The document discusses several causes of poverty in India including rapidly rising population which increases demand, low productivity in agriculture due to small land holdings and traditional methods, underutilized resources resulting in low production, and low rates of economic development leaving a gap between availability and requirements. It also mentions price rises hurting the poor, high unemployment as job seekers outpace new opportunities, and lack of capital and entrepreneurship limiting growth. Social factors like inheritance laws and the caste system as well as the legacy of British exploitation have also exacerbated poverty in India.
Employment generation programmes in India Jagriti Rohit
The document provides information about various rural employment guarantee and poverty alleviation schemes run by the Government of India, including:
1) The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) which guarantees 100 days of employment per year to rural households.
2) The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) which provides additional wage employment and food security through the creation of rural infrastructure.
3) The Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) which aims to bring rural poor families above the poverty line through self-employment opportunities.
The document discusses unemployment in rural areas of India. It defines unemployment and describes the different types, including open unemployment during seasonal periods for farmers, concealed or disguised unemployment where more workers are employed than necessary, and educated rural unemployment where more people are educated than there are jobs. The main causes of rural unemployment are rapid population growth, small landholdings, seasonal agriculture, and lack of alternative employment opportunities. Some solutions proposed include improving agriculture through irrigation, crop rotation, and use of machinery; developing small industries; public works programs; and controlling population growth.
Business environment ppt on role of governmentChakreshBhawsar
The document discusses the economic role of the Indian government in business. It outlines several key roles:
1) Regulator of business by ensuring private investment meets socio-economic objectives, preventing exploitation, and controlling monopolies.
2) Promoter of business by providing financing, incentives, and infrastructure to support industrial growth, especially in underdeveloped areas.
3) Entrepreneur in business by operating public enterprises to ensure competitive markets.
4) Planner in business by indicating development priorities through Five-Year Plans and allocating scarce resources.
The government's role also involves reducing poverty, unemployment, and developing infrastructure like roads, ports and power to support economic growth. Poverty remains a
The Food For Work Programme (FFWP) in Bangladesh arose after the 1974 famine to provide income and food to the rural poor through work on agriculture-supporting infrastructure projects. It targets the poorest households, with estimates that 60% of participants come from the poorest quartile. FFWPs are politically supported as they seem easier to ensure support for than other poverty programs. The program helps rural development and provides incentives for the poor to invest in their future.
This document discusses rural development in India. It provides an overview of rural development programs and policies in India, including the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, and Indira Awas Yojana. It also outlines some of the key challenges to rural development, such as infrastructure and economic problems, as well as people-related issues. The overall goal of rural development in India is to improve quality of life and economic well-being in rural areas through various initiatives focused on health, education, drinking water, roads, and employment.
This document summarizes a study on personal installment loan services provided by local and foreign commercial banks and NGOs in Bangladesh in 2015. It finds that personal installment loans have grown popular among medium-low income customers. Foreign banks and NGOs generally provide more prompt service than local banks regarding loan facilities, terms, and conditions, though NGOs charge higher fees. Foreign banks and NGOs also have more advanced technology and customer service than local banks. The study highlights differences in personal loan features between banks and NGOs, as well as total amounts disbursed, outstanding, and customers served by each.
This document provides an overview of poverty and unemployment in India. It defines poverty as being deprived of basic requirements for living such as food, clothing, shelter, education and health services. People living below the poverty line are considered poor. The document discusses measurement of poverty, types of poverty, statistics on poverty in India by state, and reasons for poverty. It then outlines various poverty alleviation programs and schemes implemented by the central and state governments aimed at employment generation, self-employment, food security, social safety, and eliminating urban poverty. Key programs discussed include MGNREGA, various agriculture and irrigation schemes, and schemes to promote industries.
Lecture 7: Urban & Regional Planning (Risk Mitigation Concept)Bayes Ahmed
The document discusses the Comilla Model of rural development in Bangladesh. It originated from pilot projects conducted by the Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development to address issues in rural societies. Key components of the model included decentralization, organizing farmers through cooperatives, infrastructure development, and integrating various development services. Though impactful initially, criticisms emerged such as benefits accruing mainly to large landholders and decline in real wages over time. The Integrated Rural Development Programme later aimed to coordinate rural programs nationwide using the two-tier cooperative system of the Comilla Model.
Employment generation programmes in India Jagriti Rohit
The document provides information about various rural employment guarantee and poverty alleviation schemes run by the Government of India, including:
1) The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) which guarantees 100 days of employment per year to rural households.
2) The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) which provides additional wage employment and food security through the creation of rural infrastructure.
3) The Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) which aims to bring rural poor families above the poverty line through self-employment opportunities.
The document discusses unemployment in rural areas of India. It defines unemployment and describes the different types, including open unemployment during seasonal periods for farmers, concealed or disguised unemployment where more workers are employed than necessary, and educated rural unemployment where more people are educated than there are jobs. The main causes of rural unemployment are rapid population growth, small landholdings, seasonal agriculture, and lack of alternative employment opportunities. Some solutions proposed include improving agriculture through irrigation, crop rotation, and use of machinery; developing small industries; public works programs; and controlling population growth.
Business environment ppt on role of governmentChakreshBhawsar
The document discusses the economic role of the Indian government in business. It outlines several key roles:
1) Regulator of business by ensuring private investment meets socio-economic objectives, preventing exploitation, and controlling monopolies.
2) Promoter of business by providing financing, incentives, and infrastructure to support industrial growth, especially in underdeveloped areas.
3) Entrepreneur in business by operating public enterprises to ensure competitive markets.
4) Planner in business by indicating development priorities through Five-Year Plans and allocating scarce resources.
The government's role also involves reducing poverty, unemployment, and developing infrastructure like roads, ports and power to support economic growth. Poverty remains a
The Food For Work Programme (FFWP) in Bangladesh arose after the 1974 famine to provide income and food to the rural poor through work on agriculture-supporting infrastructure projects. It targets the poorest households, with estimates that 60% of participants come from the poorest quartile. FFWPs are politically supported as they seem easier to ensure support for than other poverty programs. The program helps rural development and provides incentives for the poor to invest in their future.
This document discusses rural development in India. It provides an overview of rural development programs and policies in India, including the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, and Indira Awas Yojana. It also outlines some of the key challenges to rural development, such as infrastructure and economic problems, as well as people-related issues. The overall goal of rural development in India is to improve quality of life and economic well-being in rural areas through various initiatives focused on health, education, drinking water, roads, and employment.
