This document provides information about chili (Capsicum annuum L.) including its botany, varieties, nutritional value, production, and breeding. Some key points: - Chili is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide for its green or dry fruits. It has many varieties and over 400 types are grown. - India is a leading producer and consumer of chili, with Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra being major producing states. - Chili has many nutritional and medicinal benefits. It is rich in vitamins C and A, minerals, antioxidants, and fiber. - Breeding objectives for chili include higher yield, increased pungency or reduced pungency depending on variety,

1. Speaker : MayankBoghara
Degree : M. Sc. (Agri.)
Guide : Dr. H. L. Dhaduk
Course No. : GP –591
Reg. No. : 04-2100-2013
Date : 24-09-2014

2. 2

3. •Importantvegetablecumspicecropgrownthroughouttheworld.
•Cultivatedforgreenordryfruit.
•‘Capsicum’=Greekword‘kapto’,meaning"tobite"or"toswallow."
•Commonnames:hotpepper,sweetpepper,bellpepper,shimlamirch,paprika.
•Almost400typesofchillisaregrownthroughouttheworld.
•Itcomprisesnumerouschemicalsincludingsteamvolatileoils,fattyoils,capsaicinoids,carotenoids,vitamins,proteins,fibresandmineralelements(BoslandandVotava,2000).
3

4. •Animportantpartofdailydiet.
•KeyElementinmanyregionalcuisines,pickles,soups,sauce,
Salads,curriesetc.duetoitsuniqueflavor,aromaandcolour.
•Increasethetasteandpalatability.
•FreshgreencapsicumcontainmorevitaminCthancitrusfruitsandfreshredchillihasmorevitaminAthancarrot.(Thanetal. 2008).
•Chilliesarelowinsodiumandcholesterolfree. 4

5. •ManyothermedicinalPropertiesarefound…
•stimulatebloodcirculation
•improvesthedigestionprocess
•speedupthemetabolicrate
•richsourceofantioxidants
•booststotheimmunesystem
•bloodthinningproperties
•sourceofnaturalbactericidalagents
•Apartfrommedicinaluseschillialsousedincosmetic,liquorindustriesandasaweaponforselfdefense(chillispray). 5

6. NUTRITIONALVALUENational Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
Value (per 100 gm)
Parameters
Chillies(dry)
Chillies(green)
Moisture
10.0 gm
85.7 gm
Protein
15.0 gm
2.9 gm
Fat
6.2 gm
0.6 gm
Minerals
6.1gm
1.0 gm
Fibre
30.2 gm
6.8 gm
Carbohydrates
31.6 gm
3.0 gm
Iron
2.3 mg
4.4 mg
Carotene
345.0 mg
175.0 mg
Vitamin C
50.0 mg
111.0 mg
6

7. Domesticated around 5000 BC
Carried by Columbus to Spain, 1493
Brought by Portuguese from Brazil to India, 1584 Evolved as a wild crop 7500 BCFig 1: Origin
7

8. 2012- 2013
AREA (lakhha)
Produ- ction(lakh MT)
Produ- ctivity(T/ha)
World
19.89
33.52
1.69
India
7.94
13.04
1.64
Gujarat
0.43
0.68
1.57Fig 2: Major hot chilliproducing states of IndiaIndiaisaleadingproducer&consumerofchilliintheworld,with38%shareintotalchilliproductionIn India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharastra, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal and Himachal PradeshIn Gujarat: Rajkot, Vadodara, Mahesana, Banaskantha, Amreli, Kheda, Anand, Sabarkantha and JamnagarSource : FAO
8

9. Fig 3: State wise contribution 2012-2013Andhrapradesh26% Karnataka13%
Maharashtra12%
Odisa10%
Westbengal8%
Madhya pradesh7%
Tamilnadu6%
Gujarat5%
Assam3% Uttar pradesh2%
Rajasthan2%
Punjab1%
Others5% AreaSource :Indian Horticulture Database, GOIProduction9

10. Kingdom: Plantae
Class: Angiosperm
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Capsicum
Species:annum
Scientific name : Capsicum annum L.,
var. annum
var. paprika
Chromosomeno. : 2n=24 & 2n=26
Scientific Classification10

11. Botany
•Herbaceousorsemi-woody,annualsorperennials.
•Straight,woodystemsandtheleavesareovate,taperingtoasharppoint,measuringupto15cm,darkgreenontheuppersurfaceandpalegreenonthelowersurface.
•Flowers:small,star-shaped,whiteandbornesinglyorinclustersof2or3intheaxilsoftheleaves.
•Theflowersarefollowedbyjuicelessberrieswhicharegreenatfirstandchangetored,yelloworpurple. 11

