Genomic in-situ hybridization (GISH)
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
5 likes•2,003 views
It is used to identify chromosomal rearrangements in cancer patients. Chromosomal identification in cell. Detect the specific nucleotide sequence within cell and tissues. Unique point among the studies of cell, biology, cytogenetics and molecular genetics It is possible to detect single copy sequence on chromosome with probes. genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) is a potentially powerful tool for studying genome evolution and biosystematics It will useful for investigating the origins of wild and cultivated polyploid plant species
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Genomic in situ Hybridization
Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) is a cytogenetic technique that allows radiolabeling of genomic DNA within cells, allowing visualization under a fluorescence microscope. GISH was developed in 1986 for animal hybrid cell lines and 1987 for plant studies. It involves extracting and radiolabeling genomic DNA from one organism as a probe to target and hybridize to similar genomic regions of another organism. Unhybridized regions can then be stained, allowing visualization of probe-target complexes and unlabeled regions. GISH provides quick, sensitive, and informative results for establishing phylogenetic relationships and identifying hybridized genomes.
C value paradox
This document discusses the C-Value Paradox, which is the observation that there is no correlation between the complexity of an organism and the amount of DNA (C-value) in its genome. The document provides examples showing that C-values, or the amount of DNA per haploid cell, can vary widely both within and across species, from 105 base pairs in mycoplasma to over 109 base pairs in mammals. While complexity tends to increase with higher C-values, exceptions exist, demonstrating there is no direct linear relationship between genome size and organism complexity. The term "C-value" refers to the haploid DNA content of a species.
Maternal inheritance of chloroplasts dna
This document summarizes maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA. It discusses how chloroplasts are inherited in the variegated four o' clock plant Mirabilis jalapa. Flowers on green branches produce only green offspring, while flowers on white branches produce only white offspring, demonstrating maternal inheritance of chloroplasts. Flowers on variegated branches produce offspring with mixed phenotypes, due to segregation of chloroplast types in the egg cell cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic inheritance demonstrates that in some plants, chloroplast DNA is inherited maternally rather than paternally.
Formation and expression ofpseudogenes
This document discusses pseudogenes, which are dysfunctional copies of genes that have lost protein-coding ability. It covers the origin and formation of pseudogenes through DNA or RNA duplication, and describes different types like processed and unprocessed pseudogenes. The document also discusses various methods for identifying and detecting pseudogenes, databases of pseudogenes, and studies that have characterized pseudogenes in organisms like rice and Solanum plants. Finally, it explores the potential functions and utilities of pseudogenes, including their use in evolutionary studies, providing information about gene expression, and acting as competing endogenous RNAs.
Dosage compensation ∧ sex determination in drosophila
Dosage compensation is the process where the total gene expression from a single X chromosome in one sex is made equal to the total gene expression from the two X chromosomes in the other sex. This can occur by up-regulating the single X chromosome or down-regulating the two X chromosomes. Failure to achieve dosage compensation is often lethal. The general organization of sex determination genes in Drosophila melanogaster includes master regulator genes, intermediate regulator genes, and terminal regulator genes that determine whether female or male development progresses.
Mitochondrial genome and its manipulation
Mitochondria contain their own DNA and play an essential role in cellular respiration by generating ATP. While small, the mitochondrial genome encodes components of the electron transport chain. Manipulation of the mitochondrial genome holds promise for crop improvement due to maternal inheritance and absence of position effects. However, transforming the mitochondrial genome remains challenging due to difficulties incorporating foreign DNA and a lack of selectable markers. Successful manipulation could generate cytoplasmic male sterility for hybrid seed production.
RAPD, RFLP
RFLP and RAPD are PCR-based techniques used to analyze genetic variations between individuals. RFLP involves restricting genomic DNA with enzymes, separating fragments via electrophoresis, and comparing patterns. Variations in fragment lengths indicate polymorphisms. RAPD uses short, arbitrary primers to randomly amplify genomic DNA and compare patterns between individuals. Both techniques are useful for constructing genetic maps, identifying genes, distinguishing individuals, and studying genetic diversity and relationships between organisms.
Linkage mapping
This document discusses linkage mapping, which involves determining the relative positions of genes on chromosomes based on how often they are inherited together through analysis of recombination frequencies during meiosis. It provides background on the history of linkage mapping and definitions of key terms like linkage, linkage mapping, linkage groups, and types of linkage (complete and incomplete). Examples are also given to illustrate linkage analysis through test crosses and calculation of recombination frequencies.
Recommended
Genomic in situ Hybridization
Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) is a cytogenetic technique that allows radiolabeling of genomic DNA within cells, allowing visualization under a fluorescence microscope. GISH was developed in 1986 for animal hybrid cell lines and 1987 for plant studies. It involves extracting and radiolabeling genomic DNA from one organism as a probe to target and hybridize to similar genomic regions of another organism. Unhybridized regions can then be stained, allowing visualization of probe-target complexes and unlabeled regions. GISH provides quick, sensitive, and informative results for establishing phylogenetic relationships and identifying hybridized genomes.
