Geo
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Continental-continental convergence occurs when two continental plates collide and push against each other, forming large mountain ranges such as the Himalayas. When sedimentary layers between the plates are crumpled and folded, fold mountains are created, with anticlines where the rocks fold upward and synclines where they fold downward. Folds can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, isoclinal, overturned, or recumbent, depending on the orientation and steepness of the axial plane and limbs. Examples of fold mountain ranges include the Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Rockies, and Urals.
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Geometry of folds
The document discusses key concepts related to the geometry and elements of rock folding. It defines folding as the bending of rock strata due to compressional forces, which results in a wavy formation of the earth's surface known as folds. Folds are described by their form and orientation. Key elements of folds discussed include limbs, which are the segments of rock beds between the crest and troughs of a fold, and hinge lines, which connect the points of maximum curvature in a folded sequence. The document also defines axial planes, fold axes, plunge, and features such as crests, troughs, and inflection points.
Folds
The document discusses folds, their geometry, classification, and field study. It defines folds as bent rock layers caused by compressional forces. The geometry of folds includes limbs, hinge points, hinge lines, axial planes, axes, and other features. Folds are classified based on their shape, including anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, overturned, and others. Field study of folds involves direct observation of fold features and measuring the attitude of hinge lines and axial planes to characterize fold structures.
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Folding
Monoclines, anticlines, and synclines are three types of folds that can form in rock layers. Monoclines involve bending strata upward, while anticlines fold strata upward with limbs dipping away from the hinge. Synclines fold strata downward with limbs dipping inward. Folds have limbs, a hinge, a fold axis, and sometimes an axial plane. Folds can be symmetrical if limbs dip the same amount, or asymmetrical if they dip different amounts. Very tight folding can result in isoclinal or overturned folds.
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This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria.
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This document discusses the geometric classification of folds in geology. It defines what folds are and describes their key features like hinge lines, axial planes, limbs, and amplitudes. It then categorizes folds based on various criteria such as the sense of curvature (anticline, syncline), direction of younging (anticlinal, synclinal), symmetry (symmetrical, asymmetrical), nature of the hinge line (cylindrical, non-cylindrical), plunge, interlimb angle, thickness, orientation, and shape of the hinge. It provides examples of different fold types and discusses parasitic folds. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of how folds are classified geometrically in structural geology.
structural geology 1
1. Folds form due to compressional forces that cause originally flat rock layers to bend. They vary in size from microscopic to mountain-scale.
2. Studying folds provides important information about the nature of deformation, tectonic stresses, and orientations of forces that acted in the past. Folds also have economic significance as they can trap hydrocarbons and concentrate valuable minerals.
3. Folds have characteristic geometric features like hinge lines, axial planes, limbs, and inflection points. Their symmetry, wavelength, amplitude, and orientation provide clues about the tectonic forces that caused folding. Understanding folds requires knowledge of the overall tectonic environment in which they formed.
Anticlines and synclines
Anticlines are folds where rock layers slope upwards on both sides of a central low point, forming a hill or mountain range, while synclines are folds where rock layers slope downwards on both sides of a central crest, forming a valley or the side of a cliff. Both anticlines and synclines form due to compression from plate tectonic forces.
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The document discusses key concepts related to the geometry and elements of rock folding. It defines folding as the bending of rock strata due to compressional forces, which results in a wavy formation of the earth's surface known as folds. Folds are described by their form and orientation. Key elements of folds discussed include limbs, which are the segments of rock beds between the crest and troughs of a fold, and hinge lines, which connect the points of maximum curvature in a folded sequence. The document also defines axial planes, fold axes, plunge, and features such as crests, troughs, and inflection points.
Folds
The document discusses folds, their geometry, classification, and field study. It defines folds as bent rock layers caused by compressional forces. The geometry of folds includes limbs, hinge points, hinge lines, axial planes, axes, and other features. Folds are classified based on their shape, including anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, overturned, and others. Field study of folds involves direct observation of fold features and measuring the attitude of hinge lines and axial planes to characterize fold structures.
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Monoclines, anticlines, and synclines are three types of folds that can form in rock layers. Monoclines involve bending strata upward, while anticlines fold strata upward with limbs dipping away from the hinge. Synclines fold strata downward with limbs dipping inward. Folds have limbs, a hinge, a fold axis, and sometimes an axial plane. Folds can be symmetrical if limbs dip the same amount, or asymmetrical if they dip different amounts. Very tight folding can result in isoclinal or overturned folds.