This document summarizes a study on personal installment loan services provided by local and foreign commercial banks and NGOs in Bangladesh in 2015. It finds that personal installment loans have grown popular among medium-low income customers. Foreign banks and NGOs generally provide more prompt service than local banks regarding loan facilities, terms, and conditions, though NGOs charge higher fees. Foreign banks and NGOs also have more advanced technology and customer service than local banks. The study highlights differences in personal loan features between banks and NGOs, as well as total amounts disbursed, outstanding, and customers served by each.
This document provides an overview of poverty and unemployment in India. It defines poverty as being deprived of basic requirements for living such as food, clothing, shelter, education and health services. People living below the poverty line are considered poor. The document discusses measurement of poverty, types of poverty, statistics on poverty in India by state, and reasons for poverty. It then outlines various poverty alleviation programs and schemes implemented by the central and state governments aimed at employment generation, self-employment, food security, social safety, and eliminating urban poverty. Key programs discussed include MGNREGA, various agriculture and irrigation schemes, and schemes to promote industries.
Lecture 7: Urban & Regional Planning (Risk Mitigation Concept)Bayes Ahmed
The document discusses the Comilla Model of rural development in Bangladesh. It originated from pilot projects conducted by the Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development to address issues in rural societies. Key components of the model included decentralization, organizing farmers through cooperatives, infrastructure development, and integrating various development services. Though impactful initially, criticisms emerged such as benefits accruing mainly to large landholders and decline in real wages over time. The Integrated Rural Development Programme later aimed to coordinate rural programs nationwide using the two-tier cooperative system of the Comilla Model.
This power point presentation discusses education and eradication of poverty. It defines poverty and identifies its key causes as unemployment, population explosion, illiteracy, and defective planning. It states that education can help decrease poverty by providing vocational skills. Illiteracy contributes to poverty by limiting people's ability to improve their economic status. The presentation outlines government efforts to abolish rural poverty through initiatives that increase employment, provide basic facilities and services, and promote self-employment and adult education. It emphasizes that education is key to mobilizing people's potential for development and argues that compulsory primary education, non-formal education, and developing scientific attitudes can help eradicate poverty.
Rostow's stages of economic growth model outlines 5 stages of development: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions for take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity, and 5) age of high mass consumption. The take-off stage involves investment increasing to over 10% of GDP, triggering sustained economic growth. During drive to maturity, new industries replace old ones and agriculture declines as countries industrialize. In the final stage, per capita incomes rise enough for widespread consumer goods consumption. The document discusses these stages and their application to understanding rural development.
The document discusses various government programs in India aimed at eradicating poverty. It provides definitions of poverty and outlines general measures that should be taken like increasing economic growth, strengthening beneficiary programs, and ensuring basic amenities and price stability. Specific anti-poverty programs discussed include the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana rural development program, the National Old Age Pension Scheme, the Annapurna scheme for food aid to seniors, the Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana housing program, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act guaranteeing rural employment, the National Food for Work Programme, and the Public Distribution System for subsidized food distribution.
Rural development aims to improve the livelihoods and economic well-being of rural populations. It traditionally focused on agriculture but now also emphasizes education, entrepreneurship, infrastructure and social development. The objectives of rural development are to increase productivity, employment, incomes, health and create new jobs while improving other services. Rural development is important for countries like Bangladesh where most people live in rural areas and the rural economy contributes significantly to GDP. Key elements of rural development in Bangladesh include poverty alleviation, equitable distribution of income/wealth, employment opportunities and local community participation.
This document discusses human capital and its importance for rural development. It defines human capital as investments in education, training, and health that increase people's productivity. Studies show education increases incomes. For developing countries with large rural populations, transforming people into human capital through education, health, and values can help address lack of tangible capital. Rural development aims to improve quality of life and economies in isolated areas, and is characterized by locally-led strategies and programs from groups like Aga Khan Foundation, CTA, and USDA Rural Development.
Poverty is defined as the inability to afford basic human needs. The document discusses the types, causes, and government measures to address poverty in India. Sections of society vulnerable to poverty include street vendors, beggars, and landless/small farmers. Characteristics of poverty include lack of food, shelter, education, and healthcare. Government poverty alleviation programs provide employment, resources, and access to necessities in order to reduce poverty in India.
Poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes in indiachandan00781
This document discusses several major poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes in India. It provides details on the objectives of prominent schemes like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which guarantees at least 100 days of employment in rural areas. Other programmes mentioned include the Indira Awas Yojana for housing, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana for rural connectivity, the Antyodaya Anna Yojana for food security, and the Integrated Child Development Services for improving child and mother health and nutrition. Prior employment schemes discussed are the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, the Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
“Employment Generation and Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries” Chall...IOSR Journals
This document discusses employment generation and poverty alleviation in developing countries, with a special focus on India. It provides background on India's development planning since independence and outlines various government employment and anti-poverty programs. Key points include:
1) India initiated economic development through five-year plans but found neither Keynesian nor neoclassical theories fully suitable to local conditions.
2) Government programs aim to promote growth, human development, and targeted poverty alleviation. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme is highlighted.
3) Economic reforms including industrial, fiscal, monetary, and trade reforms were introduced to generate more jobs and increase productivity, wages, and incomes.
This document discusses definitions and objectives of rural development. It defines rural development as a process leading to sustainable improvement in the quality of life of rural people, especially the poor. The main objectives of rural development programs are improving living standards by utilizing natural and human resources, developing agriculture and industries, and building socio-economic infrastructure and community services. Key aspects of rural development include increasing production, providing social and physical infrastructure, and ensuring people's participation.
Rural development aims to improve living conditions in rural areas through agriculture development and other initiatives. It targets improvements in human resources, land reforms, infrastructure, poverty alleviation, and local resources. Rural development includes short, medium, and long-term credit from various sources for productive and unproductive purposes. It also involves agriculture marketing through assembly, storage, processing, transport, and distribution of commodities. Government interventions include market regulation, infrastructure, cooperatives, minimum prices, grading, and information dissemination to support rural development.
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD), Sn Moddho
The document summarizes Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD). BARD is internationally renowned for its innovative work in rural development in Bangladesh. It has over 53 years of experience in training, research, and action research. BARD's Comilla Approach to Rural Development utilized mutually supportive models that improved lives and environments of rural poor. BARD conducts training programs and research collaborations that could benefit other countries in rural development.
