 C) 234 1562 673.8 282.26 - TDS (mg/l) 154 1020 448.8 184.7 500 MAJOR IONS Ca2+ (mg/l) 61.6 408 178.5 74.21 75 Mg2+ (mg/l) 15 99.1 43.59 17.94 - N+ (mg/l) ND 259.6 30.87 59.45 - K+ (mg/l) ND 66.8 7.33 17.35 - Cl- (mg/l) 1 144.9 22.69 29.88 250 SO4 2- (mg/l) 64 358 188.8 62.26 200 HCO3 - (mg/l) 103 602 277 84.88 200 CO3 2- (mg/l) 0.21 10.71 1.77 1.51 - CONTD….. GROUND WATER QUALITY
CONSTITUENT MIN MAX MEAN SD BIS DESIRABLE LIMITS NUTRIENTS NO3 - (mg/l) 1.6 230 34.95 38.09 45 PO4 2- (mg/l) Trace TOC (mg/l) Trace HEAVY METALS Cd (mg/l) ND 0.008 0.005 0.001 0.01 Cu (mg/l) ND 0.061 0.009 0.0117 0.05 Pb (mg/l) 0.001 0.028 0.004 0.0056 0.05 Zn (mg/l) 0.001 3.442 0.295 0.61 5 STATISTICAL SUMMARY GROUND WATER QUALITY
INDEX OF AQUIFER WATER QUALITY  DEVELOPED BY A.J.MELLOUL AND M COLLIN IN 1988.  IT WILL GIVE AN IDEA OF OVERALL GROUND WATER QUALITY STATUS .  IT IS AN EMPIRICAL INDEX SIMULTANEOUSLY USING A NUMBER OF PARAMETERS.  IT ALSO USES RATING AND WEIGHING SYSTEM.  IT CAN BE ESTIMATED IN GIS ENVIRONMENT. GROUND WATER QUALITY
• SELECTION OF PARAMETERS IAWQ THOSE CHEMICAL PARAMETERS FOR WHICH MORE THAN 10 % OF THE SAMPLES SHOWING HIGHER CONCENTRATION THAN THE DESIRED LIMITS ARE CONSIDERED. Parameter s % of samples exceeding BIS desirable limits BIS desirable limits TDS 27 500 Ca2+ 57 75 TA 66 200 SO4 2- 32 200 NO3 - 15 45 EVEN THOUGH HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS ARE WITHIN DESIRED LIMITS, LEAD AND CADMIUM ARE CONSIDERED FOR INDEXING BECAUSE THESE ARE HIGHLY TOXIC TO HUMAN AND OTHER FAUNA AND FLORA GROUND WATER QUALITY
PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATION OF IAWQ WEIGHTING COEFFICIENTS IS CALCULATED BASED ON IMPACT OF EACH PARAMETERS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND ITS GROUND WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL GROUP PARAMETERS WEIGHT I Cd 5 Pb 5 II NO3 - 4 III TDS 3 IV Ca2+ 1 TA 1 SO4 2- 1 GROUND WATER QUALITY
PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATION OF IAWQ 1. STANDARDISATION OF FIELD DATA Xij = Pij/Dij where Xij = STANDARDISED FIELD DATA Pij = FIELD DATA Dij = DESIRED BIS LIMIT • RATING OF STANDARDISED DATA Yi HAS BEEN ASSIGNED TO EACH Xij 1. FOR GOOD WATER QUALITY Xij IS EQUAL TO 0.1 THE CORRESPONDING INDEX RATING IS 1 • FOR ACCEPTABLE WATER QUALITY Xij IS 1 THE CORRESPONDING INDEX RATING IS GROUND WATER QUALITY
PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATION OF IAWQ C. FOR UNACCEPTABLE GROUND WATER QUALITY Xij EQUAL OR MORE THAN 3.5 CORRESPONDING INDEX RATING IS 10 NOW AS X1 = 0.1, Y1 = 1 X2 = 1, Y2 = 5 X3 = 3.5, Y3 = 10 Yij = f (Xij) CAN BE A PARABOLIC FUNCTION THIS CAN BE CONVERTED TO A POLYNOMIAL Yi = -0.712 * Xi 2 + 5.228 * Xi + 0.484 GROUND WATER QUALITY
PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATION OF IAWQ 3. THE FINAL IAWQ IS CALCULATED USING THE FORMULA IAWQ = C / n ∑ = n i YriWri1 )]*( C CONSTANT (10) n NO. OF PARAMETERS (7) Wri Wi / Wmax Yri Yi / Ymax Wi WEIGHTING COEFFICIENT Wmax MAXIMUM WEIGHTING COEFFICIENT(5) Yi RATES AS CALCULATED FROM EQUATION Ymax MAXIMUM RATE (10) GROUND WATER QUALITY
FINAL IAWQ CALCULATED IAWQ THROUGH GIS " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend IAWQ High : 2.42364 Low : 0.739088 I NDEX OF AQUI FER WATER QUALI TY (I AWQ) MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
CONCLUSION IN GENERAL, GROUND WATER QUALITY IS FIT FOR DRINKING AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS REVEALS THAT GROUND WATERS OF THE STUDY AREA IS SLIGHTLY ALKALINE. URBAN AREA OF THE STUDY AREA SHOWS HIGH TDS. AMONG THE CATIONS CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM ARE THE DOMINANT ONES, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ARE HAVING LOW VALUES IN MOST OF THE AREA. SULPHATES ARE THE DOMINANT ANIONS. HIGH CHLORIDES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INTENSIVE CULTIVATION. TOTAL ALKALINITY IS DOMINANT IN MAJORITY OF THE AREA. HIGH VALUES OF NITRATES ARE DUE TO DECOMPOSITION OF URBAN WASTE.
HEAVY METALS ARE WELL WITHIN THE DESIRABLE LIMITS. HIGH VALUES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH URBAN AND INDUSTRIALIZED AREAS. GIS IS AN APT TOOL IN ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER VULNERABILITY TO POLLUTION. WATER QUALITY IS NOT REFLECTED THE WAY VULNERABILITY TO POLLUTION. AQUIFER RESISTIVITY AND LAND USE ARE BETTER PARAMETERS TO VALIDATE THE VULNERABILITY INDICES IN SUCH CASES. CONCLUSION
Carnival Infopark - Phase II Kakkanad, Cochin, India – 682030

