The document provides information on the indicators used to measure development levels between countries. It discusses 10 key indicators across economic, health, and education categories. The economic indicators are income per capita, employment structure, and employment opportunities. The health indicators are life expectancy, infant mortality rate, access to potable water, and sanitation facilities. The education indicators include literacy rate. More developed countries typically demonstrate higher scores on these indicators, such as higher income per capita and life expectancy, compared to less developed countries.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND ETHICSDiploma and Certificate Programmes.docxlynettearnold46882
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DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND ETHICS
Diploma and Certificate Programmes
BBB 1207 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND ETHICS
THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AND UNDER-DEVELOPMENT
What is development?
In general, development is the process of improving the quality of human life.
The economic view of development is that it is the capacity of a national economy whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long period of time, to generate and ascertain an annual increase in its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at the rate of 5% to 7%.
Development includes: quantity of resources available, equitable distribution of income, people’s quality of life e.g. access to education, healthcare, employment opportunities, security, etc.
· Development is a multi-dimensional process involving major changes in social structures, personal attributes and national institutions.
· Development is progressive
· The new economic view of development defines economic development in terms of its reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within the context of a growing economy.
Underdevelopment:
This is a state of inadequate development. It is characterized by diverse problems including unemployment, low level of technology and skills, under-utilization of resources, low literacy levels, confusion and ignorance, hopelessness, etc. It affects more than 3 billion people in the world.
Objectives of development
1. To increase availability and widespread distribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food, shelter, security and health.
2. To raise the standards of living with emphasis on higher income, better education and greater attention to cultural and human values, all of which serve not only to enhance material well-being but also to generate individual and national esteem.
3. Expansion of the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and the nations in order to free them from servitude and dependency.
Core values of development
(i) Sustenance: This means the ability to meet basic needs. All people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. These life-sustaining human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. Their absence implies a condition of absolute underdevelopment.
· A basic function of all human activity is to provide as many people as possible with the means of overcoming the helplessness and misery arising from lack of the above.
· Without sustained and continuous economic progress at the individual as well as society level, the realization of human potential would not be possible.
(ii) Self-esteem : This means a sense of worth and self respect
· The nature and form of this self-esteem may vary from society to society, culture to culture.
(iii) Freedom from servitude: This means human freedom i.e. emancipation from alienating materials e.g. conditions of life and from social servitude to nature, ignorance, other people, misery, institutions and dogmatic beliefs.
· Fr.
The Case of ODA’s Role In Developing “New Indonesia”
Paper submitted as Prerequisite for “Development Assistance” Course (Prof. SATO Ikuro)
Submitted by: Tri Widodo W. Utomo (DICOS M1, 300202040)
This includes complete notes needed for the chapter Development included in CBSE Class X Curriculum.
The notes are prepared by topper of CBSE who scored A1 in Social Science and a 10 CGPA.
Principles and Concepts Development
What is the real meaning of development?
Why do some countries develop and others remain poor?
What are the sources of development and how do we measure development?
Does historical record of development help us understand it better?
What are the most influential theories of development and are they compatible?
Is development process of developing nations independent or interdependent with that of developed nations?
Definition of Economic Development: 1950s
In economic terms, development is the capacity of a nation to generate and sustain an annual increase in its GNP of 5% or more.
Traditional economic measures:
GDP: is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time
Y=C+I+G+NX
GNP: is the market value of all final goods and services produced by permanent residents of a country in a given period of time
GNP= GDP+ net factor income from abroad
Similar to GEOG II - Chap 09 - Variations in Development in the World (20)
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
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Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview​
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
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Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
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In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
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I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
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The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
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The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
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A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
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Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GEOG II - Chap 09 - Variations in Development in the World
1. Secondary 4 Pure Geography
Human Geography (2235/2)
Sec 4 Chapter 9
Variations in Development in the World
Enquiry questions:
1) What is development?
2) How does it measured by?
3) Why is development necessary?