The document discusses rural development and poverty alleviation in India, outlining key concepts related to rural economy, development indicators, theories of development, and issues related to development and poverty in global and Indian contexts. It also provides details on planning, funding, and implementation of potential poverty alleviation programs and schemes in rural India.
This document discusses integrated rural development models in Nepal. It provides background on integrated rural development, highlighting that it is a multisectoral approach that promotes the overall development of rural communities through optimal utilization of local resources. It then outlines 11 integrated rural development projects implemented in Nepal between 1974-present, their objectives, approaches used. Key approaches discussed include the Tuki system, field assistants, integrated village development, and irrigation systems. The document also notes both positive impacts on infrastructure/production, but also implementation challenges around funding delays, staffing, and coordination.
According to World Bank
“Rural development is growth strategy for a particular target population -the rural poor . It involves extending of benefits of development to those future lies in the pursuit of livelihood in rural areas .These include small farmers, landless and women.”
Rural areas have low population densities and are located in open country settings. Rural development aims to improve social, economic, and cultural conditions in villages and small towns through initiatives to build infrastructure, provide public services, boost communication, and enhance health, education, living conditions, and employment opportunities. A large percentage of the world's and India's poor live in rural areas, where lack of adequate sanitation, nutrition, safe water, and other factors have negative health impacts according to the World Health Organization.
This Rural Development Presentation create by B.COM(Computer Application) Student
-This rural development Presentation is cover some rural Development Activity in India
Youth participation, unemployment and poverty in a democratic nigeria towards...Alexander Decker
This document discusses youth participation, unemployment, and poverty in Nigeria and their impact on national security and economic development. It notes that while Nigeria has abundant resources, many youth live in poverty due to unemployment and underemployment. It argues that lack of youth participation and their unemployment and poverty are due to corruption in the Nigerian state and a lack of prioritizing youth issues. The document concludes that addressing youth unemployment and empowering youth must be a priority to achieve sustainable national security and economic development.
Rural development and agricultural extension aims to improve livelihoods in rural areas. Extension provides critical knowledge to increase productivity and sustainability in agriculture. It helps farmers adopt new technologies and practices on a voluntary basis to boost production and incomes. When agriculture is successful, it drives economic growth and creates jobs in rural communities. Extension also develops other sectors like education, infrastructure, nutrition, health, housing and water supply to improve quality of life. The strategies involve technological reforms, organizational development, and transforming social and economic relationships to benefit disadvantaged groups. Overall, a strong extension system supports rural development by empowering communities and applying a bottom-up approach.
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $2.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
This Presentation was given by the student of BS Sociology UMT, Lahore to Mr.Wasif Ali Waseer Lecturer Sociology at UMT, Lahore in the class of Rural Sociology
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design slideshows.
This power point presentation discusses education and eradication of poverty. It defines poverty and identifies its key causes as unemployment, population explosion, illiteracy, and defective planning. It states that education can help decrease poverty by providing vocational skills. Illiteracy contributes to poverty by limiting people's ability to improve their economic status. The presentation outlines government efforts to abolish rural poverty through initiatives that increase employment, provide basic facilities and services, and promote self-employment and adult education. It emphasizes that education is key to mobilizing people's potential for development and argues that compulsory primary education, non-formal education, and developing scientific attitudes can help eradicate poverty.
Rostow's stages of economic growth model outlines 5 stages of development: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions for take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity, and 5) age of high mass consumption. The take-off stage involves investment increasing to over 10% of GDP, triggering sustained economic growth. During drive to maturity, new industries replace old ones and agriculture declines as countries industrialize. In the final stage, per capita incomes rise enough for widespread consumer goods consumption. The document discusses these stages and their application to understanding rural development.
The document discusses various government programs in India aimed at eradicating poverty. It provides definitions of poverty and outlines general measures that should be taken like increasing economic growth, strengthening beneficiary programs, and ensuring basic amenities and price stability. Specific anti-poverty programs discussed include the Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana rural development program, the National Old Age Pension Scheme, the Annapurna scheme for food aid to seniors, the Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana housing program, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act guaranteeing rural employment, the National Food for Work Programme, and the Public Distribution System for subsidized food distribution.
Rural development aims to improve the livelihoods and economic well-being of rural populations. It traditionally focused on agriculture but now also emphasizes education, entrepreneurship, infrastructure and social development. The objectives of rural development are to increase productivity, employment, incomes, health and create new jobs while improving other services. Rural development is important for countries like Bangladesh where most people live in rural areas and the rural economy contributes significantly to GDP. Key elements of rural development in Bangladesh include poverty alleviation, equitable distribution of income/wealth, employment opportunities and local community participation.
This document discusses human capital and its importance for rural development. It defines human capital as investments in education, training, and health that increase people's productivity. Studies show education increases incomes. For developing countries with large rural populations, transforming people into human capital through education, health, and values can help address lack of tangible capital. Rural development aims to improve quality of life and economies in isolated areas, and is characterized by locally-led strategies and programs from groups like Aga Khan Foundation, CTA, and USDA Rural Development.
Poverty is defined as the inability to afford basic human needs. The document discusses the types, causes, and government measures to address poverty in India. Sections of society vulnerable to poverty include street vendors, beggars, and landless/small farmers. Characteristics of poverty include lack of food, shelter, education, and healthcare. Government poverty alleviation programs provide employment, resources, and access to necessities in order to reduce poverty in India.
Poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes in indiachandan00781
This document discusses several major poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes in India. It provides details on the objectives of prominent schemes like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which guarantees at least 100 days of employment in rural areas. Other programmes mentioned include the Indira Awas Yojana for housing, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana for rural connectivity, the Antyodaya Anna Yojana for food security, and the Integrated Child Development Services for improving child and mother health and nutrition. Prior employment schemes discussed are the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, the Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
“Employment Generation and Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries” Chall...IOSR Journals
This document discusses employment generation and poverty alleviation in developing countries, with a special focus on India. It provides background on India's development planning since independence and outlines various government employment and anti-poverty programs. Key points include:
1) India initiated economic development through five-year plans but found neither Keynesian nor neoclassical theories fully suitable to local conditions.
2) Government programs aim to promote growth, human development, and targeted poverty alleviation. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme is highlighted.
3) Economic reforms including industrial, fiscal, monetary, and trade reforms were introduced to generate more jobs and increase productivity, wages, and incomes.