More Related Content

PPTX
Collection and Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data, Kasper Johansen, Univer...
bybecnicholas
 
PPTX
Fundamentals aquatic-web
byHidraulica Tymanzo
 
DOC
FINAL REPORT
byCharu Kamra
 
PPT
Image classification and land cover mapping
byKabir Uddin
 
PPTX
Wetland mapping
byRishika Vardhelli
 
PDF
Study on the LandCover Classification using UAV Imagery
byInternational Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology
 
PDF
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...
byIJERA Editor
 
PDF
2. virat arora, s. s. rao, e. amminedu and p. jagadeeswara rao
byJournal of Global Resources
 
Collection and Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data, Kasper Johansen, Univer...
bybecnicholas
 
Fundamentals aquatic-web
byHidraulica Tymanzo
 
FINAL REPORT
byCharu Kamra
 
Image classification and land cover mapping
byKabir Uddin
 
Wetland mapping
byRishika Vardhelli
 
Study on the LandCover Classification using UAV Imagery
byInternational Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology
 
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...
byIJERA Editor
 
2. virat arora, s. s. rao, e. amminedu and p. jagadeeswara rao
byJournal of Global Resources
 

What's hot

PPTX
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL SALINITY USING REMOTE SENSING
byAbhiram Kanigolla
 
PDF
Shallow Water Depth Mapping Using Single Band and Band Ratio on High-Resoluti...
byLuhur Moekti Prayogo
 
PPT
Urban Land Cover Change Detection Analysis and Modelling Spatio-Temporal Grow...
byBayes Ahmed
 
PDF
Prediction of soil properties with NIR data and site descriptors using prepro...
byFAO
 
PDF
Soil mapping , remote sensing and use of sensors in precision farming
byDr. M. Kumaresan - Hort.
 
PPTX
Remote sensing application in monitoring and management of soil, water and ai...
byJayvir Solanki
 
PDF
Hydrological mapping of the vegetation using remote sensing products
byNycoSat
 
PDF
Soil Spectroscopy to monitor the state of soil resources in the present and i...
byFAO
 
PDF
An Automated Approach of Shoreline Detection Applied to Digital Videos using ...
byDwi Putra Asana
 
PDF
Assessment of groundwater potential zone in paschim medinipur district, west ...
byAlexander Decker
 
PDF
Heritage hetherington lidar_pdf[1]
byllica
 
PDF
Mid-Term Seminar
bysantoshborate2
 
PPTX
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURE
byLagnajeetRoy
 
PDF
IRJET - Prediction of Ground Water Level based on Machine Learning
byIRJET Journal
 
PPTX
REMOTE SENSING IN ARCHAEOLOGY
byAbhiram Kanigolla
 
PDF
The use of a hand-held mid-infrared spectrometer for the rapid prediction of ...
byFAO
 
PDF
The use of spectral libraries to reduce the influence of soil moisture on the...
byFAO
 
PPTX
Hyperspectral Imager for Coastal Ocean Imagery & Ocean Protection (HICO)
byAmerican Astronautical Society
 
PDF
Semester End Seminar
bysantoshborate2
 
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL SALINITY USING REMOTE SENSING
byAbhiram Kanigolla
 
Shallow Water Depth Mapping Using Single Band and Band Ratio on High-Resoluti...
byLuhur Moekti Prayogo
 
Urban Land Cover Change Detection Analysis and Modelling Spatio-Temporal Grow...
byBayes Ahmed
 
Prediction of soil properties with NIR data and site descriptors using prepro...
byFAO
 
Soil mapping , remote sensing and use of sensors in precision farming
byDr. M. Kumaresan - Hort.
 