Content:
Uneven development exists between DCs and LDCs:
o Core-periphery relationship between DCs and LDCs
- Economic (income per capita, employment structure and employment opportunities
- Health (life expectancy, infant mortality rate, water supply and sanitation)
- Education (literacy rate)
Learning objectives:
Be able to define development and explain the need for it;
Be able to describe the goals of development;
Be able to describe Rostow’s Model of Development;
Be able to list the indicators for measuring development.
Key terms:
Development: the process of change that improves the well-being of a society.
Quality of life: social well-being related to bodily comfort like sufficient food, clothing &
shelter associated with mental happiness like good health, freedom of speech, mobility,
leisure and a stress-free lifestyle.
Standard of living: favourable or desirable living conditions like availability of goods and
services, access to electricity, clean water supply, education and good medical cum health
services and affordable public cum private transport.
2. Secondary 4 Pure Geography
Human Geography (2235/2)
Sec 4 Chapter 9
Why development and what are the goals of development?
Section I: Introduction
Development is defined as the process of change that improves the well-being of a society.
There is a need to develop the less developed countries (LDCs).
Section II: Reasons for development
1) Moral conviction about rights
It is not right that poverty, hunger and disease were denying millions of people in LDCs their
rights for basic needs like food and healthcare.
2) Untapped market potential
Due to the large population found in the LDCs, developing these LDCs would provide a
huge market for western products to reap bigger profits.
3) Fear of spread of diseases
The risk of diseases that originate from the poor countries to spread to the richer countries is
quite huge hence it is vital that these countries are able to prevent the spread.
Section III: Goals of development
1) Improving economies of LDCs
Economies can be improved by:
o increasing production of food and cash crops;
o increasing productivity & adoption of modern technology;
o diversifying into secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries;
o upgrading workers’ skills;
o encouraging women to participate in the labour force;
o getting people to work for longer periods of time and;
o increasing exports.
This would generate greater income for the LDCs so that they can improve the social
and physical infrastructure in the country and catch up with the DCs.
3. 2) Improving quality of life in LDCs
Quality of life in LDCs can be improved by:
o providing equal educational opportunities;
o providing proper sanitation facilities;
o providing basic healthcare;
o providing electricity to rural areas;
o providing a source of income for rural people and;
o building better roads.
For example, Singapore improved its housing since the 60s where 1-3 room flats were built,
then in 80s, the New Town character was promoted to create a sense of identity and then
past 2000s, the older flats are upgraded and executive condos were built for the richer.
This would provide the facilities required by the rural people to improve the living
conditions and this makes them have greater comfort and be able to develop the
country further.
Section IV: Rostow’s Model of Development
1) Stage 1: Traditional society
In this stage, countries are majoritily involved in the primary industry and have poor
infrastructure. They also have little or no surplus from economy.
2) Stage 2: Preconditions for take off
In this stage, the country receives financial aid from DCs and they begin developing
infrastructure and industries with that money.
4. 3) Stage 3: Take off
The secondary industries see exponential growth and there is vast improvements to
infrastructure within a short period of time.
4) Stage 4: Drive to maturity
There is country-wide economic growth. It undergoes rapid urbanisation and it is majoritily
involved in the secondary industry. The infrastructure is also very good.
5) Stage 5: High Mass Consumption
The country is majoritily involved in tertiary industries. The country also enjoys high
economic surpluses.
Food for Thought – Disadvantages of the model:
A country might not take off even when a lot of financial aid is given because of:
1. Lack of raw materials and technology
2. Rapid growth in population
3. Natural disasters
4. Poor planning
5. Money used to buy basic needs
6. Political instability due to corruption, collusion1 and nepotism2
Section V: Core-periphery relationship
1
Negative collaboration among people in the government
2
Government officials are picked because of family relations and not skill
5. Secondary 4 Pure Geography
Human Geography (2235/2)
Sec 4 Chapter 9
What are the indicators of development?
Section I: Introduction
Development is defined as the process of change that improves the well-being of a society.
There is a need for clear boundaries and criteria to determine the development of a country.
