Ground subsidence in mining occurs when underground material movement causes the ground above mines to sink or subside. It is mostly caused by the removal of resources during mining operations. Subsidence can damage infrastructure and the environment on the surface and underground. To monitor and prevent subsidence, mining surveys use techniques like synthetic aperture radar interferometry, GPS, precise leveling, and electronic distance measurement to track ground movement. These surveys provide data to support ground stability and safe mining operations while minimizing negative impacts.
The detail information about types of soil degradation and factors affecting soil degradation.
SSAC-242 Problematic soil and their management.
Lecture No. 1 Soil Degradation- definition, types, factors, processes.
The detail information about types of soil degradation and factors affecting soil degradation.
SSAC-242 Problematic soil and their management.
Lecture No. 1 Soil Degradation- definition, types, factors, processes.
Soil degradation implies long term decline in soil’s productivity and its environment moderating capacity.In other words,it means decline in soil quality,or reduction in attributes of the soil in relation to specific functions of value to humans.It has plagued the earth since the dawn of settled agriculture.In ancient times ,soil degradation caused the downfall of several thriving ancient civilizations,eg.the Harappan and the Kalibangan cultures in the Indus Valley,the Mesopotamian and Lydian kingdoms in the Mediterranean region, and the Mayan civilization in Central America.During the 20th century,the increase in population has drastically accentuated the risks and extent of soil degradation.(Lal,2001). Land degradation is not being adequately addressed, but is of vital importance to raise awareness so that future land management decisions can lead to more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Of India’s total geographical area (328.7 Mha), 304.9 Mha comprise the reporting area with 264.5 Mha being used for agriculture, forestry, pasture and other biomass production. The severity and extent of soil degradation in the country has been previously assessed by many agencies (Table 1). According to the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning ~146.8 Mha is degraded. Water erosion is the most serious degradation problem in India, resulting in loss of topsoil and terrain deformation. Based on first approximation analysis of existing soil loss data, the average soil erosion rate was ~16.4 ton ha−1year−1, resulting in an annual total soil loss of 5.3 billion tons throughout the country .Nearly 29% of total eroded soil is permanently lost to the sea, while 61% is simply transferred from one place to another and the remaining 10% is deposited in reservoirs.( Bhattacharyya et al.,2015)
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
Nature of Mineralization
Geological dilution
Mining Methods and Dilution
Underground Mine Design:
Basic Input
Global (Block) Design Issues
Detailed design issues
Geotechnical Monitoring
Parameters Influencing Dilution:
Orebody delineation
Design and sequencing
Stope development
Drilling and blasting
Production stages
Issues for mine management
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Soil degradation implies long term decline in soil’s productivity and its environment moderating capacity.In other words,it means decline in soil quality,or reduction in attributes of the soil in relation to specific functions of value to humans.It has plagued the earth since the dawn of settled agriculture.In ancient times ,soil degradation caused the downfall of several thriving ancient civilizations,eg.the Harappan and the Kalibangan cultures in the Indus Valley,the Mesopotamian and Lydian kingdoms in the Mediterranean region, and the Mayan civilization in Central America.During the 20th century,the increase in population has drastically accentuated the risks and extent of soil degradation.(Lal,2001). Land degradation is not being adequately addressed, but is of vital importance to raise awareness so that future land management decisions can lead to more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Of India’s total geographical area (328.7 Mha), 304.9 Mha comprise the reporting area with 264.5 Mha being used for agriculture, forestry, pasture and other biomass production. The severity and extent of soil degradation in the country has been previously assessed by many agencies (Table 1). According to the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning ~146.8 Mha is degraded. Water erosion is the most serious degradation problem in India, resulting in loss of topsoil and terrain deformation. Based on first approximation analysis of existing soil loss data, the average soil erosion rate was ~16.4 ton ha−1year−1, resulting in an annual total soil loss of 5.3 billion tons throughout the country .Nearly 29% of total eroded soil is permanently lost to the sea, while 61% is simply transferred from one place to another and the remaining 10% is deposited in reservoirs.( Bhattacharyya et al.,2015)
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
This lecture provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground production environment.
The lecture reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize dilution.