C value paradox
This document discusses the C-Value Paradox, which is the observation that there is no correlation between the complexity of an organism and the amount of DNA (C-value) in its genome. The document provides examples showing that C-values, or the amount of DNA per haploid cell, can vary widely both within and across species, from 105 base pairs in mycoplasma to over 109 base pairs in mammals. While complexity tends to increase with higher C-values, exceptions exist, demonstrating there is no direct linear relationship between genome size and organism complexity. The term "C-value" refers to the haploid DNA content of a species.
Maternal inheritance of chloroplasts dna
This document summarizes maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA. It discusses how chloroplasts are inherited in the variegated four o' clock plant Mirabilis jalapa. Flowers on green branches produce only green offspring, while flowers on white branches produce only white offspring, demonstrating maternal inheritance of chloroplasts. Flowers on variegated branches produce offspring with mixed phenotypes, due to segregation of chloroplast types in the egg cell cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic inheritance demonstrates that in some plants, chloroplast DNA is inherited maternally rather than paternally.
Formation and expression ofpseudogenes
This document discusses pseudogenes, which are dysfunctional copies of genes that have lost protein-coding ability. It covers the origin and formation of pseudogenes through DNA or RNA duplication, and describes different types like processed and unprocessed pseudogenes. The document also discusses various methods for identifying and detecting pseudogenes, databases of pseudogenes, and studies that have characterized pseudogenes in organisms like rice and Solanum plants. Finally, it explores the potential functions and utilities of pseudogenes, including their use in evolutionary studies, providing information about gene expression, and acting as competing endogenous RNAs.
Dosage compensation ∧ sex determination in drosophila
Dosage compensation is the process where the total gene expression from a single X chromosome in one sex is made equal to the total gene expression from the two X chromosomes in the other sex. This can occur by up-regulating the single X chromosome or down-regulating the two X chromosomes. Failure to achieve dosage compensation is often lethal. The general organization of sex determination genes in Drosophila melanogaster includes master regulator genes, intermediate regulator genes, and terminal regulator genes that determine whether female or male development progresses.
Mitochondrial genome and its manipulation
Mitochondria contain their own DNA and play an essential role in cellular respiration by generating ATP. While small, the mitochondrial genome encodes components of the electron transport chain. Manipulation of the mitochondrial genome holds promise for crop improvement due to maternal inheritance and absence of position effects. However, transforming the mitochondrial genome remains challenging due to difficulties incorporating foreign DNA and a lack of selectable markers. Successful manipulation could generate cytoplasmic male sterility for hybrid seed production.
RAPD, RFLP
RFLP and RAPD are PCR-based techniques used to analyze genetic variations between individuals. RFLP involves restricting genomic DNA with enzymes, separating fragments via electrophoresis, and comparing patterns. Variations in fragment lengths indicate polymorphisms. RAPD uses short, arbitrary primers to randomly amplify genomic DNA and compare patterns between individuals. Both techniques are useful for constructing genetic maps, identifying genes, distinguishing individuals, and studying genetic diversity and relationships between organisms.
Linkage mapping
This document discusses linkage mapping, which involves determining the relative positions of genes on chromosomes based on how often they are inherited together through analysis of recombination frequencies during meiosis. It provides background on the history of linkage mapping and definitions of key terms like linkage, linkage mapping, linkage groups, and types of linkage (complete and incomplete). Examples are also given to illustrate linkage analysis through test crosses and calculation of recombination frequencies.
Tetrad analysis
Tetrad analysis is a technique used to study genetics in lower eukaryotes like fungi and algae. These organisms undergo meiosis and form haploid spores called tetrads. Analyzing the patterns of genes in the tetrads can determine if genes are linked and calculate the distance between them. Examples given are yeast and Neurospora fungi. Neurospora ordered tetrads allow direct mapping of genes by examining the patterns of alleles in ascus spores. The document provides examples of analyzing unordered and ordered tetrads to determine linkage and map distance between genes.
GISH AND FISH
Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures found in the nucleus that carry genetic information. They become visible during cell division. In situ hybridization (ISH) allows the localization of nucleic acid sequences on chromosomes using probes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a type of ISH that uses fluorescent probes to visualize specific sequences. FISH has applications in gene mapping, detecting genetic abnormalities, and identifying chromosomes.
Complementation test
This document presents information on complementation tests. It defines complementation tests as a method used to determine if two mutations are in the same gene or different genes. It explains that if the mutations are complementary (in different genes), the offspring will show the parental phenotypes, but if they are not complementary (in the same gene), the offspring will show a new phenotype. Three examples of using complementation test results to determine the number of genes involved are provided. The document concludes by citing a reference for more information on assigning mutations to genes using complementation tests.