This document discusses definitions and objectives of rural development. It defines rural development as a process leading to sustainable improvement in the quality of life of rural people, especially the poor. The main objectives of rural development programs are improving living standards by utilizing natural and human resources, developing agriculture and industries, and building socio-economic infrastructure and community services. Key aspects of rural development include increasing production, providing social and physical infrastructure, and ensuring people's participation.
Rural development aims to improve living conditions in rural areas through agriculture development and other initiatives. It targets improvements in human resources, land reforms, infrastructure, poverty alleviation, and local resources. Rural development includes short, medium, and long-term credit from various sources for productive and unproductive purposes. It also involves agriculture marketing through assembly, storage, processing, transport, and distribution of commodities. Government interventions include market regulation, infrastructure, cooperatives, minimum prices, grading, and information dissemination to support rural development.
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD), Sn Moddho
The document summarizes Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD). BARD is internationally renowned for its innovative work in rural development in Bangladesh. It has over 53 years of experience in training, research, and action research. BARD's Comilla Approach to Rural Development utilized mutually supportive models that improved lives and environments of rural poor. BARD conducts training programs and research collaborations that could benefit other countries in rural development.
The document discusses rural development and poverty alleviation in India, outlining key concepts related to rural economy, development indicators, theories of development, and issues related to development and poverty in global and Indian contexts. It also provides details on planning, funding, and implementation of potential poverty alleviation programs and schemes in rural India.
This document discusses integrated rural development models in Nepal. It provides background on integrated rural development, highlighting that it is a multisectoral approach that promotes the overall development of rural communities through optimal utilization of local resources. It then outlines 11 integrated rural development projects implemented in Nepal between 1974-present, their objectives, approaches used. Key approaches discussed include the Tuki system, field assistants, integrated village development, and irrigation systems. The document also notes both positive impacts on infrastructure/production, but also implementation challenges around funding delays, staffing, and coordination.
According to World Bank
“Rural development is growth strategy for a particular target population -the rural poor . It involves extending of benefits of development to those future lies in the pursuit of livelihood in rural areas .These include small farmers, landless and women.”
Rural areas have low population densities and are located in open country settings. Rural development aims to improve social, economic, and cultural conditions in villages and small towns through initiatives to build infrastructure, provide public services, boost communication, and enhance health, education, living conditions, and employment opportunities. A large percentage of the world's and India's poor live in rural areas, where lack of adequate sanitation, nutrition, safe water, and other factors have negative health impacts according to the World Health Organization.
This Rural Development Presentation create by B.COM(Computer Application) Student
-This rural development Presentation is cover some rural Development Activity in India
Youth participation, unemployment and poverty in a democratic nigeria towards...Alexander Decker
This document discusses youth participation, unemployment, and poverty in Nigeria and their impact on national security and economic development. It notes that while Nigeria has abundant resources, many youth live in poverty due to unemployment and underemployment. It argues that lack of youth participation and their unemployment and poverty are due to corruption in the Nigerian state and a lack of prioritizing youth issues. The document concludes that addressing youth unemployment and empowering youth must be a priority to achieve sustainable national security and economic development.
Rural development and agricultural extension aims to improve livelihoods in rural areas. Extension provides critical knowledge to increase productivity and sustainability in agriculture. It helps farmers adopt new technologies and practices on a voluntary basis to boost production and incomes. When agriculture is successful, it drives economic growth and creates jobs in rural communities. Extension also develops other sectors like education, infrastructure, nutrition, health, housing and water supply to improve quality of life. The strategies involve technological reforms, organizational development, and transforming social and economic relationships to benefit disadvantaged groups. Overall, a strong extension system supports rural development by empowering communities and applying a bottom-up approach.
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $2.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
This Presentation was given by the student of BS Sociology UMT, Lahore to Mr.Wasif Ali Waseer Lecturer Sociology at UMT, Lahore in the class of Rural Sociology
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design slideshows.
Banks International is a consulting and training firm that has provided services internationally for over 32 years related to organizational culture change, leadership development, creativity and innovation, and strategic planning. They help clients improve organizational efficiency, flexibility, problem solving and performance. Their services are based on evidence that evolving an organization's culture leads to durable improvements in key areas. They offer consultation, training, executive coaching and support services to help clients address various business issues and maximize their potential. Customer testimonials praise Banks International's ability to assess issues and drive meaningful results through their work improving organizational culture.
Este documento presenta los servicios de una agencia de planificación de medios online, incluyendo marketing de buscadores, display, redes sociales, gestión de reputación digital, email marketing, afiliación, marketing móvil, acciones crossmedia y monitoreo de resultados. La agencia ofrece una amplia gama de servicios digitales para aprovechar las oportunidades de marketing en entornos interactivos.
An earthquake occurs when rocks underground release stored energy, causing the ground to shake. Earthquakes are usually caused by the movement of tectonic plates. They can cause damage and loss of life through mechanisms like fires, landslides, floods, and tsunamis. Scientists measure earthquakes using seismographs which record seismic waves. The location and magnitude of quakes are determined by analyzing these wave recordings. Major quakes pose risks like liquefaction of soils and large tsunami waves.
Keyboards come in different layouts and types and are used to input text or commands. Mice allow users to point and select on screen and are faster than keyboards for navigation. Touchscreens allow for faster selection of options compared to keyboards but are difficult for entering long texts. Sensors provide accurate input for monitoring environments and facilitating automatic processes with minimal human intervention. OCR and barcode readers allow faster data entry than manual typing but have accuracy limitations.
Este resumen describe una lección sobre el uso responsable de la tecnología y la comunicación en línea aplicada a un grupo de estudiantes de segundo grado. La maestra realizó varias actividades como dinámicas grupales, la visualización de un video sobre aplicaciones populares y el uso de emoticones para comunicarse. Los estudiantes aprendieron sobre el propósito de aplicaciones como YouTube y Google y practicaron la búsqueda de información en línea. Al final, crearon dibujos sobre los animales que aprendieron y demostraron mayor comprensión sobre el
This 6-page document provides a summary of Serba Ilic's qualifications and experience. It includes personal information, educational background, professional licenses, work history managing architectural projects in Serbia and Canada, computer skills, and references. Serba has over 10 years of experience as an architect, project manager, and founder of her own design-build firm. She is currently pursuing a PhD in architectural management while working as a project manager on industrial and residential builds in Vancouver.