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This document discusses the geometric classification of folds in geology. It defines what folds are and describes their key features like hinge lines, axial planes, limbs, and amplitudes. It then categorizes folds based on various criteria such as the sense of curvature (anticline, syncline), direction of younging (anticlinal, synclinal), symmetry (symmetrical, asymmetrical), nature of the hinge line (cylindrical, non-cylindrical), plunge, interlimb angle, thickness, orientation, and shape of the hinge. It provides examples of different fold types and discusses parasitic folds. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of how folds are classified geometrically in structural geology.
structural geology 1
1. Folds form due to compressional forces that cause originally flat rock layers to bend. They vary in size from microscopic to mountain-scale.
2. Studying folds provides important information about the nature of deformation, tectonic stresses, and orientations of forces that acted in the past. Folds also have economic significance as they can trap hydrocarbons and concentrate valuable minerals.
3. Folds have characteristic geometric features like hinge lines, axial planes, limbs, and inflection points. Their symmetry, wavelength, amplitude, and orientation provide clues about the tectonic forces that caused folding. Understanding folds requires knowledge of the overall tectonic environment in which they formed.
Anticlines and synclines
Anticlines are folds where rock layers slope upwards on both sides of a central low point, forming a hill or mountain range, while synclines are folds where rock layers slope downwards on both sides of a central crest, forming a valley or the side of a cliff. Both anticlines and synclines form due to compression from plate tectonic forces.
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This document discusses various geological structures including folds, faults, and joints. It defines folds as bent rock layers, and describes key parts of folds such as the crest, trough, limbs, and axial plane. It also categorizes different types of folds based on their symmetry, plunge, and other characteristics. The document then defines faults as fractures with displacement, and explains fault terminology including the fault plane, footwall, hanging wall, and types of movement. Finally, it briefly introduces joints as fractures found in rocks.
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Folds form when rocks undergo ductile deformation from compressional stress. There are several types of folds defined by their structure, including anticlines which point upwards and synclines which point downwards. Folds can be further classified based on features like the orientation of the axial plane and the angle between the limbs. Flexures are knee-like bends in stratified rock layers. Monoclines are folds with two horizontal limbs connected by a shorter inclined limb.
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This document discusses key concepts around folding and faulting in the Earth's crust. It describes how fold mountains like the Himalayas are formed by compressional forces causing rock layers to bend and crumple. The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates around 50 million years ago. Faulting is caused by fractures in the crust along which rock masses move, and can result in normal faults, reverse faults, and transform faults. Block mountains and rift valleys can form from the vertical displacement of rock blocks along these fault lines. The Great Rift Valley extending through Africa provides an example of a rift valley formed by tectonic forces tearing apart the Earth's crust.
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This document provides an overview of structural geology concepts including folds, faults, strike, dip, and fold classification. It discusses that structural geology studies secondary rock structures like folds and faults, and defines key terms like outcrop, strike, and dip. It also categorizes and describes various types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, symmetrical/asymmetrical, plunging/non-plunging, open/closed, and domes and basins. The causes of folding from tectonic forces and effects on erosion are summarized. Faults are described as unfavorable for construction.
Structuralgeology
This document provides an overview of structural geology concepts including folds, faults, strike, dip, and fold classification. It discusses that structural geology studies secondary rock structures like folds and faults, and defines key terms like outcrop, strike, and dip. It also categorizes and describes various types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, symmetrical/asymmetrical, plunging/non-plunging, open/closed, and provides examples of overturned folds, chevron folds, and domes/basins. The document outlines causes of folding including tectonic forces and effects such as characteristic topographic features. It concludes with a description of faults and their significance for construction projects.
Fold & its classification
The document discusses the classification of folds based on various parameters such as fold closure, symmetry, plunge, orientation of the axial plane, and nature of the hinge line. Folds are classified into different types including antiform, synform, symmetrical, asymmetrical, horizontal, plunging, upright, recumbent, and overturned folds based on these parameters. The classification schemes proposed by Fluety (1964) and Ramsay (1967) are also summarized.
Fold .pptx
Folds are undulations or bends in rock layers caused by compressional forces. Key elements of folds include the wavelength, amplitude, hinge point, hinge line, and limbs. Folds can be classified based on their shape, orientation, and other geometric properties. Folds form as a result of tectonic and non-tectonic processes and can be recognized based on field observations like bedding repetition patterns and thickness variations.
Fold and its classification
This document summarizes the different types of rock folds, including their key parts and classifications. There are 11 types of folds described: anticline, syncline, symmetrical, asymmetrical, monocline, plunging, isocline, overturned, recumbent, zigzag, and dome folds. Folds occur when horizontal rock layers bend upward or downward due to compressive forces. They are classified as either anticlines, which bend upward, or synclines, which bend downward. Key parts of folds include the axis, axial plane, limbs, hinge line, and hinge zone.
