Traditionally, development was defined and measured through economic indicators like GNP per capita. However, modern definitions see development as improving quality of life through meeting basic needs, social justice, health, education, and freedom. Quality of life is now often measured through indices that consider factors like life expectancy, education, and income. These measures provide a more holistic view of development than purely economic metrics but still have limitations in capturing inequality and changes over time.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND ETHICSDiploma and Certificate Programmes.docxlynettearnold46882
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND ETHICS
Diploma and Certificate Programmes
BBB 1207 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND ETHICS
THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AND UNDER-DEVELOPMENT
What is development?
In general, development is the process of improving the quality of human life.
The economic view of development is that it is the capacity of a national economy whose initial economic condition has been more or less static for a long period of time, to generate and ascertain an annual increase in its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at the rate of 5% to 7%.
Development includes: quantity of resources available, equitable distribution of income, people’s quality of life e.g. access to education, healthcare, employment opportunities, security, etc.
· Development is a multi-dimensional process involving major changes in social structures, personal attributes and national institutions.
· Development is progressive
· The new economic view of development defines economic development in terms of its reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within the context of a growing economy.
Underdevelopment:
This is a state of inadequate development. It is characterized by diverse problems including unemployment, low level of technology and skills, under-utilization of resources, low literacy levels, confusion and ignorance, hopelessness, etc. It affects more than 3 billion people in the world.
Objectives of development
1. To increase availability and widespread distribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food, shelter, security and health.
2. To raise the standards of living with emphasis on higher income, better education and greater attention to cultural and human values, all of which serve not only to enhance material well-being but also to generate individual and national esteem.
3. Expansion of the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and the nations in order to free them from servitude and dependency.
Core values of development
(i) Sustenance: This means the ability to meet basic needs. All people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. These life-sustaining human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. Their absence implies a condition of absolute underdevelopment.
· A basic function of all human activity is to provide as many people as possible with the means of overcoming the helplessness and misery arising from lack of the above.
· Without sustained and continuous economic progress at the individual as well as society level, the realization of human potential would not be possible.
(ii) Self-esteem : This means a sense of worth and self respect
· The nature and form of this self-esteem may vary from society to society, culture to culture.
(iii) Freedom from servitude: This means human freedom i.e. emancipation from alienating materials e.g. conditions of life and from social servitude to nature, ignorance, other people, misery, institutions and dogmatic beliefs.
· Fr.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
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10. PROBLEMS WITH USING MONEY UNITS TO ASSESS DEVELOPMENT 1. Real value of a currency can change over short periods, so US dollar is used, conversion creates distortions due to inflation 2. Does not reflect the actual purchasing power of a currency within a country (costs vary country to country) 3. Much output does not enter international trade 4. Socialist countries may have different definitions of national income 5. High local costs due to cold winters or the size of a country eg. Russia lead to problems due to money spent on clothes, heating and transport 6. GNP gives no indication of how money/wealth is distributed within a country. A rising GNP may show a country is wealthier while the poorest citizens remain extremely poor
22. QUALITY OF LIFE INDICES multivariate/composite measures 1. Physical quality of life index PQLI 2. Human development index HDI 3. International human suffering index IHSI
23. (1) Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) · Composite indicator devised by the Overseas Development Council in 1977. · Indexed from 0 to 100. (O is the worst, 100 is the best) · Based on: *Life expectancy *Infant Mortality Rate *Adult Literacy Rate · Index greater than 77 suggests that the minimum requirements for development are satisfied. · Limited, due to the small number of variables. Oil rich nations have large GNP per cap. But lower PQLI Other countries eg. China and Sri Lanka have low GNP per cap. But ‘highish’ PQLI AVERAGE OF 3 RATES TAKEN
24. ANGOLA 20 INDIA 42 BRAZIL 72 CHINA 75 SINGAPORE 86 PQLI Recent PQLI data for developing nations The most developed countries will have a PQLI very close to 100 Is Singapore now developed?
25. (2) Human Development Index (HDI) · Devised in 1990, when the UN Development Programme realised that income growth/ economic measures were not good indicators of development. · HDI consists of; *Real income per capita (PPP) ECONOMIC *Educational attainment, given by adult literacy rate combined with the mean number of years of schooling. SOCIAL *Life expectancy at birth. DEMOGRAPHIC
28. 3) International Human Suffering Index (IHSI) · Developed in 1987 by the Population Crisis Committee of Washington DC · Gives an indexed score, from 0 to 100. Unlike the PQLI, the lower the score, the better. · Score is based upon; *GNP per capita. *Rate of inflation *Growth of labour force *Urban population growth rate. *Infant Mortality Rate. *Daily calorie supply as a % of requirements *Access to clean drinking water. *Energy consumption per capita *Adult literacy rate *Personal freedom The 10 indicators genuinely reflect overall quality of life But scoring is a little subjective in some cases
30. The Problems With Indicators of Social Development. · They do not accurately reflect the inequalities within the given set. They do not reflect income distribution. · There is still a lack of agreement on a universal system of measuring social development. Some indicators change daily, e.g. freedom of speech, right to vote, political freedom, etc. · The other problem is associated with the collection of data, for some of the following reasons; *Very few census surveys take place in LEDCs. *Registration is inadequate and unrepresentative. *Only the better educated, wealthier people can understand the registration procedures. *Refusal to fill in forms for political or personal reasons.
31. · Reasons for an unreliable census ; * Too costly for some LEDC’s. * Incomplete mapping. * Lack of trained staff. * Hard to record nomadic peoples. * Transport difficulties. * Male staff unable to interview women in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent, due to cultural differences. * Language (regional dialects) difficulties. * Low literacy levels. * They can be adapted to portray something entirely different for political reasons.
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