Módulo A. Empreendedorismo
Cadeia de valor do Empreendedorismo
O perfil do Empreendedor
Diferentes formas de Empreendedorismo
Processo de geração de ideias: O modelo Disney
Ferramentas para apresentação de ideias de negócio
Liderança, Motivação e outras competências
Modelo de empreendedorismo do IPB
Este documento describe una lección sobre respeto y convivencia aplicada a estudiantes de segundo grado. La lección incluyó dinámicas para analizar valores como el diálogo, el respeto, la paz y la honestidad y cómo promueven una sana convivencia. Los estudiantes participaron activamente pero la clase se enfrentó a limitaciones de tiempo y falta de recursos tecnológicos. Para mejorar, la docente planea ajustar mejor los tiempos de las actividades.
This is one of the handouts that participants of Banks International’s program, Culture Audit Interviews, receive and is one of the base documents attendees at the 21st Century Organizations can also receive.
Use of ICT in Time Management discusses how time management software and tools can help with organizing tasks, meetings, and workloads. It describes features like calendars, stopwatches, and Gantt charts that help track time spent on projects and optimize resource allocation. These time management applications are useful for businesses, research and development projects, and construction project management by supporting planning, prioritizing, and decision making processes.
This document lists alumni authors from the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIMB) along with their program details and websites or books. It includes over 30 alumni ranging from class of 1979 to class of 2013 who have published books in domains such as business, management, self-help, fiction and more. The authors represent a wide range of programs at IIMB including PGP, PGSEM, EGMP, FPM and GMITE.
The document discusses India's 12th Five Year Plan and its focus on inclusive growth. Some key points:
1) The 12th Five Year Plan aims to accelerate economic growth to 9% through private sector investment while also focusing on inclusive growth and reducing regional disparities.
2) It identifies four critical challenges: managing energy, water, urban transformation, and ensuring environmental protection alongside growth.
3) Inclusiveness will require a focus on scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and minorities, as well as improving access to education, health, water and sanitation for all.
This document discusses poverty in India. It defines absolute and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is defined based on minimum calorie intake, while relative poverty is judged based on comparisons of living standards. The poverty line divides the poor and non-poor based on household expenditure. Rural poverty is caused by issues like small land holdings and urban poverty by migration and lack of infrastructure. Causes of poverty include population growth, low agricultural productivity, and unequal income distribution. Measures to reduce poverty include population control, increased employment, fulfillment of basic needs, and increased agricultural productivity.
This document discusses poverty in India. It defines absolute and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is defined based on minimum calorie intake, while relative poverty is judged based on comparisons of living standards. The poverty line divides the poor and non-poor based on household expenditure. Rural poverty is caused by issues like small land holdings and urban poverty by migration and lack of infrastructure. Causes of poverty include population growth, low agricultural productivity, and unequal income distribution. Measures to reduce poverty include population control, increased employment, fulfillment of basic needs, and increased agricultural productivity.
Agricultural production in India can be increased through horizontal expansion of cultivated land area or vertical expansion of productivity. Productivity has two aspects: land productivity and labor productivity. India faces many problems for low agricultural production and productivity. Factors responsible include demographic pressures like population growth, as well as general factors like excess labor, rural climate, and inadequate non-farm services. Institutional factors include small land holdings and land tenure systems. Technological factors are poor inputs, techniques, irrigation, farmer indebtedness, and inadequate research. Measures to improve productivity include expanding irrigation, crop diversification, exploiting production potential, rural infrastructure development, technology applications, capital formation, crop insurance, and better quality seeds.
GEOG II - Chap 09 - Variations in Development in the WorldSofian Muhd
The document provides information on the indicators used to measure development levels between countries. It discusses 10 key indicators across economic, health, and education categories. The economic indicators are income per capita, employment structure, and employment opportunities. The health indicators are life expectancy, infant mortality rate, access to potable water, and sanitation facilities. The education indicators include literacy rate. More developed countries typically demonstrate higher scores on these indicators, such as higher income per capita and life expectancy, compared to less developed countries.
Closing remarks by ANC president Cyril Ramaphosa October 2020 finalSABC News
The ANC NEC Lekgotla discussed South Africa's response to the COVID-19 pandemic and economic crisis. Key points included:
1) South Africa took early action to slow the spread of COVID-19 that likely prevented worse outcomes, but vigilance is still needed.
2) The economy was already weak before the pandemic and has been severely impacted, requiring decisive steps to rebuild and transform the economy through an infrastructure-led recovery plan focused on energy, transportation, housing and other areas.
3) The recovery plan aims to not just rebuild but radically transform society to be more equitable and inclusive through local employment, addressing marginalization, and recognizing the role of small businesses.
The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was the major self-employment scheme in India from 1980-1999, aiming to generate sustainable incomes for rural poor families and help them cross the poverty line. However, numerous studies found conceptual and implementation problems with IRDP, including a lack of coordination between programs, low and insufficient investment per family, and poor targeting that allowed non-poor families to participate. As a result, many IRDP beneficiaries failed to retain assets or generate enough income to escape poverty. The document discusses reforms needed to poverty alleviation programs like IRDP to make them more effective.
- The document discusses Bhutan's national development planning, guided by its Gross National Happiness policy. It outlines key aspects of Bhutan's population, economy, poverty reduction efforts, governance, education, and health. It also summarizes an agriculture project funded by IFAD that aimed to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty in eastern Bhutan. The project helped increase production, income, and access to services but capacity for value addition and enterprise remains limited.
objectives of Current 5 year plan(2012-17)Sweetp999
The document summarizes India's 12th five-year economic plan (2012-2017). It discusses goals such as achieving 9% GDP growth through higher investment, job creation, and public-private partnerships. Key sectors covered include agriculture, transportation, environment, health care, energy, and education. The plan emphasizes balanced regional development, technological innovation, and making growth more inclusive. Overall the plan aims to accelerate economic growth while providing a supportive policy environment for private business and improving implementation at the state level.
The document discusses social economic issues in Malaysia, specifically trends in poverty since independence and measures taken to address it. It notes that over half the population lived in poverty at independence but rates decreased due to government intervention and programs from the 1970s onward. Causes of poverty included lack of education, unemployment, income inequality, and inflation. Measures taken by the government included developing programs for hardcore poor, providing job opportunities, improving town planning, and increasing access to education. The document also discusses the importance of education and human capital development to the economy through increasing productivity and skills. It outlines goals in the Malaysian Education Blueprint to develop students' knowledge, bilingual skills, thinking abilities, ethics, leadership, and national identity. Challen
The document discusses reasons for poverty in India and steps the government should take to reduce poverty. It identifies several key reasons for poverty, including the high cost of living, lack of education, social factors like the caste system, unemployment, population growth, and low agricultural productivity. It recommends that the government improve employment, especially in agriculture; strengthen land reform and provide land to the landless; develop cottage and other rural industries; strengthen poverty alleviation programs; and address factors like inadequate infrastructure and funding that hinder existing programs. Overall, the document analyzes the multifaceted causes of poverty in India and proposes a range of policy measures across sectors to effectively tackle the problem.