Remote sensing application in monitoring and management of soil, water and ai...
byJayvir Solanki
 
Hydrological mapping of the vegetation using remote sensing products
byNycoSat
 
Soil Spectroscopy to monitor the state of soil resources in the present and i...
byFAO
 
An Automated Approach of Shoreline Detection Applied to Digital Videos using ...
byDwi Putra Asana
 
Assessment of groundwater potential zone in paschim medinipur district, west ...
byAlexander Decker
 
Heritage hetherington lidar_pdf[1]
byllica
 
Mid-Term Seminar
bysantoshborate2
 
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURE
byLagnajeetRoy
 
IRJET - Prediction of Ground Water Level based on Machine Learning
byIRJET Journal
 
REMOTE SENSING IN ARCHAEOLOGY
byAbhiram Kanigolla
 
The use of a hand-held mid-infrared spectrometer for the rapid prediction of ...
byFAO
 
The use of spectral libraries to reduce the influence of soil moisture on the...
byFAO
 
Hyperspectral Imager for Coastal Ocean Imagery & Ocean Protection (HICO)
byAmerican Astronautical Society
 
Semester End Seminar
bysantoshborate2
 

Viewers also liked

PPTX
Pythagoras
byvisserassen
 
ODP
Vowel I- ice cream
byELena Moreno
 
PPTX
9 european geo
byssclasstorremar
 
PDF
أصابع أميركية في الانتخابات الاوكرانية
byIbrahimia Church Ftriends
 
PDF
1-s2.0-S016773221531254X-main
byAl Baha University
 
PDF
Bio accent
byAl Baha University
 
PPTX
Text ppt
bybarbcos
 
PPTX
P
bykl-lau
 
PDF
Research in progress - SLP for the non-contact estimation of chest/abdominal...
byPneumaCare Ltd.
 
PDF
كتاب و قرار
byIbrahimia Church Ftriends
 
PPT
Gurullos
byamjordan22
 
PPTX
The world at your fingertips
byGraceAng23
 
PPTX
Performance task
bybravar14
 
PPTX
Nick Huseman
byNhuseman
 
PPTX
Perilaku Beton Bertulang
bySaiful Hadi
 
PPTX
Civilization
byssclasstorremar
 
PDF
1 часть
byАндрей Панкратов
 
PDF
Inv pres q12013_-_final
byCNOServices
 
PPTX
Onyx Beacon: 10 ideas from IBM InterConnect 2015
byOnyxBeacon
 
PDF
A+M_the growing scenario
byA+M architects
 
Pythagoras
byvisserassen
 
Vowel I- ice cream
byELena Moreno
 
9 european geo
byssclasstorremar
 
أصابع أميركية في الانتخابات الاوكرانية
byIbrahimia Church Ftriends
 
1-s2.0-S016773221531254X-main
byAl Baha University
 
Bio accent
byAl Baha University
 
Text ppt
bybarbcos
 
P
bykl-lau
 
Research in progress - SLP for the non-contact estimation of chest/abdominal...
byPneumaCare Ltd.
 
كتاب و قرار
byIbrahimia Church Ftriends
 
Gurullos
byamjordan22
 
The world at your fingertips
byGraceAng23
 
Performance task
bybravar14
 
Nick Huseman
byNhuseman
 
Perilaku Beton Bertulang
bySaiful Hadi
 
Civilization
byssclasstorremar
 
1 часть
byАндрей Панкратов
 
Inv pres q12013_-_final
byCNOServices
 
Onyx Beacon: 10 ideas from IBM InterConnect 2015
byOnyxBeacon
 
A+M_the growing scenario
byA+M architects
 

Similar to Geospatial services

PPTX
REMOTE SENSING IN GROUNDWATER.pptx
byImposter7
 
PPTX
USE OF GIS in water quality monitoring.pptx
bymchellenius
 
PDF
Ground Water Quality Monitoring Using Remote Sensing And GIS
byNzar Braim
 
PPTX
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS system
byPavan Grandhi
 
PDF
IRJET- Spatial Analysis of Water Quality Assessment using Remote Sensing and ...
byIRJET Journal
 
