the topic of the presentation is the China Factors on Myanmar that focus on the China-Myanmar Relations history and analysis on current challenges among the Burmese.

1. China Factors on Myanmar
Aung Ko Ko Toe
20 Nov 2020

2. Discussion Points
Part One
• History Background
Part Two
• China – Myanmar Relations (Foreign Policy, Economy and
Peace Process)
Forward Looking

3. History Background
 U Nu’s Era (Parliamentary Democracy)
 General Ne Win’s Era (Revolutionary Council,
BSPP)
 Than Shwe’s Era (SLORC, SPDC)

4. China Leaders’ Profiles
 Mao Zedong (1893 – 1976)
 Chou Enlai (1898 – 1976)
 Deng Xiaoping (1904 – 1997)
Founder of China
Developer of China

5. Second Line Leaders
 Jiang Zemin (1926 – )
 Hu Jintao (1942 – )
 Xi Jinping (1953 – )

6. Great Event of China
 1911 Revolution
 1912 Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)
 1921 Chinese Communist Party (CPC)
 1949 PRC
 1949 – 54 Power Struggle b/t Red and White
China
 1956 Hundred Flowers Campaign
 1958 Great Leap Forward
 1966 Cultural Revolution
 1978 Economic Reform
 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests
 1990 Economic Development

7. China – Myanmar Issues
 Burma was the first non-communist country to
recognize the Communist-led People’s Republic of
China after its foundation in 1949.
 Peaceful Coexistence Treaty (U Nu’s Era)
 Kuomintang (KMT) Chinese Nationalist troops in
Burma (1950)
 1967 Communal Violence between Chinese and
Burmese in Burma.
 Relation between Communist Party of Burma and
CPCCPB leader: ThakinThan
Tun

8. Myanmar Issues
U Nu Regime :
 Parliamentary Democracy (State Capitalism)
 Struggle to become developmental state (Pyidawthar
Project)
Ne Win (Military regime)
 Civil Wars (CPB and Ethnic Armed groups)
 Isolationism (by economically)
 1988 Mass Protests (8888 Uprising)
 The Fall of BSPP
 1989 April 16 (The Fall of CPB)

9. Domino Effects
 1989 Fall of Berlin Wall (end of cold war)
 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests in China

10. Pauk-Phaw Relatoin
SLORC (Than Shwe’s Regime) and PRC China
 International Pressure (China and Myanmar)

11. China – Myanmar Issues
China (PRC)
 China Economic Reform: Four Modernization (1978)
 Special Economic Zones and Industrial Zones
 Economic Liberalization (Deng Xiaoping's Model)
 Not Gorbachev’s Model
Myanmar Military regime
 Introduction to Market Economy
 De facto government
 Chinese influence on Myanmar (Political, Military,
Economical – trade, technology, investment,
manufacturing, production, extractive industry,
services and products)

12. Impacts
 Yunnan Province developed (land lock region)
 Gained from Natural Resources, Energy
 Area of drug trafficking
 Border Trade development
 Energy Sources (Dams)
 Global Power Struggle (China – USA – India)
 Sino – Myanmar Oil and Gas Pipeline
 Money Laundering (from black to white money)
 Supporter of Ethnic Armed Groups (Peace issue)
 Geo-political issues (two – oceans occupied)

18. In the periods of Transitional regimes
 Myit-sone Dam issue (The project is suspended) 2017
 Letpadaung Copper Mine Protest (2012 – 2013)
 Jade mine in Kachin
 Kyuk-Phyu Special Economic Zone
 NYDC
 Rakhine Crisis
 Global Power China (Nationalist China)
 Belt and Road initiative (the string of Pearl’s
Strategy)
 Chinese Cultural Fever
 Debt Trap

19. Looking Forward
 Great Country and Great Nation
(9.5 million square km, 1.3 billion, 5000 years)
 The history background of Sino-Burmese wars in ancient history
 Big Brother influential relation
 China – Myanmar Border (2129 km) (Geo-political issues)
(security, population, economy)
 Production and Manufacturing oriented country (CHINA)
 Nationalist China’s Leader (Xi Jinping) Xiplomacy !!
 2019 (PRC – 70th years anniversary)
 2021 (CPC – 100th years anniversary)

20. Questions and Discussion
Reference
 Modern China – Myanmar Relation, Dilemma of Mutual
Dependence, David I. Steinberg and Hongwel Fan, Nordic
Institute of Asian Studies, 2012
 The Name of Pauk-Phaw, Myanmar’s China Policy Since 1948,
Maung Aung Myoe
 Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948, Bertil
Litner, 1999
 The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB),
Bertil Lintner, Issue 6 of Southeast Asia Program series, Cornell
University, 1990
 China History (Sources from internet)