Structural Geology
This presentation slide very helpful for Understanding Geological Feature or Earth Science few impotent topics.
Fold
Folds are bends or curvatures that develop in rocks due to stresses. They can take many shapes depending on factors like force magnitude and direction. Folds develop slowly over geological time as rocks adjust to changing stress fields. They are classified based on whether the strata bend up (anticlines) or down (synclines). Additional classifications consider the position of the axial plane and relative dipping of the limbs. Complex fold types include overturned, recumbent, and box folds. Folds form over a range of scales from small individual structures to large regional folding.
Fault, Fold, Dip, Strike, Joint (Geology)
This presentation slide very helpful for Understanding Geological Feature or Earth Science few impotent topics.
252273151 deformation
Faults and rock deformation occur due to stress placed on rock layers from tectonic forces. There are three main types of rock response to stress: brittle, elastic, and plastic. Brittle response results in fracturing and faulting, elastic response allows the rock to return to its original shape, and plastic response involves permanent folding and flowing of the rock. Different rock types have different strengths and responses to compression, tension and shear stresses. Folds form from plastic rock deformation and include anticlines, synclines, domes and basins. Brittle deformation results in joints and faults, with normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip faults recognized based on the direction of displacement. Fault movement and folding can create
Fold
This document defines key terms related to rock folding and describes the different types of folds. It begins by explaining that folds form in rocks due to stresses that cause undulations or curvatures over time. Different parts of folds are then defined, including the hinge, limb, axis, and more. Causes of folding like tectonic movement and mechanisms like buckling are outlined. Folds are also classified based on features such as closure, symmetry, plunge, and hinge shape. Measurement criteria for folds including height, width, and tightness are provided. The presentation aims to deliver a lecture on rock folding structures and was compiled using various academic sources.
Structural features fold, fault, joints
The document discusses various geological structures including outcrops, rock deformation, folds, faults, and joints. It defines key terms like strike and dip which are used to describe the orientation of deformed rocks. It explains different types of folds such as anticlines, synclines, overturned folds, and plunging folds. It also describes various types of faults including normal faults, thrust faults, strike-slip faults, and transform faults. Additionally, it discusses joints as fractures in rocks where there is no relative displacement and classifies joints based on their orientation. In summary, the document provides an overview of structural geology and the terminology used to describe deformed rocks and geological structures.
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Geo
- 1. Continental-Continental Convergent Done by Li Wang, Jasmine Lin, Park Byeong Joo, Clara Che Wei Peh
- 5. What is continental-continental convergent?
- 10. When an area of sea separates two plates, sediments will settle onto the sea floor and become sedimentary rocks. When the plates move towards each other, the layers of sedimentary rock become crumpled and folded, which makes them fold mountains.
- 11. syncline anticline Where the rocks are folded upwards, they are called anticlines. Where the rocks are folded downwards, they are called synclines.
- 12. Anticline
- 13. Syncline
- 14. Monocline
- 15. Types of Folds
- 18. Folds may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. In a symmetrical fold , the axial plane is vertical and the sides dip symmetrically from the axis. A symmetrical fold is one in which the axial plane is vertical.
- 21. In an asymmetrical fold, the axial plane is tilted from the vertical and inclined with one limb dipping more steeply than the other.
- 23. Isoclinal Folds
- 24. A fold in sedimentary rocks where the axial surface and limbs slope in the same direction and at approximately the same angle.
- 25. Overturned Folds
- 26. A fold that’s axial plane’s tilted and beds may dip in same direction of both sides of the axial plane, resulting in one of limbs being rotated through an angle of at least 90 degrees.
- 28. Recumbant Folds
- 29. A plate's axial plate is horizontal, so one of the limbs is completely covered. it is the extreme version of the over turned fold but rotated more then 90 degrees.
- 31. Chevron Folds
- 32. A very abrupt hinge with long straight limbs which ranges from 10 to 70 degrees.
- 33. Where are fold mountains found?
- 34. Himalayas
- 35. The Alps
- 36. Andes
- 37. Rockies
- 38. Urals
- 39. Notes Axial Plane: an imaginary plane surface that divides a fold symmetrically Fold Axis: a line drawn along the points of maximum curvature of a layer of a fold Plunge: the angle between the horizontal plane and the fold axis
- 42. The End Done by Li Wang, Jasmine Lin, Park Byeong Joo, Clara Che Wei Peh