12. •Fruitsvaryinshape,size,colouranddegreeofpungencyasperthecultivar.
•Fruitcontainnumerousflat,kidney-shaped,whiteseeds,whichhaveverypungenttaste.
•PungencyofCapsicumisduetoanalkaloid“Capsaicin”
•Redcolouroffruitisduetothepigment“Capsanthin”
•Domesticatedspecies:largerbutfewerfruitswildspecies:morebutsmallerfruitsbutseedperplantisaboutthesame. 12
Pedicel

13. Flower:actinomorphic,bisexual,pedicellate,hypogynous
Gynoecium:Bicarpellary,syncarpous,bilocularortetralocularduetopseudoseptum.Manyovulesonaxileplacentation,ovarysuperior.
Androecium:Stamens5,epipetalous
Selfpollinatedcrop.
Flowersopenat5a.m.
Receptivityofstigma:fromadayearliertoanthesisandupto2daysafteranthesis.
Fertilityofpollen:adaybeforeanthesiswithmaximumfertilityonthedayofanthesis.
EmasculationandPollinationonthesameday.
Percentfruitset:20%oftheflowersproduced.
Isolationdistance:500m.
Handemasculationandpollinationismostcommonmethodusedforhybridseedproductioninchilli.
Floral morphology
13

14. Crossing technique 14A bud one day prior to anthesisshould be selected for emasculation
Emasculation should be carried out without damaging female reproductive parts and bagged it
At a same time pollen should be collected from the fully opened male flower
Gently transfer the pollen to the stigma , bagging and tagging should be done simultaneously

15. •Capsicumgenusincludes30species,mostlyclassifiedaswildandsemi-domesticated.
•Outofthatfivespeciesaredomesticatedandcultivatedworldwide.
•C.annuumL.varannuum(bellpepper,chilli)
•C.frutescensL.(tabasco)
•C.chinenseL.Jacq.(habanero)
•C.baccatumL.
•C.pubescensL.
•Threespicesviz.,C.annum,C.frutescens,andC.chinenseevolvedfromacommonancestorinaNorthAmazonbasin
•MostofthechilliesgrowninIndiabelongtoC.annuumandC.frutescensspecies. Marishaet al. (2006)15

16. Species and variety
Growth form
Corolla shape and colour
Fruit shape and colour
Seed colour
2n
Geographical distribution
C. annumL.
Herb or sub shrub (1-2 m)
Stellate; white or cream (exceptionally violate)
Highly variable shape; violate, red, orange, yellow or green
Yellow
24
Cultivate Worldwide
Highest diversity of fruit shape, size and colour.
Quite tolerant to weather extremes.
Productive in warm and dry climates and cannot survive in very cold conditions.
Exotic Varieties :
Jalapenos, New Mexican, Peter Pepper, Sweet Banana, Thai Hot etc.
16
Indian varieties :
ArkaMohini, PusaJwala,PusaMeghdoot, California Wonder, Chinese Giant
Reshampatto, GVC-101, 111, 121, AVNPC-131, GAVC-112, GAVC-1

17. Species and variety
Growth form
Corolla shape and colour
Fruit shape and colour
Seed colour
2n
Geographical distribution
C. frutescensL.
Herb or shrub
(1-2 m)
Stellate,white or cream
Elongate; red
Yellow
24
USA, Mexico, America, Africa, India, China, Japan
frutescens,meaning "shrubby or bushy"
Fruit typically grow erectlanceoloidor ellipsoid-conical in shape.
Produceclustersof fruits.
Includes very few varieties of chillies.
Varieties :
Tabasco, African bird’seye,Malagueta, Thai pepper,Demon Red
17

18. Species and variety
Growth form
Corolla shape and colour
Fruit shape and colour
Seed colour
2n
Geographical distribution
C. chinenseL.
Herb or shrub (0.5-2 m)
Stellate; white or cream
Spherical or conical; red, orange, yellow or white
Yellow
24
USA, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Argentina, Japan
Chinense, literally ‘from china’, incorrect.
Famous for its exceptional pungency
Fruit shape is vary tremendously in this species
Resistance to fruit rot
Varieties :
Trinidad scorpion, Bhutjolokia, Habanero, Congo pepper , jamaicanhot
18