PDF
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT - REVIEW PAPER
byDereck Downing
 
PDF
FINAL_28_farhang
byZinat Farhang
 
PPTX
Remote sensing presentation
bySukirtee Chejara
 
PDF
Ground inventory and geospatial techniques for estimation of groundwater quality
bySainath Aher
 
PPSX
Demarcation of ground water potential zones using remote sensing & gis
byDebabrata Nandi
 
PPTX
Ppt of wazid dissertation 2019 aug
byWarish Khan
 
PDF
Tyler A - UEI Day 1 - Kochi Jan18
byIndia UK Water Centre (IUKWC)
 
PDF
study and analysis of hy si data in 400 to 500
byIJAEMSJORNAL
 
PDF
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
byIJERD Editor
 
PDF
Review on Study of Lake Water Using Multi Sensor Remote Sensing Data
byIOSR Journals
 
PDF
Site Suitability For Construction(Dam)
byLuv Singh
 
PDF
Paper id 41201611
byIJRAT
 
PPTX
Gw quality management
byharshitasingh133
 
DOCX
Mineral search using satellite pictures for geological applications
byommi45251
 
PPTX
Gwqar ppt
byTAB-DINAH
 
REMOTE SENSING IN GROUNDWATER.pptx
byImposter7
 
USE OF GIS in water quality monitoring.pptx
bymchellenius
 
Ground Water Quality Monitoring Using Remote Sensing And GIS
byNzar Braim
 
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS system
byPavan Grandhi
 
IRJET- Spatial Analysis of Water Quality Assessment using Remote Sensing and ...
byIRJET Journal
 
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT - REVIEW PAPER
byDereck Downing
 
FINAL_28_farhang
byZinat Farhang
 
Remote sensing presentation
bySukirtee Chejara
 
Ground inventory and geospatial techniques for estimation of groundwater quality
bySainath Aher
 
Demarcation of ground water potential zones using remote sensing & gis
byDebabrata Nandi
 
Ppt of wazid dissertation 2019 aug
byWarish Khan
 
Tyler A - UEI Day 1 - Kochi Jan18
byIndia UK Water Centre (IUKWC)
 
study and analysis of hy si data in 400 to 500
byIJAEMSJORNAL
 
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
byIJERD Editor
 
Review on Study of Lake Water Using Multi Sensor Remote Sensing Data
byIOSR Journals
 
Site Suitability For Construction(Dam)
byLuv Singh
 
Paper id 41201611
byIJRAT
 
Gw quality management
byharshitasingh133
 
Mineral search using satellite pictures for geological applications
byommi45251
 
Gwqar ppt
byTAB-DINAH
 

Recently uploaded

PDF
How to Buy Verified Bybit Accounts in 2026.pdf
bymarketing
 
PDF
Bohdan Haidabrus: Lessons Learned from Scaling Agile: A Case Study of SAFe Im...
byLviv Startup Club
 
PDF
Guide to Safely Buying Gmail Accounts for Safely-Aged.pdf
bysmartusapva.com
 
DOCX
What Are Telegram Accounts and Why Are They Important for Global Communicatio...
byx24gm4qs23vusc8s2b53
 
PDF
What Is the Fastest Way to Buy Facebook Accounts.pdf
byFacebook Accounts
 
DOCX
Best Place to Learn Old or Aged Verified Square Accounts in WWW.docx
byTopSelleriT
 
PDF
Stablecoins beyond narrow banking - Lombard Notes
byGiorgio Giuliani
 
PDF
How To B,u,y Verified Cash App Accounts – Understanding Safe Usage, BTC Featu...
byapasanilion108
 
PDF
How Oversize Embroidery Design Size Is Measured
byInkdnylon
 
PDF
Andria Sergio - Known For Her Accuracy And Professionalism
byAndria Sergio
 
DOCX
Buy Verified Paypal Accounts_ A Safely Complete Guide Usa.docx
bynicakala
 
PDF
Kirill Klip GEM Royalty TNR Gold Presentation
byKirill Klip
 
PDF
LA Building Inspections & Compliance offers
byoliversmith20262019
 
PDF
Top Platform to Buy Facebook Accounts in Bulk Safely.pdf
byBuy Facebook Accounts
 
PDF
Prasenjit Bhaumik Plano - Proficient In JavaScript, Python, And Database Mana...
byPrasenjit Bhaumik Plano
 
PDF
Certification Training Course On New Skills Across Globe
bySprintzeal
 
DOCX
Buy Instagram Account Purchase_ A Safe and Secure Approach.docx
bybarbeymcdanielokczz
 