Chloroplast genome organisation
Chloroplasts are double-membrane organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplast DNA is circular and ranges in size from 120,000 to 170,000 base pairs. It contains approximately 120 genes, including genes that encode proteins involved in photosynthesis and the transcription and translation machinery. Chloroplast DNA replication is semi-conservative and there are typically multiple copies of the chloroplast genome within each chloroplast.
Tetrad analysis by rk
Tetrad analysis is a technique used to study genetic linkage in fungi and other lower eukaryotes. During meiosis in these organisms, four haploid spores, known as a tetrad, are produced. If spores remain in ordered linear formations, called ordered tetrads, the arrangement allows mapping of genes relative to centromeres. If spores are randomly mixed in unordered tetrads, patterns of allele segregation can determine if two genes are linked. Analysis of tetrad segregation patterns is used to calculate genetic distance between loci.
CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE
Contents
Introduction
Mitochondrial or maternal inheritance
Shell coiling in Snail(Limnaea pregra)
Plastidial or chloroplast inheritance
Leaf variegation in Mirabilis Jalapa
Inheritance Involving Infective Particles
Kappa particles in Paramecium
Signififcance
References
Dna packaging
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell. DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form chromosomes.
DNA packaging is crucial because it makes sure that those excessive DNA are able to fit nicely in a cell that is many times smaller.
The DNA in bacterial cells are either circular or linear. To accommodate the size of bacterial cell, supercoiled DNA are folded into loops with each loop resembles shape of bead-like packets containing small basic proteins that is analogous to histone found in Eukaryotes.
Genome sequencing
The document discusses genome sequencing and related topics. It begins by defining what a genome is - the complete set of DNA in an organism. It then discusses the different types of genomes, such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic, including nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes. The document also defines genomics as the comprehensive study of whole genomes and all gene interactions, distinguishing it from traditional genetics which focuses on single genes. It outlines some key milestones in genomic sequencing and the technical foundations that enabled sequencing whole genomes. Finally, it describes the main approaches used for genome sequencing projects, including hierarchical shotgun sequencing and whole genome shotgun sequencing.
C value
The document discusses the C-value paradox, which is the lack of relationship between genome size and organism complexity. It provides data on the wide range of genome sizes across different taxonomic groups. Introns and exons are described, with exons comprising the coding sequences and introns being removed from transcripts by splicing. Alternative splicing can generate multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. Repeated sequences, including satellites, minisatellites, microsatellites, transposons, SINEs and LINEs comprise a large portion of eukaryotic genomes.
Protein and nucleic acid sequencing
Protein Sequencing
Introduction
Protein Sequencing
History of Protein Sequencing
Determining Amino Acid Composition
N-terminal amino acid analysis
C-terminal amino acid analysis
Edman degradation
The Edman degradation reaction
Limitations of the Edman degradation
Mass spectrometry
Nucleic Acid Sequencing
Introduction
Nucleic Acid Sequencing
Type of Nucleic Acid Sequencing
DNA Sequencing
Method of DNA Sequencing
Application of DNA Sequencing
DNA Sequencing Institutes
Conclusion
Reference
Holliday Model of DNA Recombination
Holliday Model of DNA Recombination which predicts about the crossover and non cross over. Provide base for ds break model.
Aflp (amplified fragment length polymorphism), alu
Alu PCR amplifies repetitive Alu elements in DNA using Alu-specific primers. The presence or absence of Alu insertions can be used for population genetics, forensics, and paternity testing. Alu elements are short, inter
Complementation of defined mutations
A complementation test (sometimes called a "cis-trans" test) can be used to test whether the mutations in two strains are in different genes. By taking an example of Benzer's work, complementation has been explained.
Second genetic code overlapping and split genes
1) Eukaryotic genes can be organized in complex ways, including overlapping genes where coding sequences partially overlap, and split genes where coding sequences are interrupted by non-coding intron sequences.
2) Overlapping genes were discovered in bacteriophage X174, where the coding sequences of genes D and E overlap but are translated in different reading frames.
3) Split genes have exons, which are the coding sequences included in mRNA, and introns, which are intervening non-coding sequences not included in mRNA. Split genes were first observed in animal viruses in 1977.
Super coil, cot curve, c value pardox
This document discusses DNA supercoiling and its role in DNA packaging. It defines DNA supercoiling as the over- or under-winding of DNA strands, which compacts DNA and facilitates processes like replication and transcription. DNA in most organisms is negatively supercoiled. Supercoiling allows for very long DNA strands to be tightly packaged into cells and nuclei. During cell division, supercoiling further condenses chromosomes. Mathematical expressions describe differences in coiled DNA states compared to relaxed DNA.
CHROMOSOME BANDING PATTERN_Dr. Sonia.pdf
This document discusses various chromosome banding techniques used to identify chromosomes and detect abnormalities. It describes:
1) Karyotyping, which analyzes chromosome morphology, and how it is used to compare relatedness between species.