Section II: Indicators of development
Economic Indicators
(+) reflects the ability to purchase the goods and services they want and need
(-) does take into account the source of income, the quality of life and socioenvironmental costs
1) Income per capita*
1) Gross National Product (GNP) per capita
A country’s GNP refers to the total income of the nationals in the country that year.
The GNP per capita refers to the average income of each member of population.
2) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
A country’s GDP refers to the total income generated in a country that year.
The GDP per capita refers to the average income generated by each member of population.
o For example, the GDP per capita of Singapore (HDIr:26) is US$50 633 per capita
as compared to the GDP per capita of Congo (HDIr:187) is US$319 per capita.
(+) A more developed country would have a higher income per capita and hence they
are able to purchase the goods and services of their needs and wants because they
are working in higher-paying jobs.
(-) However, income per capita is only an average. Wealth may not be distributed
equally and there might be a fraction of the population living in poverty despite the
country’s high GDP per capita.
(-) Also, it does not reflect the source of contributions. A very lucrative industry may
generate a large percentage of the country’s GDP but the industry employs only a
small percentage of the population. It means that many locals could still be in poverty.
(-) It also does not measure quality of life that may be quite bad due to stress to earn
the GDP for the country.
6. 2) Employment structure*
A country that has a larger percentage of its workers in the secondary and tertiary
industries is said to be more developed than a country with a large percentage of its
workers in the primary industries.
LDCs generally have a large percentage of its workers in the primary industries.
This is because the primary industries are low value-added and hence they earn less
revenue than the DCs.
Also, the workforce is less educated and do not have the skills because the social
infrastructure (ie. access to education) is less developed.
However, DCs generally have a large percentage of its workers in tertiary industries.
Tertiary industries are high value-added and hence the workers earn more revenue.
Also, the workforce is highly educated and hence they have the skills required for the tertiary
industries because access to education is very easy.
Also, the population has a higher disposable income to spend on luxuries and premium
services and hence the service sector thrives and expands to cater to the demand.
o For example, country D (30% primary, 10% secondary, 60% tertiary) is generally
more developed than country B (80% primary, 10% secondary, 10% tertiary).
3) Employment opportunities
Usually, DCs have abundant employment opportunities due to the abundance of jobs.
This is because when people have a greater desire for finer things in life and they earn more
money in DCs, they encourage the growth of secondary industries that manufacture the
goods as well as the tertiary industries that provides the goods and services to the
consumer. This creates more jobs to cater to the needs of the consumers.
However, in LDCs, there is little employment opportunities due to lack of demand.
In LDCs, people tend to be poorer as they work in low value-added primary industries.
Hence, there is little demand for goods and services and there is little need for businesses
to expand since the demand is just so little hence it will not create new jobs.
There might be an outflow of talent where people from LDCs migrate to DCs in search for
jobs, resulting in a brain-drain periphery country that has little opportunities to develop.
However, lately the employment opportunities in LDCs have been increasing due to the
trend of transference where DCs locate their factories in LDCs to benefit from lower
operating costs.
7. 4) Transport and communication infrastructure
If a country is developed, it would have an extensive transport network that would
take up a percentage of the land area.
This is because developed countries depend on their manufacturing and service industries.
An inefficient transport system will cause productivity to decrease as a result in the loss of
manhours. As such a country that has a developed transport network with highways, ports,
airports and roads is usually more developed.
A developed country also has an extensive communication network with a large number of
telephone main lines per 1000 persons, an indication of the wealth of the people.
For example,
o Singapore (HDIr: 26) has 1496 mobile phone subscriptions per 1000 population
while Ethiopia (HDIr:174) has 80 mobile phone subscriptions per 1000 population.
5) Commercial energy consumption
A country that has a high commercial energy consumption is usually more developed.
This is because it is very advanced in terms of industrialisation, meaning that it has a lot of
factories and as such more energy is used.
This means that the country is majoritily involved in the secondary industries and is more
developed than another country that has a low commercial energy consumption because it
is majoritily involved in the primary industries.