19. Species and variety
Growth form
Corolla shape and colour
Fruit shape and colour
Seed colour
2n
Geographical distribution
C.baccatumL.
Shrub(0.6-3.5 m)
Stellat, white with yellowish spots in the throat
Ovoid or elliptic; red
Yellow
24
Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia
baccatum,meaning "berry like”
A smoky-fruity flavour
Fruity aroma, similar to that of apricot.
Resistance to Anthracnose
Varieties :
AjiAmarilllo, Brazilian Starfish, Peppadewand Lemon Drop19

20. Species and variety
Growth form
Corolla shape and colour
Fruit shape and colour
Seed colour
2n
Geographical distribution
C. pubescensL.
Shrub (0.8-2 m)
Rotate, purple or violet in the lobules, white or yellowish in the tube
Turban-shaped, spherical or elongate, red, orange or yellow
Blackish, irregular shape
24
Cultivated in Mexico, Central and South America
pubescens,meaning "hairy"
Least cultivated and least widespread
Identified by their black seeds and hairy leaves
Ability to withstand and even thrive in lower temperatures that other, but not frost
Roots of the plant lignifyrapidly as it matures, giving the plant a tree-like appearance
Varieties :
Mexican Manzanos, Bolivian Locotosand Peruvian Rocotos. 20

21. Flower
Male Parent
Female Parent
baccatum
frute- scens
chinense
annuum
galapa- goense
pubescens
eximium
carde- nasii
White
baccatum
=
NG
NG
NG
-
-
-
-
frutescens
NG
=
PF
NG
-
-
-
-
chinense
NG
PF
=
PF
-
-
-
-
annuum
NG
PF
PF
=
IV
-
-
-
galapagoense
NG
-
IV
NG
=
-
-
-
Purple
pubescens
IV
EC
IV
-
-
=
HF
NG
eximium
NG
NG
IV
IV
-
HF
=
HF
cardenasii
NG
NG
-
IV
-
HF
HF
=
NG=F1hybridsgerminatenormallyEC=F1hybridsraisedbyembryocultureIV=fruits/seedsset,butF1seedsinviablePF=F1hybridspartiallyfertileHF=F1hybridshighlyfertile-= no data, or perhaps "does not cross" (original publication does not specify) Table 1: Crossabilityof Capsicum spp.
Genetic Resources of Capsicum (1983)21

22. 22

23. 1.Morenumberoffruitsperplant
2.Higherfruitweightandlargersize
3.Uniformfruitshape,sizeandcolorinsweetpepper
4.Earliness
5.Wideradaptability
6.Improved nutritional quality
7.Longer shelf lifeBreeding objectives in Capsicum spp.
1.Higheryield
2.Morepungency(capsaicin)andoleoresininhotchilli
3.Zeropungency(capsaicin)andmoreantioxidantinsweetpepper
4.Resistancetoanthracnose,viruscomplex,fruitrotandbacterialwiltetc.
5.MoredrypowderfromgreenfruitMajorMinor 23

24. 1)Introduction
2)Pure line selection
3)Pedigree method
4)Backcross method
5)Heterosisbreeding
6)Distance hybridization
1)Tissue culture
2)Mutation breedingConventionalNon conventional 24
Breeding strategy / methods

26. Table 2: Scale for ideal plant (ideotype) in chilli
Scale
Plot
Uniformity
Plant height
Branching height
Leaf colour
Plant type
Fruit bearing
1
Perfect Uniformity
Good height (80-85 cm)
Above 15 cm
Dark green
Compact plant
Very good
2
Uniform
Moderate height (75-80 cm)
10-15 cm
Medium dark green
Semi compact
Good
3
Moderately Uniform
Medium height (60-70 cm)
5-10 cm
Green
Semi spreading
Moderate
4
Poor Uniform
Variable height
Less than 5 cm
Light green
Spreading
Poor
5
Very Poor Uniform
Highly variable height
At base
Pale green
Highly spreading
Very poor
Giritammannavar& Patil(2006)Dharwad( 1-desirable, 5-undesirable) 26