DOCX
SEO's & Digital Marketing Case Study 2026
bypalwasha57
 
PDF
ICv2 White Paper - Navigating the New World of Comics
byDennisViau
 
PPTX
5, Money Number Tax and Wages 19072017.pptx
byAdrian Hawkes
 
How to Buy Verified Bybit Accounts in 2026.pdf
bymarketing
 
Bohdan Haidabrus: Lessons Learned from Scaling Agile: A Case Study of SAFe Im...
byLviv Startup Club
 
Guide to Safely Buying Gmail Accounts for Safely-Aged.pdf
bysmartusapva.com
 
What Are Telegram Accounts and Why Are They Important for Global Communicatio...
byx24gm4qs23vusc8s2b53
 
What Is the Fastest Way to Buy Facebook Accounts.pdf
byFacebook Accounts
 
Best Place to Learn Old or Aged Verified Square Accounts in WWW.docx
byTopSelleriT
 
Stablecoins beyond narrow banking - Lombard Notes
byGiorgio Giuliani
 
How To B,u,y Verified Cash App Accounts – Understanding Safe Usage, BTC Featu...
byapasanilion108
 
How Oversize Embroidery Design Size Is Measured
byInkdnylon
 
Andria Sergio - Known For Her Accuracy And Professionalism
byAndria Sergio
 
Buy Verified Paypal Accounts_ A Safely Complete Guide Usa.docx
bynicakala
 
Kirill Klip GEM Royalty TNR Gold Presentation
byKirill Klip
 
LA Building Inspections & Compliance offers
byoliversmith20262019
 
Top Platform to Buy Facebook Accounts in Bulk Safely.pdf
byBuy Facebook Accounts
 
Prasenjit Bhaumik Plano - Proficient In JavaScript, Python, And Database Mana...
byPrasenjit Bhaumik Plano
 
Certification Training Course On New Skills Across Globe
bySprintzeal
 
Buy Instagram Account Purchase_ A Safe and Secure Approach.docx
bybarbeymcdanielokczz
 