Bangladesh faces many challenges that weaken its infrastructure and economic development including a poor technical base, inadequate research and trained workforce, brain drain, lack of infrastructure, very poor project planning, low per capita income, weak governance, inefficient banking and weak capital markets. Additionally, most of the population lives in poverty, literacy and civic sense are low, income is unequally distributed, physical and financial resources are inadequate, the service sector contribution is low, the trade deficit is large and agricultural and industrial growth is imbalanced. Addressing these longstanding weaknesses through improved governance, education, infrastructure development, healthcare and balanced economic policies will be crucial for Bangladesh to strengthen its development prospects.
The rural outreach program involves visiting rural communities and farms to collect data on health, wellbeing, social isolation, and community connectedness. The program aims to understand barriers impacting rural communities and provide support in areas like service navigation, convenient times and locations, and non-clinical service delivery. Objectives include identifying effective outreach methods, responding to cultural differences, networking with agencies, structuring programs to address barriers, and developing long-term plans to meet needs. Students conduct research to find problems in rural India and develop engineering solutions to improve livelihoods.
This document discusses several topics related to poverty in India. It first explains that a calorie-based norm is not adequate for identifying the poor because it does not differentiate levels of poverty, uses inappropriate proxies for income, and fails to consider other important factors associated with poverty beyond calorie intake. It then defines the "Food for Work programme" and explains why employment generation programs are important for poverty alleviation in India by creating jobs, raising standards of living, reducing rural-urban migration, and imparting skills. Finally, it discusses how creating income-earning assets can address poverty by generating employment and income opportunities.
As many of you complete your University education and go out to face the challenges of the career which you may have in mind and plan for realization of the vision and dreams which many of you will have, there will be several impediments and difficulties in your way. You would face them well if you have a commitment to quality and excellence. Sometimes you may also feel unclear in your mind as to which path to adopt. Often you may face difficult decisions where the ideals that you have with you and the reality of life are widely different. These tough times will be your real test. I hope that when such occasions arise, you will stand by what is right, fair and just and promotes excellence. It is this ability and adherence to principles which in the long run will take you far. It is your dedication and commitment to your ideals which will shape your future life. Sometimes you may be tempted to give up your ideals for immediate gains. Such victories occasioned by these temptations would definitely be short lived and may cause you incalculable harm in the long run. Mr. Shaikh Matin Shaikh Husen ""Economic Growth and Human Capital"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23628.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/23628/economic-growth-and-human-capital/mr-shaikh-matin-shaikh-husen
Rural development aims to improve living standards and economic opportunities in rural areas through initiatives like improving agriculture, infrastructure, healthcare, and education. It is important for reducing poverty, increasing self-sufficiency, slowing rural to urban migration, and developing an educated workforce. Rural development programs in developing countries like Pakistan focus on integrated, bottom-up approaches and disseminating new technologies and practices to farmers to increase agricultural production and meet growing population needs. The philosophy of rural development recognizes it as a long-term, multi-sector process that requires participation of rural communities and addressing socio-economic and political factors that limit access to resources.
Rural development aims to improve living standards in rural areas through initiatives that boost the economy and provide basic services and infrastructure. It focuses on primary sector activities like agriculture and food production. Participation of local communities is important, as outsiders may not understand their needs and culture. Developing countries employ integrated approaches like participatory rural appraisal. Rural development is a long-term process involving many actors to develop infrastructure, agriculture, and rural life. It is important for reducing poverty, increasing education levels, and slowing rural-to-urban migration in developing countries like Pakistan where many depend on agriculture.
The 12th five year plan aimed to renew India's economy through high investment and a targeted GDP growth rate of 8.2% annually. Key objectives included better agricultural performance, job creation, industrial growth, and strengthening infrastructure, education, health, and other social services. Strategies to achieve these objectives involved higher investment, market development, rural development, decentralization, technological innovation, and reforms in various sectors like energy, education, and healthcare. Reforms around corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, liberalizing the external sector, and moving towards capital account convertibility were also seen as important to drive faster and more inclusive economic growth.
Rural development aims to improve the quality of life for rural populations. It is a multi-disciplinary field that involves improvements in areas like agriculture, infrastructure, education, and health. The document discusses various concepts related to rural development, including the stages of economic growth in traditional societies, preconditions for development, the take-off stage where self-sustaining growth begins, and later stages of maturity and mass consumption. Poverty remains a major challenge in the Philippines, though economic growth has helped reduce rates in recent decades. Creating more jobs and opportunities for the poor is key to accelerating poverty reduction.
1. Q1}The poverty line is a somewhat arbitrary line by which some group determines
a person or family can meet their daily
(or monthly, yearly, etc...) needs.
Q29}-----
1. Rapidly Rising Population:
The population during the last 45 years has increased at the rate of 2.2% per
annum. On average 17 million people are added
every year to its population which raises the demand for consumption goods
considerably.
2. Low Productivity in Agriculture:
The level of productivity in agriculture is low due to subdivided and fragmented
holdings, lack of capital, use of
traditional methods of cultivation, illiteracy etc. This is the main cause of
poverty in the country.
3. Under Utilized Resources:
The existence of under employment and disguised unemployment of human resources
and under utilization of resources has
resulted in low production in agricultural sector. This brought a down fall in
their standard of living.
4. Low Rate of Economic Development:
The rate of economic development in India has been below the required level.
Therefore, there persists a gap between level
of availability and requirements of goods and services. The net result is
poverty.
6. Price Rise:
The continuous and steep price rise has added to the miseries of poor. It has
benefited a few people in the society and
the persons in lower income group find it difficult to get their minimum needs.
7. Unemployment:
The continuously expanding army of unemployed is another cause of poverty. The
job seeker is increasing in number at a
higher rate than the expansion in employment opportunities.
8. Shortage of Capital and Able Entrepreneurship:
Capital and able entrepreneurship have important role in accelerating the
growth. But these are in short supply making it
difficult to increase production significantly.