27. Table 3: Scale for scoring fruit wrinkles as quality parameters
Grade
Description
1
Predominant fine network of vertical and horizontal wrinkles all over the fruit surface
2
Moderate network of varietal and horizontal wrinkles all over the fruit surface
3
Predominantly vertical wrinkles with sparse network of horizontal wrinkles all over the fruit surface
4
Very sparse network of vertical and horizontal wrinkles over the fruit surface
5
Fruit surface almost devoid of wrinkles
Table 4: Scale for scoring fruit colour as quality parameter
Grade
Description
1
Verydarkredfruit
2
Darkredfruit
3
Mediumredfruit
4
Mediumredwithorangetingefruits
5
Lightredtonearorangefruit(anthracnoseinfectedfruitsarenotconsideredonthisscale)
DharwadGiritammannavarand Patil(2006) (1-desirable, 5-undesirable)
27

28. Variability

29. Table 5: Range, mean, coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance for different characters in C. chinense
Srno.
Character
Range
Mean +SEm
PCV %
GCV%
Heritab- ility%
Genetic Advance %
1
Plant height (cm)
61.-133.33
98.69+4.00
20.09
18.82
87.77
36.32
2
Primary branches per plant
3.33-8.67
5.44+0.75
30.56
19.17
39.35
24.77
3
Days to first flowering
54.67-83.00
70.18+1.54
8.85
7.99
81.60
14.87
4
Days to maturity
22.00-37.33
31.04+0.66
12.44
11.89
91.32
23.41
5
Fruits per plant
18.99-637.44
168.58+9.54
90.08
89.54
98.82
183.37
6
Fruit length (cm)
3.60-8.33
5.75+0.15
18.07
17.51
93.95
34.97
7
Fruit girth (cm)
5.27-10.37
8.45+10.09
17.79
17.67
98.68
36.17
8
Fruit weight (g)
1.22-8.63
5.02+0.15
33.41
33.03
97.75
67.28
9
Yield per plant (g)
51.31-1649.7
445.96+18.14
89.39
89.12
99.38
183.01
10
Yield per harvest (g)
19.78-278.31
98.78+14.76
68.82
68.28
98.44
139.55
11
Number of harvest
2.03-6.94
4.18+0.08
32.48
32.30
98.89
66.16
12
Capsaicin (%)
1.20-3.74
2.49+10.02
27.57
27.52
99.62
56.58
13
Oleoresin (%)
4.92-24.25
12.44+0.47
36.07
35.46
96.65
71.81
14
Ascorbic acid (mg/100g)
61.83-136.33
98.07+0.52
17.07
17.04
99.71
35.05
Manjuand Shreelathkumary(2002)
Thiruvanatpuram
PCV= Phenotypic coefficient of variation, GCV= Genotypic coefficient of variance
29

30. Table 6: Estimates of genetic variability in chilligenotypes
Characters
PCV
%
GCV
%
Heritability
(BS) %
Genetic Advance %
Days to 50% flowering
27.97
27.47
96.50
25.33
Green fruit weight (g)
111.95
111.26
98.80
12.88
Green fruit length (cm)
38.85
38.75
99.50
6.05
Green fruit girth (cm)
89.76
48.93
96.70
1.18
Weight of red ripe fruit (g)
112.02
111.93
99.80
11.31
Weight of dry fruit (g)
111.63
110.97
98.80
2.57
Number of fruits per plant
86.05
85.02
97.60
74.75
Green fruit yield per plant (g)
50.87
50.58
99.00
122.97
Dry fruit yield per plant (g)
50.87
50.60
99.00
24.59
Ascorbic acid content (mg/100g)
61.79
61.70
99.00
102.60
Oleoresin content (%)
40.57
40.29
98.60
17.55
Capsaisincontent (%)
46.32
45.97
98.50
0.15
PCV: Phenotypic coefficient of variation, GCV: Genotypic coefficient of variation. West BengalChattopadhyayet al. (2011)
30

31. Table7:Estimationof variabilityparameters in capsicum
Characters
GCV
PCV
Heritability
(h2%)
Genetic Advance
Genetic gain (%)
Days to 50% flowering
4.94
4.29
93.83
7.06
9.55
Days to first picking
7.02
5.17
54.16
8.69
7.83
No. of branches
16.42
14.57
89.36
2.44
28.37
Fruit length (cm)
29.46
28.39
92.86
4.02
56.35
Fruit diameter (cm)
17.97
17.65
96.44
1.26
35.51
Pericarp thickness (cm)
18.71
16.33
76.15
0.12
29.36
Dry matter content (%)
8.67
8.08
86.83
0.90
15.51
No. of fruits per plant
40.14
39.39
96.20
3.66
79.63
Fruit weight at maturity (g)
18.44
17.32
88.19
17.26
33.50
Yield per plant (g)
36.33
37.66
97.63
176.03
77.01
Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g)
60.37
60.33
99.86
186.03
124.19
Mishraet al. (2005)Himachal Pradesh
31

