Genomes 4 is a thoroughly updated textbook about genomes and how they are investigated. It covers genome sequencing, assembly, annotation, expression, replication, and evolution for viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and humans. Some key techniques discussed include genome-wide RNA mapping, CRISPR-Cas 9, and GWAS for determining gene function. The book has 544 pages organized into chapters on genome techniques, structures, functions, and evolution with questions and further reading at the end of each chapter.