2) Banding techniques that selectively stain regions of chromosomes based on DNA composition, allowing identification. These include Q, G, R, C, and T bands.
3) The techniques involve staining with fluorescent dyes or Giemsa followed by heat/chemical treatments to differentially darken bands for analysis under microscopes. Banding patterns are consistent and chromosome-specific.
Presentation on Lampbrush Chromosome
Lampbrush chromosomes (LBCs) are very long chromosomes that are present in the egg cells of many vertebrates and invertebrates during meiosis. They have a central axis and appear brush-like due to the presence of many lateral loops of chromatin extending out perpendicular to the axis. RNA transcription occurs actively at the thin ends of the loops. LBCs provide favorable material for cytological studies due to their large size and distinct morphology during the prolonged meiotic prophase stage in egg cells. The loops represent individual chromatids and changes in their number and structure correlate with transcriptional activity and physiological processes in the organism.
TRANSPOSON TAGGING
This document summarizes transposon tagging as a method to identify genes. Transposon tagging involves inserting a transposon near a gene of interest, which then allows the gene to be identified based on its proximity to the transposon. The document discusses different types of transposons used for tagging in plants and animals. It describes approaches for both targeted and non-targeted tagging and methods for identifying the tagged gene, including RFLP analysis and inverse PCR. As an example, it summarizes how the Cf-9 gene conferring resistance to leaf mold in tomato was identified using Ds transposon tagging.
Giant chromosomes-lampbrush & Polytene
Some giant chromosomes are found in few species of insects, these chromosomes have unique morphology & function. this slide discovers few of them.
repetitive and non repetitive dna.pptx
1. Eukaryotic DNA contains repetitive and non-repetitive segments. Repetitive DNA makes up around 50% of the human genome and consists of sequences that are present in copies numbering over a million.
2. Repetitive DNA is divided into highly, moderately, and uniquely repetitive sequences based on copy number. Highly repetitive sequences are present in over 100,000 copies and include satellite and centromeric DNA. Moderately repetitive sequences have between 100-10,000 copies, like ribosomal RNA genes.
3. Non-repetitive or unique sequences make up around 50% of the human genome and contain protein-coding genes and other sequences required for gene expression that generally exist in only
Genomic In-Situ Hybridization (GISH)-Principles, Methods and Applications in ...
Banoth Madhu: Genomic In-Situ Hybridization (GISH)-Principles, Methods and Applications in Crop Plants. It is a cytogenetic technique that allows the detection and localization of specific nucleic acid sequences on morphologically preserved chromosomes using genomic DNA of donor specie as probe. It is a cytogenetic technique that allows the detection and localization of specific nucleic acid sequences on morphologically preserved chromosomes using genomic DNA of donor specie as probe
Next Generation Sequencing
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods like pyrosequencing have accelerated research by allowing high-throughput, low-cost sequencing. Pyrosequencing works by detecting pyrophosphate release during DNA synthesis. It has applications in genetics, epigenetics, forensics, medicine, and more. NGS continues to advance sequencing capabilities and make whole genome analysis increasingly accessible.
More Related Content
What's hot
Tetrad analysis
Tetrad analysis is a technique used to study genetics in lower eukaryotes like fungi and algae. These organisms undergo meiosis and form haploid spores called tetrads. Analyzing the patterns of genes in the tetrads can determine if genes are linked and calculate the distance between them. Examples given are yeast and Neurospora fungi. Neurospora ordered tetrads allow direct mapping of genes by examining the patterns of alleles in ascus spores. The document provides examples of analyzing unordered and ordered tetrads to determine linkage and map distance between genes.
GISH AND FISH
Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures found in the nucleus that carry genetic information. They become visible during cell division. In situ hybridization (ISH) allows the localization of nucleic acid sequences on chromosomes using probes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a type of ISH that uses fluorescent probes to visualize specific sequences. FISH has applications in gene mapping, detecting genetic abnormalities, and identifying chromosomes.
Complementation test
This document presents information on complementation tests. It defines complementation tests as a method used to determine if two mutations are in the same gene or different genes. It explains that if the mutations are complementary (in different genes), the offspring will show the parental phenotypes, but if they are not complementary (in the same gene), the offspring will show a new phenotype. Three examples of using complementation test results to determine the number of genes involved are provided. The document concludes by citing a reference for more information on assigning mutations to genes using complementation tests.
Chloroplast genome organisation
Chloroplasts are double-membrane organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplast DNA is circular and ranges in size from 120,000 to 170,000 base pairs. It contains approximately 120 genes, including genes that encode proteins involved in photosynthesis and the transcription and translation machinery. Chloroplast DNA replication is semi-conservative and there are typically multiple copies of the chloroplast genome within each chloroplast.