32. Scale
Env.
Yield traits
Quality traits
Disease
No. of fruits/ plant
Fruit length (cm)
Fruit dia. (cm)
Fresh wt. of fruit (g)
Total fresh yield/ pl. (g)
Dry wt. of fruit (g)
Total dry yield/ pl. (g)
L/D ratio of fruit
Capsaicin
content (%)
Ascorbic acid
(mg/ 100g)
Leaf curl incidence
Grand mean
C
106.5
5.28
0.67
2.68
286.1
0.82
65.18
8.01
0.89
228.37
3.23
E
96.95
5.21
0.67
2.63
259.4
0.61
57.05
7.92
0.83
223.47
6.33
GCV
C
6.45
14.86
9.71
3.85
7.36
3.80
7.67
25.95
6.12
5.60
77.49
E
6.57
18.58
10.52
3.93
7.59
5.92
10.11
25.85
8.67
4.00
32.55
PCV
C
8.22
19.22
9.96
4.09
8.52
4.50
8.72
28.05
6.36
5.86
78.68
E
7.19
19.01
10.52
3.98
8.23
6.10
11.05
25.86
8.80
4.69
32.64
Heritability(h2)
C
78.47
94.27
97.00
88.40
74.40
71.60
77.40
99.30
92.80
98.20
97.60
E
83.60
91.30
99.40
97.60
85.00
94.30
83.70
99.90
97.10
92.10
99.50
GA
C
11.11
2.09
0.13
0.20
37.36
0.04
9.06
4.27
0.11
26.09
5.10
E
12.00
2.04
0.15
0.21
37.39
0.07
10.87
4.21
0.15
19.88
4.24
GA as % of mean
C
10.43
39.58
19.40
7.46
13.05
6.45
13.90
53.31
12.36
11.42
157.89
E
12.38
39.16
22.99
7.98
14.41
11.48
19.06
53.16
18.07
8.90
66.98
Table 8: Mean, range, GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance(GA) and GA as a percent of mean for different traits in capsicum
Env. = Environment; C= control;E = epidemic; L/D = Length/Diameter
Varansi
Acharyaand Rajput(2003)
32

33. Correlation

34. Table 9: Genotypic correlations among yield and quality traits in chilli (C. annuum) genotypes
Capsaicin (CPN)
%Edible portion (%EPR)
Fruit wrinkles (FWR)
Fruit colour (FCL)
Dry fruit weight (DFW)
Total yield/ plant
Capsaicin
(D)
--
0.29**
0.35**
0.39**
0.45**
0.05
(H)
--
0.48**
0.15**
0.12*
0.84**
0.16
% Edible portion
(D)
--
0.61**
0.16
0.17
0.11*
(H)
--
0.56**
0.40**
0.19*
0.16**
Fruit wrinkles
(D)
--
0.22**
0.35**
-0.27**
(H)
--
0.21**
0.43**
-0.21**
Fruit colour
(D)
--
-0.57**
-0.42**
(H)
--
-0.11
-0.004
Dry fruit weight
(D)
--
0.44**
(H)
--
0.69**
Total yield/plant
(D)
--
(H)
--
(D) –Dharwad, (H) -Hanumanamatti
Giritammannavarand Patil (2006)
Dharwad
34

35. Table 10: Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficient with quality parameter
P = Phenotypic correlation coefficient; G= Genotypic correlation coefficient
*= Significant at 5 % level; **= Significant at 1 % level
Character
Capsaicin
Oleoresin
Ascorbic acid
Correlation coefficient
P
G
P
G
P
G
Plant height
-0.06
-0.06
0.20
0.20
0.32*
0.33
Primary branches/ plant
0.40*
0.65**
0.17
0.21
-0.04
-0.07
Fruit length
0.15
0.15
0.29
0.29
0.42**
0.42**
Pedicel length
-0.29
-0.29
0.10
0.10
0.04
0.04
Fruit Weight
-0.35*
-0.36*
0.09
0.09
0.24
0.24
Oleoresin
0.42**
0.43**
1.00
1.00
0.12
0.12
Sonia (2007)
Palmpur
35