Health Indicators
(+) holistic indicators that reflects many issues (ie. nutrition, access to water, sanitation)
(-) does not reflect the ability to access the facilities (ie. amount of money that is spent there)
6) Life expectancy*
A country with a higher life expectancy is usually more developed than a country with
a lower life expectancy.
Life expectancy refers to the average number of years someone is expected to live
This is because the people in DCs tend to live in better and cleaner environments as well as
having access to health care.
However, in LDCs, there is little economic wealth due to the nature of their jobs.
This means that they cannot afford proper housing and health care.
When people are sick, the productivity of the workforce drops affecting the country’s GDP.
With the drop in GDP, governments have little resources to provide healthcare facilities.
As such, they are trapped in a poverty cycle that prevents them from helping themselves
improve the health conditions.
For example,
o the life expectancy of Singapore (HDIr:26) is 81.1 years as compared to the life
expectancy of Ethiopia (HDIr:174) is 59.3 years.
8. 7) Infant mortality rate*
The lower the infant mortality rate, the more developed the country is.
Infant mortality rate refers to the rate at which the number of babies less than one year of
age dies per 1000 live births.
In DCs, most infants are born in proper hospitals under the supervision of trained medical
personnel hence thet receive proper medical attention.
However, the lack of doctors and medical facilities in LDCs make giving birth very risky and
hence a significant number of babies die due to lack of medical attention.
For example,
o percentage of births attended by skilled personnel in Singapore (HDIr:26) is 100%
while the percentage of births with that in Ethiopia (HDIr:174) is 6%.
o infant mortality rate per 1000 live births in Singapore (HDIr:26) under five years is 3
as compared to in Ethiopia (HDIr:174) under five years is 104.
8) Potable water supply*
The better the access to clean water supply, the more developed the country is.
In DCs, people have access to clean water supply any time they want.
This is because the countries have the monetary resources to build water purification plants
to purify the water to make it safe for consumption.
In LDCs, people might need to travel long distances to get little water.
This is because the countries do not have the resources to build the plantsto purify water
hence the people need to walk to the nearest well to collect water.
They are also prone to water-borne diseases (eg. cholera and typhoid) and contaminated
water. Nearly 3.6 million people die yearly from water-related diseases. At any time, half of
the world’s hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from water-borne diseases.
For example,
o the percentage of population deprived of clean water in Singapore (HDIr: 26) is 0%
as compared to population deprived of clean water in Ethiopia (HDIr:174) is 53.8%.
9) Sanitation*
The better the sanitation facilities that can be used, the more developed the country is.
DCs can build modern sewage systems to carry waste away to treatment facilities.
They have the monetary resources to build the sewage systems and to have private
sanitation facilities (eg. bathrooms and toilets) in their own homes.
Unlike DCs, LDCs may have very little sanitation facilities or they may lack it totally.
Waste is usually left in the open or buried in the fields haphazardly. This may contaminate
nearby water resources as well as food supplies.
For example,
o the percentage of population deprived of sanitation in Singapore (HDIr:26) is 0%
while the population deprived of sanitation facilities in Ethiopia (HDIr:174) is 83.7%.
9. Education indicators
(+) shows potential of development in the future since human capital investment brings returns
(-) different countries have different standards for what they define as illiterate
10) Literacy rate*
The higher the literacy rate, the more developed the country is.
Literacy rate refers to the percentage of population who are 15 years and above who can
read and write.
This is because if a country has a high literacy rate, it means that they are educated.
This gives them the skills to use technology so that they can work in the secondary and
tertiary industries to earn more income.
However the low literacy rates in LDCs hinder development because people do not possess
the knowledge and skills to contribute to the economic development of a country. Thus, their
workforce will not be as technologically savvy as that of DCs.
For example,
o the literacy rate in Singapore (HDIr:26) is 94.7% as compared to Ethiopia (HDIr:174)
which is 29.8%.
o the pupil-teacher ratio in Singapore (HDIr:26) is 17.4 students per teacher as
compared to Ethiopia (HDIr:174) which is 57.9 students per teacher.