Tetrad analysis by rk
Tetrad analysis is a technique used to study genetic linkage in fungi and other lower eukaryotes. During meiosis in these organisms, four haploid spores, known as a tetrad, are produced. If spores remain in ordered linear formations, called ordered tetrads, the arrangement allows mapping of genes relative to centromeres. If spores are randomly mixed in unordered tetrads, patterns of allele segregation can determine if two genes are linked. Analysis of tetrad segregation patterns is used to calculate genetic distance between loci.
CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE
Contents
Introduction
Mitochondrial or maternal inheritance
Shell coiling in Snail(Limnaea pregra)
Plastidial or chloroplast inheritance
Leaf variegation in Mirabilis Jalapa
Inheritance Involving Infective Particles
Kappa particles in Paramecium
Signififcance
References
Dna packaging
DNA is tightly packed in the nucleus of every cell. DNA wraps around special proteins called histones, which form loops of DNA called nucleosomes. These nucleosomes coil and stack together to form fibers called chromatin. Chromatin in turn forms larger loops and coils to form chromosomes.
DNA packaging is crucial because it makes sure that those excessive DNA are able to fit nicely in a cell that is many times smaller.
The DNA in bacterial cells are either circular or linear. To accommodate the size of bacterial cell, supercoiled DNA are folded into loops with each loop resembles shape of bead-like packets containing small basic proteins that is analogous to histone found in Eukaryotes.
Genome sequencing
The document discusses genome sequencing and related topics. It begins by defining what a genome is - the complete set of DNA in an organism. It then discusses the different types of genomes, such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic, including nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes. The document also defines genomics as the comprehensive study of whole genomes and all gene interactions, distinguishing it from traditional genetics which focuses on single genes. It outlines some key milestones in genomic sequencing and the technical foundations that enabled sequencing whole genomes. Finally, it describes the main approaches used for genome sequencing projects, including hierarchical shotgun sequencing and whole genome shotgun sequencing.
C value
The document discusses the C-value paradox, which is the lack of relationship between genome size and organism complexity. It provides data on the wide range of genome sizes across different taxonomic groups. Introns and exons are described, with exons comprising the coding sequences and introns being removed from transcripts by splicing. Alternative splicing can generate multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. Repeated sequences, including satellites, minisatellites, microsatellites, transposons, SINEs and LINEs comprise a large portion of eukaryotic genomes.
Protein and nucleic acid sequencing
Protein Sequencing
Introduction
Protein Sequencing
History of Protein Sequencing
Determining Amino Acid Composition
N-terminal amino acid analysis
C-terminal amino acid analysis
Edman degradation
The Edman degradation reaction
Limitations of the Edman degradation
Mass spectrometry
Nucleic Acid Sequencing
Introduction
Nucleic Acid Sequencing
Type of Nucleic Acid Sequencing
DNA Sequencing
Method of DNA Sequencing
Application of DNA Sequencing
DNA Sequencing Institutes
Conclusion
Reference
Holliday Model of DNA Recombination
Holliday Model of DNA Recombination which predicts about the crossover and non cross over. Provide base for ds break model.
Aflp (amplified fragment length polymorphism), alu
Alu PCR amplifies repetitive Alu elements in DNA using Alu-specific primers. The presence or absence of Alu insertions can be used for population genetics, forensics, and paternity testing. Alu elements are short, inter
Complementation of defined mutations
A complementation test (sometimes called a "cis-trans" test) can be used to test whether the mutations in two strains are in different genes. By taking an example of Benzer's work, complementation has been explained.
Second genetic code overlapping and split genes
1) Eukaryotic genes can be organized in complex ways, including overlapping genes where coding sequences partially overlap, and split genes where coding sequences are interrupted by non-coding intron sequences.
2) Overlapping genes were discovered in bacteriophage X174, where the coding sequences of genes D and E overlap but are translated in different reading frames.
3) Split genes have exons, which are the coding sequences included in mRNA, and introns, which are intervening non-coding sequences not included in mRNA. Split genes were first observed in animal viruses in 1977.
Super coil, cot curve, c value pardox
This document discusses DNA supercoiling and its role in DNA packaging. It defines DNA supercoiling as the over- or under-winding of DNA strands, which compacts DNA and facilitates processes like replication and transcription. DNA in most organisms is negatively supercoiled. Supercoiling allows for very long DNA strands to be tightly packaged into cells and nuclei. During cell division, supercoiling further condenses chromosomes. Mathematical expressions describe differences in coiled DNA states compared to relaxed DNA.
CHROMOSOME BANDING PATTERN_Dr. Sonia.pdf
This document discusses various chromosome banding techniques used to identify chromosomes and detect abnormalities. It describes:
1) Karyotyping, which analyzes chromosome morphology, and how it is used to compare relatedness between species.
2) Banding techniques that selectively stain regions of chromosomes based on DNA composition, allowing identification. These include Q, G, R, C, and T bands.