SEO's & Digital Marketing Case Study 2026
bypalwasha57
 
ICv2 White Paper - Navigating the New World of Comics
byDennisViau
 
5, Money Number Tax and Wages 19072017.pptx
byAdrian Hawkes
 

Geospatial services

  • 1.
    SBL GSS Division RemoteSensing and GIS Application in Hydro geological Mapping and Water Quality Modeling By Venugopalan Nair
  • 2.
    Outline 1. Introduction 2. RemoteSensing System 3. Electro Magnetic Spectrum 4. Digital Image Processing 5. Radiometric corrections 6. Geometric corrections 7. Thematic mapping 8. Hydro geological Mapping 9. Water Quality Modeling- A Case Study
  • 3.
    Self Introduction Name: VenugopalanNair Education: M.Sc. (Applied Geology), Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India M.Tech (Remote Sensing), Bharathidasan University, Trichy, India M.Tech (Hydrology), IIT, Roorkee, India Experience: 15 Years + in GIS National Geophysical Research Institute GB Pant Institute ofHimalayan Environment and Development Defense Terrain Research Lab Central Ground Water Board RMSI SBL
  • 4.
    Self Introduction • Venugopalan Nair,Senior Manager, SBL has delivered a lecture on “Remote sensing and GIS in hydrogeological mapping and water quality modeling” for a training course on sustainable development and management of ground water resources, conducted by Central Ground Water Board, Rajiv Gandhi National Ground Water Training and Research Institute, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of water Resources, Government of India • In the lecture, Mr.Nair has explained the basics of remote sensing technology to participants from agricultural, soil conservation, Cochin University of Science and Technology, and many other departments constantly works for sustainable development. The presentation explained how this useful technology and implement in agriculture, land resource utilization, water conservation and ground water quality modeling. The enthusiastic participants made many queries in their respective domain and updated themselves about this technology.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
    Resolutions in RemoteSensing 1. Spatial Resolution 2. Spectral Resolution 3. Radiometric Resolution 4. Temporal Resolution Resolutions in RResolutions in Remote Sensihjhjkhkngdfwefrefrte3trer3434ererwem ote Sensing
  • 10.
    Spatial Resolutions CARTOSAT IMAGE Spatial Resolution: 2.5m LISS IV Image Spatial Resolution 5.8m Land sat Image Spatial Resolution 30m
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
    Satellite Image Procurement 1.Sun Angle 2. Nadir angle 3. STD/Ortho ready
  • 17.
    Digital Image Processing 1.Radiometric Corrections 2. Geometric Corrections 3. Image classification
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
    GIS Services –Geo Referencing Using Feature matching Using DGPS points Using reference coordinates /grid
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
    Classification 1. Supervised classification 2.Unsupervised classification 3. Hybrid classification
  • 29.
    Supervised Classification 1. Trainingsite identification 2. Spectral signature collection 3. Statistical analysis 4. Classification Methods 5. Process running
  • 30.
  • 31.
    Supervised Classification • Advantages –Analyst has control over the selected classes tailored to the purpose – Has specific classes of known identity – Does not have to match spectral categories on the final map with informational categories of interest – Can detect serious errors in classification if training areas are misclassified
  • 32.
    Supervised Classification • Disadvantages –Analyst imposes a classification (may not be natural) – Training data are usually tied to informational categories and not spectral properties • Remember diversity – Training data selected may not be representative – Selection of training data may be time consuming and expensive – May not be able to recognize special or unique categories because they are not known or small
  • 33.
  • 34.
    Unsupervised Classification • Advantages –Requires no prior knowledge of the region – Human error is minimized – Unique classes are recognized as distinct units • Disadvantages – Classes do not necessarily match informational categories of interest – Limited control of classes and identities – Spectral properties of classes can change with time
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
    Land Use LandCover Mapping Activities  Input image collection  Geo referencing  LULC schema preparation  Image classification  Topology corrections  Field verification  Post field updation  Final LULC map compilation
  • 39.
    PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY DETERIORATION
  • 40.
    STUDY AREA LOCATION " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º LOCATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25 Km 53 K/1 53 K/2 53J/4 53F/16 53G/13 53 G/14
  • 41.
    " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º GEOLOGI CAL MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 3 6 9 121.5 Km Legend Formations Doon Alluvium Siwaliks Bhabar Tarai Alluvial Plains GEOLOGY SIWALIC FORMATIONS INDO-GANGETIC ALLUVIUM BHABAR TARAI ALLUVIAL PLAINS STUDY AREA