36. Trait
Plant height
(cm)
Fruit weight
(g)
Fruit diameter (mm)
Fruit length (mm)
Pericarp thickness (mm)
Soluble solids
(%)
Plant height (cm)
--
-0.32
-0.45
-0.03
-0.41
0.06
Fruit weight (g)
--
0.67
0.24
0.63
-0.08
Fruit diameter (mm)
--
-0.11
0.86
-0.03
Fruit length (mm)
--
-0.12
-0.06
Pericarp thickness (mm)
--
-0.14
Soluble solids (%)
--
Table 11: Genotypic correlations among quantitative traits in a cross of two chilli(C. annum) genotypes ‘Maor’ with ‘Perennial’
Israel
Arnonand Ilan(2000)
36

37. Combining ability and Geneaction

38. Parents
Days to 50 %
flowe- ring
Height of
plant (cm )
No. of primary
branches/ plant
Length of
fruit (cm)
Diame- terof
fruit (cm)
Average weight
of fruit (g)
No. of fruits/
plant
Yield of green
fruits / plant (kg )
PhuleJoyti
4.09*
3.27*
0.06
-0.34*
0.10
-0.21*
149.8*
0.22*
PhuleMukta
-2.28*
0.12
-0.18*
-0.96*
0.43
-0.24*
13.59
0.006
AC-2
-2.42*
-1.12*
0.76*
1.38*
-4.43*
0.17*
141.5*
0.37*
Surakta
0.92
-6.55*
-0.62*
-0.99*
-0.10
-0.140*
-78.78*
-0.25*
AC-8
1.18*
-3.25*
-0.26*
-0.71*
5.70*
0.04
-76.84*
-0.19*
Guntur-2
0.92
1.28*
-0.39*
0.32*
-5.70*
-0.37*
-65.87*
-0.23*
Delhi Heart-2
-0.50
4.48*
0.76*
1.39*
2.30*
0.40*
15.75
0.19*
Agnirekha
-0.65
1.81*
0.10
0.50*
1.70*
0.30*
-99.24*
-0.17*
S.E. ( gi) ±
0.35
0.39
0.07
0.05
0.47
0.03
14.61
0.034
Table12:Estimates of general combining ability (gca) in chilli
*,**,significant at 5% and 1% respectively
Rahuri
Patilet al. (2010)
38

39. Hybrids
No. of primary branches/ plant
Length of fruit (cm)
Diameter of fruit (cm)
Average weight of fruit (g)
No. of fruits/ plant
Yield of green fruits/ plant (kg)
PhuleJoytix PhuleMukta
0.90**
1.11
7.28**
0.25*
251.44**
0.45**
PhuleJoytix AC-2
-0.64**
0.002
3.48*
0.26*
-16.39
-0.004
PhuleJoytix Surakta
0.20
-0.11
-10.85**
-0.55**
154.77**
0.24*
PhuleJoytix AC-8
-0.02
0.80**
14.86**
0.19
-198.38**
-0.32**
PhuleMuktax AC-2
0.67**
2.07**
4.48**
0.39**
257.36**
0.60**
PhuleMuktax Surakta
0.45*
0.29
3.48*
0.34**
-145.39**
-0.27**
PhuleMuktax AC-8
-0.25
0.55**
1.01
0.29**
-14.07
-0.10
AC-2 x Surakta
0.23
0.86**
2.34
0.88**
1.17
0.06
AC-2 xAC-8
0.47*
-0.35*
-2.78
0.07
248.77*
0.60**
Suraktax AC-8
-0.55*
0.10
-5.11**
0.05
55.78
0.04
SE (Sij) +
0.21
0.17
1.46
0.11
44.88
0.10
Table13:Estimates of specific combining ability (sca) in chilli
*,**, significant at 5% and 1% respectively
Rahuri
Patilet al. (2010)
39