3) The techniques involve staining with fluorescent dyes or Giemsa followed by heat/chemical treatments to differentially darken bands for analysis under microscopes. Banding patterns are consistent and chromosome-specific.
Presentation on Lampbrush Chromosome
Lampbrush chromosomes (LBCs) are very long chromosomes that are present in the egg cells of many vertebrates and invertebrates during meiosis. They have a central axis and appear brush-like due to the presence of many lateral loops of chromatin extending out perpendicular to the axis. RNA transcription occurs actively at the thin ends of the loops. LBCs provide favorable material for cytological studies due to their large size and distinct morphology during the prolonged meiotic prophase stage in egg cells. The loops represent individual chromatids and changes in their number and structure correlate with transcriptional activity and physiological processes in the organism.
TRANSPOSON TAGGING
This document summarizes transposon tagging as a method to identify genes. Transposon tagging involves inserting a transposon near a gene of interest, which then allows the gene to be identified based on its proximity to the transposon. The document discusses different types of transposons used for tagging in plants and animals. It describes approaches for both targeted and non-targeted tagging and methods for identifying the tagged gene, including RFLP analysis and inverse PCR. As an example, it summarizes how the Cf-9 gene conferring resistance to leaf mold in tomato was identified using Ds transposon tagging.
Giant chromosomes-lampbrush & Polytene
Some giant chromosomes are found in few species of insects, these chromosomes have unique morphology & function. this slide discovers few of them.
repetitive and non repetitive dna.pptx
1. Eukaryotic DNA contains repetitive and non-repetitive segments. Repetitive DNA makes up around 50% of the human genome and consists of sequences that are present in copies numbering over a million.
2. Repetitive DNA is divided into highly, moderately, and uniquely repetitive sequences based on copy number. Highly repetitive sequences are present in over 100,000 copies and include satellite and centromeric DNA. Moderately repetitive sequences have between 100-10,000 copies, like ribosomal RNA genes.
3. Non-repetitive or unique sequences make up around 50% of the human genome and contain protein-coding genes and other sequences required for gene expression that generally exist in only
What's hot (20)
Aflp (amplified fragment length polymorphism), alu
Aflp (amplified fragment length polymorphism), alu
Similar to Genomic in-situ hybridization (GISH)
Genomic In-Situ Hybridization (GISH)-Principles, Methods and Applications in ...
Banoth Madhu: Genomic In-Situ Hybridization (GISH)-Principles, Methods and Applications in Crop Plants. It is a cytogenetic technique that allows the detection and localization of specific nucleic acid sequences on morphologically preserved chromosomes using genomic DNA of donor specie as probe. It is a cytogenetic technique that allows the detection and localization of specific nucleic acid sequences on morphologically preserved chromosomes using genomic DNA of donor specie as probe
Next Generation Sequencing
DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods like pyrosequencing have accelerated research by allowing high-throughput, low-cost sequencing. Pyrosequencing works by detecting pyrophosphate release during DNA synthesis. It has applications in genetics, epigenetics, forensics, medicine, and more. NGS continues to advance sequencing capabilities and make whole genome analysis increasingly accessible.
The Evolution of In Situ Genetic Technology
In situ genetic technology was historically developed and mainly focused on detection purpose, allowing specific nucleic acid sequences to be visualized in morphologically preserved tissue sections. With the synergy of genetics and immunohistochemistry, in situ detection can correlate microscopic topological information with gene activity at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels in specific tissues. Furthermore, its resolution allows spatial distribution of nucleic acid products to be revealed in a heterogeneous cell population. The newest member to the franchise of in situ genetic technology is a direct-on-specimen enrichment methodology specifically for cell-free DNA liquid biopsy. Contrary to in situ detection, this in-well in situ innovation tackles the very first sample preparation step to reduce material loss, thereby improving overall sensitivity. Genomic nucleic acids purified from specimens have been proven to be time consuming and suffered from damages and losses; the evolution of in situ genetic technology offers a powerful tool for precision functional genomics, enabling cross-check between in vitro and in vivo findings. It further opens the door to ultimate genetic engineering in situ.
Modern cytogenetic tools in crop improvement
it includes FISH, GISH and their recent modifications such as comparative genome hybridization, chromosome painting, spectral karyotyping, multicolour FISH, fiber FISH and Q-FISH
Fluoroscent insitu hybridizatio nppt
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique for detecting DNA or RNA sequences in cells by permitting labeled probes to interact with complementary sequences, allowing detection of specific sequences located on chromosomes. FISH has many applications in molecular biology and medical science, including gene mapping, diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities, and studies of cellular structure and function. It can be used to detect aberrations in chromosome number as well as single locus targets through use of different types of probes.