  • 42.
    HYDRO-GEOLOGY AQUIFER PARAMETERS RANGE THICKNESSOF SHALLOW AQUIFERS 4 TO 100M DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL 1.5 TO 17.6 M BGL COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY 2.16 TO 28.8 M/DAY STORATIVITY 1 X 10-4 TO 3.74 X 10-4 TRANSMISSIVITY 10 TO 2880 M2 /DAY SPECIFIC YIELD 0.13 TO 0.26 STUDY AREA
  • 43.
    HYDRO-GEOLOGY CROSS SECTION ALONGMANAKPUR - JWALAPUR CROSS SECTION ALONG GANESHPUR – SHIKARPUR STUDY AREA
  • 44.
    IAWQ MODEL THROUGHGIS × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 × 5 × 3 WeightRatings 9 3 6 5 5 6 4 132
  • 45.
    AQUIFER WATER QUALITYINDEX  THE METHOD HAS A LOW COST OF APPLICATION  APPLIED IN EXTENSIVE REGIONS  RELATIVELY FEW, EASY TO COLLECT, AND COMMON DATA IS REQUIRED  SEVERAL PARAMETERS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP DECREASE THE PROBABILITY OF IGNORING SOME IMPORTANT PARAMETERS RESTRICT THE EFFECT OF AN INCIDENTAL ERROR  ENHANCE THE STATISTICAL ACCURACY OF THE MODEL OTHER SPECIALIZED METHODS WOULD REQUIRE SPECIFIC PARAMETERS. ADVANTAGES OF AWQI METHOD
  • 46.
    DRASTIC MODEL DISADVANTAGES OFDRASTIC METHOD SO MANY VARIABLES ARE FACTORED INTO THE FINAL INDEX THAT CRITICAL PARAMETERS IN GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION MAY BE SUBDUED BY OTHER PARAMETERS THAT HAVE NO BEARING ON GROUND WATER POLLUTION.  THE SELECTION OF THE PARAMETERS IS BASED ON QUALITATIVE JUDGMENT AND NOT QUANTITATIVE STUDIES.
  • 47.
    MODALITY OF GROUNDWATER SAMPLE COLLECTION PRE FIELD PREPARATIONS PURGING OF THE WELLS SAMPLE COLLECTION FIELD ANALYSIS pH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE TEMPERATURE STORAGE LABORATORY ANALYSIS GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 48.
    LABORATORY ANALYSIS CONSTITUENT METHOD PHYSICAL pHPOTENTIOMETRIC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE (micro mhos/cm at 250 C) ELECTROMETRIC TDS ELECTROMETRIC MAJOR IONS Ca2+ TITRIMETRIC Mg2+ EMPERICAL CALCULATION N+ PHOTOMETRIC (EMISSION) K+ PHOTOMETRIC (EMISSION) Cl- TITRIMETRIC SO4 2- GRAVIMETRIC HCO3 - EMPERICAL CALCULATION CO3 2- EMPERICAL CALCULATION Contd….. GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 49.
    LABORATORY ANALYSIS CONSTITUENT METHOD NUTRIENTS NO3 - IONSELECTIVE ELECTRODES PO4 2- SPECTRO PHOTOMETRIC (ABSORPTION) TOC TOC ANALYSER HEAVY METALS Cd VOLTAMETRIC Cu VOLTAMETRIC Pb VOLTAMETRIC Zn VOLTAMETRIC GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 50.
    DISTRIBUTION OF pHAND TDS " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend pH Value High : 8.8 Low : 7.1 POTENTI AL HYDROGEN I ON CONCENTRATI ON (pH) MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend TDS (mg/l) 0- 500 500 - 1,010 TOTAL DI SSOLVED SOLI DS (TDS) MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 51.
    DISTRIBUTION OF Ca+ ANDMg2+ " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Calcium Concentration (mg/l) 0 - 75 75 - 150 150 - 225 225 - 300 300 - 408 CALCI UM CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Magnisium Concentration (mg/l) 15- 30 30 - 60 60 - 90 90 - 98 MAGNI SI UM CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 52.
    DISTRIBUTION OF Na+ ANDK+ " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Sodium Concentration (mg/l) High : 259 Low : 0 SODI UM CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Potassium Concentration (mg/l) High : 66 Low :0 POTASSI UM CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 53.
    DISTRIBUTION OF Cl- ANDSO4 2- " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Chloride Concentration (mg/l) High : 87.0844 Low : 2.11874 CHLORI DE CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Sulphate Concentration (mg/l) 0 - 200 200 - 400 SULPHATE CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 54.
    DISTRIBUTION OF TAAND NO3 - " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 0 - 200 200 - 400 400 - 600 TOTAL ALKALI NI TY MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Nitrate Concentration (mg/l) 0- 45 45 - 90 90 - 135 135 - 180 180 - 225 225 - 230 NI TRATE CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 55.
    DISTRIBUTION OF CdAND Pb " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Cadmium Concentration (mg/l) High : 0.00775389 Low : 0 CADMI UM CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Lead Concentration (mg/l) High : 0.027918 Low : 0.00100244 LEAD CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 56.
    DISTRIBUTION OF CuAND Zn " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Copper Concentration (mg/l) High : 0.0607936 Low : 0.00101479 COPPER CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend Zinc Concentration (mg/l) High : 3.43757 Low : 0.00583 ZI NC CONCENTRATI ON MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 57.
  • 58.