40. Table 14: Estimates of gene effect for yield and yield contributing traits in chilliusing six parameter model
Trait
Cross
m
d
h
i
j
l
Epistaticgene action
Fruit length (cm)
C1
8.34**
-0.18
-0.37
-1.57**
0.02
1.38**
-
C2
6.07**
0.97**
2.96**
3.04**
1.43**
-2.67**
Duplicate
C3
7.46**
0.25
0.71
0.40
-0.85**
2.86**
-
Fruit width (mm)
C1
9.25**
0.68**
-5.08**
-5.47**
-0.56**
9.57**
Duplicate
C2
9.14**
0.14
2.28**
2.27**
0.22
-1.95**
Duplicate
C3
9.71**
0.65**
-3.21**
-2.65**
-0.09
8.09**
Duplicate
Fruit weight (g)
C1
2.86**
0.42**
0.28
-0.58**
-0.08
0.64
-
C2
3.02**
0.35**
0.68**
0.40
0.22**
-0.65
-
C3
3.53**
-0.13
-0.04
-0.16
-1.72**
4.00**
-
Number of fruits per plant
C1
137.70**
-77.97**
131.39**
53.18**
-57.48**
142.01**
Complementary
C2
125.29**
-82.30**
245.86**
71.44**
-54.58**
145.79**
Complementary
C3
96.31**
-18.41**
136.33**
73.07**
13.66**
27.71
-
Yield per plant(g)
C1
383.05**
-149.6**
448.37**
23.74
-149.7**
531.73**
Complementary
C2
371.79**
-259.1**
723.64**
133.36*
-194.6**
671.57**
Complementary
C3
331.83**
-69.3**
486.53**
37.19
-53.27**
695.36**
Complementary
C1=CCA 5 X CCA 15, C2=BARI Morich1 X CCA 19, C3=CCA 5 X CCA 11.
Hasanuzzaman& Golam(2011)
Bangladesh
m=mean, d=additive effect, h=dominance effect, i=additive x additive, j=additive x dominance l=dominance x dominance type gene interaction.
40

41. Character
Crosses
Per se
Performance
scaeffects
Plant height (cm)
B-Kaddi x CO-2
62.80
7.77**
B-Kaddix KDC-1
62.70
3.44**
B-Dabbi x AKC-86-39
58.50
5.75**
No. of primary branchesperplant
B-Kaddi x KDC-1
5.60
1.00**
B-Dabbi x H-Shakthi
4.15
0.72**
B-Dabbix LCA-312
4.40
0.79**
No. of fruits per plant
B-Kaddi x GPC-82
109
21.22**
B-Kaddix KDC-1
130
28.89**
B-Kaddix ArkaLohith
139
25.89**
Fruit weight per plant
B-Kaddi x H-Shakthi
8.23
1.16**
B-Dabbi x AKC-86-39
11.46
1.4**
VN-2 x LCA-312
16.92
1.98**
Dry fruit yield per plant
B-Kaddix KDC-1
118.0
26.24**
B-Kaddix PMR-5
97.5
18.24**
B-Dabbi x Arka Abir
49.5
18.98**
Arabhavi
*,**,significant at 5% and 1% respectively
Jagdeeshaand Vali(2005)
Table15:scaeffects of different crosses
41

42. Heterosis

43. Table 16: Standard heterosis (SH) in five top ranking crosses.
Crosses
Characters
Green fruit yield/ plant (g)
Days to first flowering
No.of prima. branches
No. of fruits/ plant
Ave. fruit length (cm)
ACMS 8 x IPS-2005-15
448.5**
4.86**
28.89**
277.6**
-22.76**
ACMS 5 x IPS-2005-15
310.1**
-11.71**
38.06**
270.3**
-33.24**
ACMS 4 x IPS-2005-15
305.6**
20.00**
46.08
246.9**
-31.11**
ACMS 6 x ACS-2004-03
297.5**
-2.00
33.45**
205.7**
-13.73**
ACMS 8 x RHRC Pendent
289.0**
16.29**
66.21**
229.1**
-33.44**
Crosses
Ave. fruit girth (cm)
Fruit shape index
Ave. fruit weight (g)
Capsaicin (μg/g)
Ascorbic acid (μg/g)
ACMS 8 x IPS-2005-15
38.42**
-46.01**
30.23**
-8.10**
53.46**
ACMS 5 x IPS-2005-15
11.71**
-40.75**
-0.85
8.90**
-22.82**
ACMS 4 x IPS-2005-15
11.51**
-39.27**
4.58
-3.65**
5.71**
ACMS 6 x ACS-2004-03
-17.3**
2.47
16.18**
9.70**
11.99**
ACMS 8 x RHRC Pendent
16.64**
-43.92**
5.89
-6.35**
41.64**
*,**,significant at 5 % and 1 % level of probability , respectively
Patel et al. (2010)
Anand
43