Tracking introgressions using FISH and GISH
FISH and GISH are powerful cytogenetic techniques that allow the detection and localization of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes to visualize DNA locations, while GISH uses total genomic DNA as probes. Both techniques have various applications, including chromosome mapping, analyzing hybrid plants and somatic variations, and detecting chromosomal abnormalities. They have improved plant breeding and furthered understanding of plant genomes, evolution, and relationships. Limitations include inability to detect small mutations and lack of commercial probes for all regions.
An introduction to fluorescent in situ hybridization.
Cytogenetics involves studying chromosomes and their relationship to cell behavior. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful molecular cytogenetics technique that uses fluorescent probes to hybridize to specific DNA or RNA sequences, allowing localization of targets within cells. FISH can be used to detect genetic abnormalities, gene expression, and is widely used in medical applications such as diagnosing various cancers and genetic disorders.
Genomics Technologies
This document discusses high-resolution views of the cancer genome using various technologies including DNA microarrays, comparative genomic hybridization, tiling arrays, next-generation sequencing, and DNAse-Seq. It describes how these technologies can be used to analyze gene expression, copy number variation, chromatin structure, and more to better understand cancer at the genomic level. Integrating data from all these sources presents challenges but may help improve individual health outcomes.
Genome mapping
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
In situ hybridization
In Situ Hybridization (ISH) is a technique that allows for precise localization of a specific segment of nucleic acid within a histologic section.
In Situ Hybridization
In situ hybridization is a powerful technique for identifying specific mRNA species within individual cells in tissue sections, providing insights into physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. However, in situ hybridization requires that many steps be taken with precise optimization for each tissue examined and for each probe used.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/Services/In-Situ-Hybridization-ISH.htm
Presentation on Fluorescence in-Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes to identify specific sequences on chromosomes. FISH allows researchers to detect the presence, absence, and location of gene sequences without having to culture cells. The process involves labeling probes with fluorescent dyes, applying the probes to intact cells on a slide, and visualizing where the probes bind to complementary DNA sequences under a microscope. FISH has applications in gene mapping, identifying chromosomal abnormalities, and analyzing structural chromosome changes.
Presentation on Genome in-situ Hybridization (GISH)
Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) is a cytogenetic technique used to label parts of a genome or genomes within a cell. It was first used to discriminate between the genomes of an intergeneric hybrid of Hordeum chilense and Secale africanum. GISH involves labeling the whole DNA of an organism and using a probe to target the genome of another organism. Parts of the genome complementary to the probe will hybridize, allowing identification of parental genomes and introgressed regions. GISH provides advantages over fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in investigating evolutionary relationships of crops and identifying inserted regions from alien species in parental genomes.
Sophie F. summer Poster Final
This study demonstrates the utility of using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology and DNA analysis to identify and analyze closely related insect species and populations. The researchers sequenced DNA from two mitochondrial genes and a nuclear gene from individuals of two closely related fly species, Bactrocera philippinensis and B. occipitalis. They obtained overlapping sequences from these genes that could be assembled into full gene sequences. Their goal is to ultimately sequence the entire genome of multiple individuals to better characterize populations and species through comparative genomic analysis. DNA-based methods provide advantages over traditional taxonomy by requiring less material and being consistent across life stages.
Reporter stem cells generation
New advances in genome-editing technologies have lowered these barriers for creating knock-in reporter lines.
https://www.creative-biogene.com/support/genome-editing-generation-of-reporter-stem-cells.html
Reporter stem cells generation
Reporter stem cell lines are valuable models which enable noninvasive, live monitoring of marker onset and expression in a cell-specific manner. Some methods have been used to derive such cell lines based on lineage promoter-driven reporter expression.
OKC Grand Rounds 2009
This document discusses genomic technologies that can be used to observe the human genome and their applications. It covers microarrays, next-generation sequencing, DNA methylation, copy number variation, and more. Challenges include the cost of these technologies and integrating the large amounts of data they produce to improve healthcare.
Sequencing-based Genotyping Assays
Sequencing-based genotyping assays bring genotyping and genomics research to a crossroads. CD Genomics, as an advanced genomics service provider, has equipped sequencing-based genotyping technologies as well as SNP array services for our global customers. We deliver SNP and SNV discovery, genotype screening, and subsequent association analysis results, dedicated to facilitating research in pharmacogenomics, molecular breeding, genetics, and more. https://www.cd-genomics.com/snp-microarray.html
Molecular markers for measuring genetic diversity
Molecular markers for measuring genetic diversity
Introduction:
The molecular basis of the essential biological phenomena in plants is crucial for the effective conservation, management, and efficient utilization of plant genetic resources (PGR).
Determining genetic diversity can be based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular types of information. However, molecular markers have advantages over other kinds, where they show genetic differences on a more detailed level without interferences from environmental factors, and where they involve techniques that provide fast results detailing genetic diversity
Comparison of different methods
Morphological characterization does not require expensive technology but large tracts of land are often required for these experiments, making it possibly more expensive than molecular assessment. These traits are often susceptible to phenotypic plasticity; conversely, this allows assessment of diversity in the presence of environmental variation.
