Plantation agriculture refers to the large-scale commercial cultivation of cash crops on estates for export and local industries. It involves growing a single crop, such as rubber trees, palm oil, tea, coffee or coconuts, across large tracts of land ranging from 100 to 1000 hectares. Plantations require significant inputs of labor, machinery, fertilizers and pesticides to produce high outputs for export markets, providing jobs and export earnings for countries while also facing challenges like technological changes, environmental impacts, and requiring large capital investments.