    STATISTICAL SUMMARY CONSTITUENT MINMAX MEAN SD BIS DESIRABLE LIMITS PHYSICAL pH 7.1 8.8 7.7 0.35 6.5-8.5 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE (micro mhos/cm at 250 C) 234 1562 673.8 282.26 - TDS (mg/l) 154 1020 448.8 184.7 500 MAJOR IONS Ca2+ (mg/l) 61.6 408 178.5 74.21 75 Mg2+ (mg/l) 15 99.1 43.59 17.94 - N+ (mg/l) ND 259.6 30.87 59.45 - K+ (mg/l) ND 66.8 7.33 17.35 - Cl- (mg/l) 1 144.9 22.69 29.88 250 SO4 2- (mg/l) 64 358 188.8 62.26 200 HCO3 - (mg/l) 103 602 277 84.88 200 CO3 2- (mg/l) 0.21 10.71 1.77 1.51 - CONTD….. GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 59.
    CONSTITUENT MIN MAXMEAN SD BIS DESIRABLE LIMITS NUTRIENTS NO3 - (mg/l) 1.6 230 34.95 38.09 45 PO4 2- (mg/l) Trace TOC (mg/l) Trace HEAVY METALS Cd (mg/l) ND 0.008 0.005 0.001 0.01 Cu (mg/l) ND 0.061 0.009 0.0117 0.05 Pb (mg/l) 0.001 0.028 0.004 0.0056 0.05 Zn (mg/l) 0.001 3.442 0.295 0.61 5 STATISTICAL SUMMARY GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 60.
    INDEX OF AQUIFERWATER QUALITY  DEVELOPED BY A.J.MELLOUL AND M COLLIN IN 1988.  IT WILL GIVE AN IDEA OF OVERALL GROUND WATER QUALITY STATUS .  IT IS AN EMPIRICAL INDEX SIMULTANEOUSLY USING A NUMBER OF PARAMETERS.  IT ALSO USES RATING AND WEIGHING SYSTEM.  IT CAN BE ESTIMATED IN GIS ENVIRONMENT. GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 61.
    • SELECTION OFPARAMETERS IAWQ THOSE CHEMICAL PARAMETERS FOR WHICH MORE THAN 10 % OF THE SAMPLES SHOWING HIGHER CONCENTRATION THAN THE DESIRED LIMITS ARE CONSIDERED. Parameter s % of samples exceeding BIS desirable limits BIS desirable limits TDS 27 500 Ca2+ 57 75 TA 66 200 SO4 2- 32 200 NO3 - 15 45 EVEN THOUGH HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS ARE WITHIN DESIRED LIMITS, LEAD AND CADMIUM ARE CONSIDERED FOR INDEXING BECAUSE THESE ARE HIGHLY TOXIC TO HUMAN AND OTHER FAUNA AND FLORA GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 62.
    PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATIONOF IAWQ WEIGHTING COEFFICIENTS IS CALCULATED BASED ON IMPACT OF EACH PARAMETERS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND ITS GROUND WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL GROUP PARAMETERS WEIGHT I Cd 5 Pb 5 II NO3 - 4 III TDS 3 IV Ca2+ 1 TA 1 SO4 2- 1 GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 63.
    PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATIONOF IAWQ 1. STANDARDISATION OF FIELD DATA Xij = Pij/Dij where Xij = STANDARDISED FIELD DATA Pij = FIELD DATA Dij = DESIRED BIS LIMIT • RATING OF STANDARDISED DATA Yi HAS BEEN ASSIGNED TO EACH Xij 1. FOR GOOD WATER QUALITY Xij IS EQUAL TO 0.1 THE CORRESPONDING INDEX RATING IS 1 • FOR ACCEPTABLE WATER QUALITY Xij IS 1 THE CORRESPONDING INDEX RATING IS GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 64.
    PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATIONOF IAWQ C. FOR UNACCEPTABLE GROUND WATER QUALITY Xij EQUAL OR MORE THAN 3.5 CORRESPONDING INDEX RATING IS 10 NOW AS X1 = 0.1, Y1 = 1 X2 = 1, Y2 = 5 X3 = 3.5, Y3 = 10 Yij = f (Xij) CAN BE A PARABOLIC FUNCTION THIS CAN BE CONVERTED TO A POLYNOMIAL Yi = -0.712 * Xi 2 + 5.228 * Xi + 0.484 GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 65.
    PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATIONOF IAWQ 3. THE FINAL IAWQ IS CALCULATED USING THE FORMULA IAWQ = C / n ∑ = n i YriWri1 )]*( C CONSTANT (10) n NO. OF PARAMETERS (7) Wri Wi / Wmax Yri Yi / Ymax Wi WEIGHTING COEFFICIENT Wmax MAXIMUM WEIGHTING COEFFICIENT(5) Yi RATES AS CALCULATED FROM EQUATION Ymax MAXIMUM RATE (10) GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 66.
    FINAL IAWQ CALCULATED IAWQTHROUGH GIS " " " " " " " Narsan Laksar Khanpur Roorkee HaridwarBhagwampur Bahaderabad 77°50'0"E 77°50'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°0'0"E 78°10'0"E 78°10'0"E 29°40'0"N 29°40'0"N 29°50'0"N 29°50'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°0'0"N 30°10'0"N 30°10'0"N º Legend IAWQ High : 2.42364 Low : 0.739088 I NDEX OF AQUI FER WATER QUALI TY (I AWQ) MAP DI STRI CT HARI DWAR 0 5 10 15 202.5 Km GROUND WATER QUALITY
  • 67.
    CONCLUSION IN GENERAL, GROUNDWATER QUALITY IS FIT FOR DRINKING AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS REVEALS THAT GROUND WATERS OF THE STUDY AREA IS SLIGHTLY ALKALINE. URBAN AREA OF THE STUDY AREA SHOWS HIGH TDS. AMONG THE CATIONS CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM ARE THE DOMINANT ONES, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ARE HAVING LOW VALUES IN MOST OF THE AREA. SULPHATES ARE THE DOMINANT ANIONS. HIGH CHLORIDES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INTENSIVE CULTIVATION. TOTAL ALKALINITY IS DOMINANT IN MAJORITY OF THE AREA. HIGH VALUES OF NITRATES ARE DUE TO DECOMPOSITION OF URBAN WASTE.
  • 68.
    HEAVY METALS AREWELL WITHIN THE DESIRABLE LIMITS. HIGH VALUES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH URBAN AND INDUSTRIALIZED AREAS. GIS IS AN APT TOOL IN ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER VULNERABILITY TO POLLUTION. WATER QUALITY IS NOT REFLECTED THE WAY VULNERABILITY TO POLLUTION. AQUIFER RESISTIVITY AND LAND USE ARE BETTER PARAMETERS TO VALIDATE THE VULNERABILITY INDICES IN SUCH CASES. CONCLUSION
  • 69.
    Carnival Infopark -Phase II Kakkanad, Cochin, India – 682030