Biochemical analysis is based on the separation of proteins into specific banding patterns. It is a fast method which requires only small amounts of biological material. However, only a limited number of enzymes are available and thus, the resolution of diversity is limited.
Molecular analyses comprise a large variety of DNA molecular markers, which can be employed for analysis of variation. Different markers have different genetic qualities (they can be dominant or co-dominant, can amplify anonymous or characterized loci, can contain expressed or non-expressed sequences, etc.).
Genetic marker
The concept of genetic markers is not a new one; in the nineteenth century, Gregor Mendel employed phenotype-based genetic markers in his experiments. Later, phenotype-based genetic markers for Drosophila melanogaster led to the founding of the theory of genetic linkage. A genetic marker is an easily identifiable piece of genetic material, usually DNA that can be used in the laboratory to tell apart cells, individuals, populations, or species. The use of genetic markers begins with extracting proteins or chemicals (for biochemical markers) or DNA (for molecular markers) from tissues of the plant (for example, seeds, foliage, pollen, sometimes woody tissues).
Molecular markers In genetics, a molecular marker (identified as genetic marker) is a fragment of DNA that is associated with a certain location within the genome. Molecular markers which detect variation at the DNA level such as nucleotide changes: deletion, duplication, inversion and/or insertion. Markers can exhibit two modes of inheritance, i.e. dominant/recessive or co-dominant. If the genetic pattern of homozygotes can be distinguished from that of heterozygotes, then a marker is said to be co-dominant. Generally co-dominant markers are more informative than the
DNA Barcoding Ph.D Agriculture
DNA barcoding is a method to identify species using short DNA sequences from standardized genes. It involves building a reference library of DNA barcodes from identified specimens and comparing unknown samples to the library. For animals, the CO1 gene is commonly used, while for plants the rbcL, matK, trnH, psbA and ITS genes provide identification. Barcoding has strengths in identifying juveniles, fragments, and through analysis of stomach contents, but relies on reference databases and may have weakness for some taxa. It can help identify herbal supplements, timber, rice varieties and other products.
Similar to Genomic in-situ hybridization (GISH) (20)
Genomic In-Situ Hybridization (GISH)-Principles, Methods and Applications in ...
Genomic In-Situ Hybridization (GISH)-Principles, Methods and Applications in ...
An introduction to fluorescent in situ hybridization.
An introduction to fluorescent in situ hybridization.
Presentation on Fluorescence in-Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Presentation on Fluorescence in-Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Presentation on Genome in-situ Hybridization (GISH)
Presentation on Genome in-situ Hybridization (GISH)
Recently uploaded
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Recently uploaded (20)
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Genomic in-situ hybridization (GISH)
- 1. GISH(Genomic In-Situ Hybridization) AREEBA FATIMA 2015-UAM-240 CYTOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION OF CROP PLANTS
- 2. Outline What is GISH? Who was developed this technique? How we apply this technique on sample? How many steps? Why we use this technique?
- 3. What is GISH(Genomic In-Situ Hybridization)? Genomic in-situ hybridization(GISH) is a cytogenetic technique that allows the detection and localization of specific nucleic acid sequences on morphologically preserved chromosome using genomic DNA of donor species as prob.
- 4. Introduction GISH is quick, accurate, sensitive, informative and a comparative approach. GISH technique is an advancement in the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique.
- 6. Background GISH for plants was developed inn 1987 by M.D. Bennett. GISH was mainly developed for the animal hybrid cell in 1986 In 1987, the Plant Breeding institute Cambridge was used this technique in plants M.D Bennett
- 7. Principle This technique involves the extraction of labeling DNA of one organism and to use as a probe to target the genome of another organism. The part of genome that are similar to the probe hybridize to from a probe target complex.
- 8. Steps Take probe DNA Blocking DNA fragmentation Preparation of slide Denaturation of probe and blocking DNA in the hybridization mixture Addition of probe and blocking DNA with the hybridization mixture Chromosome DNA denaturation Hybridization of blocking DNA and probe in the target sequence of the chromosome Detection of the probe in the chromosome of one parent Chromosome DNA molecule of thee second parent related to the unlabeled blocking DNA Visualization of hybridization signals associated to a probe(green) in fluorescence microscope. Unmarked chromosome are visualized with blue color.
- 11. Why we do GISH? It is used to identify chromosomal rearrangements in cancer patients. Chromosomal identification in cell. Detect the specific nucleotide sequence within cell and tissues. Unique point among the studies of cell, biology, cytogenetics and molecular genetics It is possible to detect single copy sequence on chromosome with probes. genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) is a potentially powerful tool for studying genome evolution and biosystematics It will useful for investigating the origins of wild and cultivated polyploid plant species
- 12. Thank you