9. Social Factors:
The social set up is still backward and is not conducive to faster development.
Laws of inheritance, caste system,
traditions and customs are putting hindrances in the way of faster development
and have aggravate" the problem of poverty.
10. Political Factors:
The Britishers started lopsided development in India and reduced Indian economy
to a colonial state. They exploited the
2. natural resources to suit their interests and weaken the industrial base of
Indian economy.
In independent India, the development plans have been guided by political
interests. Hence, the planning a failure to
tackle the problems of poverty and unemployment.
Q26}-----
1) Poverty and unemployment are interred related. Therefore, adequate employment
opportunities should be created in
rural areas particularly in agricultural sector. In order to eliminate
agricultural unemployment it is necessary to improve
agriculture in the country. Good seeds, good tools, good manure must be arranged
for it if the production is to be increased.
The major cause of agricultural unemployment in India is the dependence of
cultivation upon the rains. Thus, there should
be a proper and good arrangement of irrigation through minor and major projects.
2) If conditions for marketing agricultural produce do not favor the cultivator,
the increase in production will not
alleviate the problem of agricultural unemployment. The organisation of the
agricultural market will increase the income of
the cultivator as well as improve the situation with regard to unemployment.
3) The total impact of land reform on rural formation has been for less then had
been hoped for. Effort should be made to
remove the loop holes in land legislations in order to make land reform more
meaningful and effective additional lands
should be redistributed among landless laborers, the marginal sub marginal
farmers, so that they will be able to earn more.
Effort should be made to provide the landless laborers with maximum of land by
making barren land fertile.
4) Animal husbandry and cattle breeding have great potential, not only in
unemployment but also in overcoming malnutrition.
The government should extent special encouragement for animal husbandry,
poultry and fish farming. Necessary training for
poultry and diary farming should be imparted.
5) An improvement in agriculture, not supplemented by any other corrective
measure cannot provide employment to the
increasing population. Besides the farmer should also get some work during that
period of the year when he is not engaged
in cultivation. Some of subsidiary industry, such cottage industry like
furniture making, weaving, spinning, match, barked
and ropes etc, can help to a considerable extent in removing unemployment.
6) In spite of the promise of industrial decentralisation which never seems to
arrive. There are some areas of small
industries which could, in fact, he located in rural areas. A major element in
creating employment in rural areas must mean
a removal of some small industrial estates into purely rural areas. They will
carry their power allocations with them and
could then be an element in small scale industrialisation in rural areas.
However, this by itself will not be adequate to foster rural industrialisation
in a dynamic sense. What is required is a
new concept of modernisation combining Indian Traditional rural artisan skills
with power availability and with an
appropriate technology. A substantial portion of value added can appear from
units set up efficiently in areas where
artisans can greatly increase their output by modernisation of their technology.
3. 7) There is the need to strengthen all the poverty alleviation programmes,
particularly IRDP. All the organisation
deficiencies in an execution of the programme such as the shortage of technical
and expert staff, delays in release of
funds and inadequacies in funds, lack of proper co ordination should be removed.
It is essential to see that the target
groups are not wrongly selected to ensure leakage of benefits to the non poor.
Other drawbacks in the programme
implementation such as right and non-co-operative attitudes of the officials,
corrupt practices in sanctioning of loans
should also be taken into consideration.
Efforts are to be made to remove the deficiencies in the implementation of
TRYSEM programme such as poor infrastructural
support to enable the trainees to follow the pursuits, lack of co-ordination
among DIC, banks and Training Institute and
lack of follow up to the trained. Govt instead of sticking to only few
traditional crafts, new vocations conducive for
income generating activities should be selected in order to make TRYSEM and
DWCRA programmes more effective.
Adequate care is to be taken that while implementing JRY. The ingredient are not
missed in it on the whole, for smooth
implementation of various programmes the entire administrative set up should be
properly co ordinate.
8) The personal disabilities of a person include illness, physical handicap, old
age etc and for this the methods suggested
are specialised health services, adequate wage provision to maintain health,
other social security schemes and new
vocational opportunities.
9) The recent increase in population and pressure exercised on the limited
resources of the country has brought to the
forefront the urgency of the problem of family planning and population control.
Thus, family planning or family welfare
programmes should be effectively implemented. Adequate awareness about small
family norm has to be created among the people
and steps should be taken to make it a people programme.
10) There is lack of political and social awakening among the rural people. The
programme of poverty alleviation is not
so simple as to be successfully solved by the Government, thus there is a great
need for political and social awakening.
People should be made aware of various programme and benefits of these
programmes, so that people at the lowest rung of
Rural Society may make substantial progress in making their lives more
economically productive.
Q27}-----
The role of education as an agent or instrument of social change and social
development is widely recognized today. Social change may take place – when
humans need change. When the existing social system or network of social
institutions fails to meet the existing human needs and when new materials
suggest
better ways of meeting human needs.
Education is seen as a major vector in society, but that it is
largely allocated a
conservative role, since its main function is in the socialization of the young
and the
maintenance of the social order. During times of rapid social change, such as
the
second half of the 20th century, the role of education in the service of the
4. nation is
emphasized. When things are going well, especially economically, more
experimentation with education is supported, and more idealistic goals are
pursued,
such as equity of educational opportunity. It is in the ideological and moral
spheres,
however, that education is most clearly expected to play a leading role. Social
change
takes place as a response to many types of changes that take place in the social
and
nonsocial environment. Education can initiate social changes by bringing about
a
change in outlook and attitude of man. It can bring about a change in the
pattern of
social relationships and thereby it may cause social changes.
Q28}--
A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with timing and resources, used
to achieve an objective.
objectives:-
(i) A high rate of growth with a view to improvement in standard of living:-All
the Indian Five Year Plans have given
primary importance to higher growth of real national income. During the British
rule, Indian economy was stagnant and the
people were living in a state of abject poverty. The Britishers exploited the
economy both through foreign trade and colonial
administration. While the European industries flourished, the Indian economy was
caught in a vicious circle of poverty.
The pervasive poverty and misery were the most important problem that has to be
tackled through Five Year Plan.
(ii) Economic self-reliance:-Self reliance means to stand on one–s own legs. In
the Indian context, it implies that
dependence on foreign aid should be as minimum as possible. At the beginning of
planning, we had to import food grains
from USA to meet our domestic demand. Similarly, for accelerating the process of
industrialization, we had to import,
capital goods in the form of heavy machinery and technical know-how. For
improving infrastructure facilities like roads,
railways, power, we had to depend on foreign aid to raise the rate of our
investment.