The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing, stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
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Geological dilution
Mining Methods and Dilution
Underground Mine Design:
Basic Input
Global (Block) Design Issues
Detailed design issues
Geotechnical Monitoring
Parameters Influencing Dilution:
Orebody delineation
Design and sequencing
Stope development
Drilling and blasting
Production stages
Issues for mine management
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2. 2.1 Background
Movement in materials underground, dislocation in rocks leads to land
deformation.
It is mostly caused by removal of mineral resources out of the ground by
pumping and drilling.
It can also occur due to natural events such as earthquakes.
All these events may collapse the hanging wall due to additional stress in the
rocks and change is surface topography.
2
3. What is subsidence ?
the gradual caving in or sinking of an area or land
Ground Subsidence :
it is the sinking of the ground because of underground
material movement
3
4. 2.2 Elements of subsidence syncline
Subsidence is mainly seen in room and pillar mines.
When the roof of subsurface mine collapse it causes the ground
above to sink or subside.
Technically it means lateral or vertical ground movement caused by
a failure initiated at the mine level, of man-made underground
mines, including coal mines, limestone mines and fluorspar mines
that directly damages residence or commercial buildings.
4
5. Elements of subsidence syncline cont.
Mine subsidence does not include lateral or vertical ground
movement cause by earth shake, landslide, volcanic eruption, soil
conditions, soil erosion, soil freezing and thawing, improperly
compacted soil, construction defects, roots of trees shrubs or collapse
of trees oand shrubs or collapse of storm and sewer drains and rapid
transit tunnels.
5
6. 2.3 Mine surveying methods used to
monitor ground subsidence
This refers to applicable and applied surveying techniques in mining
operations/environments to provide accurate and important
quantitative data regarding the behaviour of surrounding rock/ground,
performance of the ground support systems, safety and stability of the
underground mining work and the excavation progress.
6
7. 2.4 Mine surveying methods used to
monitor ground subsidence
Methods include:
1. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry
2. Global Positioning System(GPS)
3. Conventional precise levelling and theodolite
4. Remote electronic monitoring
5. Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Surveys
7
8. 2.4 Mining damages on the surface
1. Damage to land resources
Mining destroys beneficial micro organisms in topsoil
Soil may be damaged if reclamation operations mix with subsoils
Mining may damage lands in ways that prevent a return to previous land use e.g
farming
Erosion may increase dramatically once natural vegetation is removed
2. Water Resource Management
Irresponsible surface mining can pollute streams and disrupt water supplies
Water pollution from discharged mine effluent and seepage from tailings and waste
rock impoundments
8
9. 2.4 Mining damages on the surface cont.
3. Wildlife damage
All species are either destroyed or displaced from the area of mine itself
impairment of habitats of aminal species
Heavy metals and compounds that can alter the ph of soil are exposed and leach into
streems’
9
10. 2.5 Mining damages underground
➢ Mines collapse and buildings start to crack
➢ Disruption of underground water flow i.e aquifers
➢ Stability of pipelines and drains is affected
➢ Tilts i.e change in slope of land surface
➢ Failure of well casings
➢ Underground railways are damaged
➢ Changes in elevation and slope of streams, canals and drains.
10
11. 2.6 Conclusion
Mining damages on the surface and underground may be quiet severe
on wildlife, land resources, water resources management and
underground facilities. To avoid these damages mining surveying has
employed different monitoring methods e.g. GPS
11
12. References
Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2836108_Mining_Subsidence_Monitoring
Retrieved from https://www.science.gov/topicpages/m/mining+subsidence+monitoring.html
Hu, H.; Lian, X.G.; Cai, Y.F.; Zhang, K. Study on ecological environment damage and restoration
for coal mining—subsided area in loess hilly area of Shanxi Province. Coal Sci. Technol. 2020, 48,
70–79
Dai, H.Y.; Guo, J.T.; Yan, Y.G. Principle and application of subsidence control technology of mining
coordinately mixed with backfilling and keeping. J. China Coal Soc. 2014, 39, 1602–1610
Helmut Kratzsch. (1993) Mining Subsidence Engineering ISBN-13 :978-3-642-81925-4
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