(iii) Social justice:-Social justice means to equitably distribute the wealth
and income of the country among different
sections of the society. In India, we find that a large number of people are
poor; while few lead a luxurious life.
Therefore, another objective of development is to ensure social justice and to
take care of the poor and weaker sections
of the society.
(iv) Modernization of the economy:-Before independence, our economy was backward
and feudal in character. After attainment
of independence, the planners and policy makers tried to modernize the economy
by changing the structural and institutional
set up of the country. Modernization aims at improving the standard of living
of the people by adopting a better
scientific technique of production, by replacing the traditional backward ideas
by logical reasoning's and bringing about
changes in the rural structure and institutions.
(v) Economic stability:-Economic stability means to control inflation and
unemployment. After the Second Plan, the price
level started increasing for a long period of time. Therefore, the planners have
tried to stabilize the economy by properly
5. controlling the rising trend of the price level. However, the progress in this
direction has been far from satisfactory.
Q24}----
(1) Equitable distribution of wealth or the socialist pattern of society and
equal pay for equal work for both men and
women.
(2) Provision of adequate means of livelihood to all its citizens, men and
women.
(3) Provision of employment to all.
(4) Free and compulsory education for children.
(5) Living wage for workers.
(6) Protection of childhood and youth against exploitation and against moral and
material abandonment.
(7) Organization of village panchayats as units of self-government (Article 40).
(8) Prohibition of the consumption except for medical purposes of intoxicating
drinks and of drugs injurious to health.
(9) Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific
lines.
(10) Promotion of international peace and security and maintenance of just and
honourable relations between the nations of
the world.
Q23}----
1)HEALTH EFFECTS:-The most common sources of air pollution include particulates,
ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
Both indoor and outdoor air pollution have caused approximately 3.3 million
deaths worldwide. Children aged less than five
years that live in developing countries are the most vulnerable population in
terms of total deaths attributable to indoor
and outdoor air pollution.
2)Effects on cardiovascular health:-Air pollution is also emerging as a risk
factor for stroke, particularly in developing
countries where pollutant levels are highest.
3)Effects on COPD and asthma:-Researches have demonstrated increased risk of
developing asthma and COPD from increased
exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Additionally, air pollution has been
associated with increased hosptializations
and mortality from asthma and COPD.
4)Effects on children:-Around the world, children living in cities with high
exposure to air pollutants are at increased
risk of developing asthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections.
Because children are outdoors more and have
higher minute ventilation they are more susceptible to the dangers of air
pollution. Risks of low initial birth weight are
also heightened in such cities.
Q21)ISI mark is a certification mark for industrial products in India. The mark
certifies that a product conforms to a
set of standards laid by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the national
standards organization of India.
significance:-
1)Formulation of Indian Standards for products and services by bringing together
and coordinating various interest groups
like manufacturers, consumers, technical experts, testing personnel and others
interested. The standards so prepared are
known as Indian Standards (IS) and are considered as legal documents.
Q18)---
Degradation of the soil is caused by natural processes as well as by human
activities. Now let us briefly study about both
6. of these. Soil is a complex body and forms the thin outer layer of the earth. It
is directly or indirectly developed from
the mineral constituents of the rocks. The first phase of this process is
weathering which is essentially physico-chemical
in nature. Weathering leads to simplification of complex substances forming
rocks through disintegration. The second phase
is soil formation through the process of consolidation. This is bio-geo-chemical
in nature. The process encompasses certain
biological influences which result in the synthesis of many substances leading
to the development of complex soil bodies
with definite physical, chemical and biological properties. This natural process
of weathering is slow and is a part of the
evolutionary cycle.
Human Activities--
1.Deforestation
2.Farming
3.Economic activities : Mining, etc.
4.Developmental works : Settlements, Transport and Communication
Q22)---
You can conserve forests by the following measures:
1by avoiding deforestation
2by reducing pollution
3by not practising overgrazing and if necessary rotational grazing can be
adopted .
4plant trees on hillsides and abandoned land.
5only matured or damage trees.
6re-plant to insure future supplies.
7put out camp fires before leaving the camp and don't throw away lighted
cigarettes.
Q16) Fundamental Rights' is a charter of rights contained in the Constitution of
India. It guarantees civil liberties such
that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India.
rights are:-
1) Right to equality
2) Right to freedom
3) Right against exploitation
4) Right to freedom of religion
5) Cultural and Educational rights
6) Right to constitutional remedies
Q2}secularism may assert the right to be free from religious rule and teachings,
and the right to freedom from governmental
imposition of religion upon the people within a state that is neutral on
matters of belief.
Q3}Current Literacy Rate in India stands at 74.04 percent in 2012.
Q12}Unity in diversity is a concept of "unity without uniformity and diversity
without fragmentation"
that shifts focus from unity based on a mere tolerance of physical, cultural,
linguistic, social, religious, political,
ideological and/or psychological differences towards a more complex unity based
on an understanding that difference
enriches human interactions. The concept of unity in diversity was used "in non-
Western cultures such as indigenous peoples
in North America and Taoist societies in 400-500 B.C. In premodern Western
culture it has been implicit in the organic
conceptions of the universe that have been manifest since the ancient Greek and
Roman civilizations through medieval Europe
and into the Romantic era."
7. Q15}Fuel Wood - For the rural population, wood is an important source of energy
for cooking and heating.
Fodder- Fodder from the forest forms an important source of food for cattle and
other grazing animals in the hilly
and the arid reigons and during a drought.
Fencing- Fences created with trees and shrubs are used in many parts of the
world.
Soil Erosion Check- The roots bind the soil and prevent erosion by wind or
water.
Soil Improvement- Some trees have the ability to return nitrogen to the soil
through root decomposition or fallen leaves.
Honey- For animals and humans
Oxygen- Necessary for every living being
Fruits- To eat
Gum and Lac- For many objects
Natural Habitat for Wlidlife- A natural home for animals to live
Rubber- To make tyres etc.
Shelter- To stay
Medicines- To cure various diseases
Forests serve a number of ecological purposes including important roles in the
water cycle, providing habitat for plants
and animals adapted for life in forests. People can use forests for recreation
and commodities (though often not in the
same place at the same time). Forest products include foods grown in forest
environments (such as mushrooms and berries,
or tree nuts and fruits), timber from harvesting the trees, forest animals that
are hunted, etc.