44. Characters
Length of fruit (cm)
Days to 50% flowering
Diameter of fruit (cm)
No. of fruits/ plant
Green fruit yield/ plant (kg)
PhuleJoytix PhuleMukta
-19.76**
0.66
-6.25
31.73**
25.73*
PhuleJoytix AC-2
-8.71**
0.36
-15.62
11.75*
16.91
PhuleJoytix Surakta
-32.21**
2.06
-26.04
4.69
-5.88
PhuleJoytix AC-8
-21.07**
-19.47**
7.29
-45.57**
-41.91**
PhuleJoytix Guntur-2
-26.40**
-14.12**
-26.04
-12.93
-27.20*
PhuleMuktax AC-2
5.52*
-13.48**
-13.54
31.42**
41.91**
PhuleMuktax Surakta
-33.61**
0.68
-10.42
-57.75**
-63.23**
PhuleMuktax AC-8
-28.56**
-12.06**
-7.29
-38.70**
-44.85**
PhuleMuktax Guntur-2
-27.06**
-4.0
-19.79
-37.50**
-44.11**
AC-2 x Surakta
-6.74**
-9.38**
-16.67
-18.43
-13.97
AC-2 x AC-8
-15.54**
-1.9
-15.62
17.26
33.09**
AC-2 x Guntur-2
-15.54**
0.02
-21.87
-4.40
-19.85
Suraktax AC-8
-33.61**
-0.66
-13.54
-41.91**
-50.73**
Suraktax Guntur-2
-35.86**
0.68
-11.46
-55.25**
-63.23**
AC-8 x Guntur-2
-11.70**
-11.40**
-18.75
-57.12**
-59.56**
SEd
0.27
1.68
2.28
7.00
0.16
Table17:Standard heterosis for different characters inchilli
Rahuri
Patiletal. (2012)
*,**,significant at 5 % and 1 % level of probability , respectively
44

45. Cross
Plant
height
No. of
secondary
branches
No. of
tertiary
branches
Days to
50 per cent
flowering
Early
green
fruit yield
L1 x T12
-1.24
6.05**
17.42**
-9.40**
-47.22**
L1 x T13
49.03**
19.50**
3.72**
-31.1**
26.21*
L1 x T14
49.59**
15.02**
26.09**
-38.22**
-42.63**
L1 x T15
-14.81**
4.70**
4.38**
-27 6**
-44.90**
L1 x T16
15.37**
32.95**
-4.93**
-0.58
-14.79
L3 x T12
13.29**
-1.34**
3.1**
-19.39**
-40.37**
L3 x T13
4.03**
0.22
14.35**
-4.69*
43.01**
L3 x T14
42.26**
4.70**
-6.80**
-21.16**
112.60**
L3 x T15
59.83**
4.70**
13.69**
-16.4**
31.08**
L3 x T16
48.20**
23.99**
27.95**
-9.98**
50.92**
L5 x T12
41 .01**
13.67**
3.16**
0.60
-10.37
L5 x T13
15.37**
15 02**
5.03**
-23.52**
56.00**
L5 x T14
16.76**
23.99**
4.38**
-9.40**
118.83**
L5 x T15
13.02**
10.53**
1.86**
-7.04**
96.95**
L5 x T16
8.31*
19.50**
8.10*
0.60
-43.20**
SEm±
0.62
0.08
0.34
1.41
7.24
Table 18: Heterosis (%) over commercial check (HCH-9646) In respect of growth, earliness and early yield in male sterile basedF1
Karnataka
Shankarnaget al. (2006)
*,**,significant at 5 % and 1 % level of probability , respectively
45
L = CGMS line, T = Tester line

46. Male sterility

47. Table 19: Screening for fertility restorer and maintainer lines in chilli
Sr. no.
Lines used as male
F1plant population
Tester used as female (CGMS)
Remarks
JNKVVA1
ACBGA1
ACBGA2
Fertile
fertile in F1 (%)
Fertile
(fertile in F1 (%)
Fertile
fertile in F1 (%)
1
Sankeshwar
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
2
Pant C-1
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
3
BVC-1
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
4
GUK-1
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
5
LCA-334
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
6
D. DABBI
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
7
KDSC210-10
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
8
P. jwala
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
9
B. Kaddi
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
10
GCV111
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
11
P. Sadabahar
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
12
BVC-37
40
40
100
40
100
40
100
Rf
13
AVNPC131
40
00
00
00
00
00
00
rf
14
X235
40
00
00
00
00
00
00
rf
15
PhuleJyoti
40
36
90
35
87.5
40
100
Rf/rf
16
HisarVijay
40
35
87.5
36
90
40
100
Rf/rf
17
KDSC510-10
40
34
85
00
00
00
00
Rf/rf
Rf= Fertility restoration
rf= Sterility maintainer
Temburne& Rao(2012)
Jabalpur
47

48. Table 20: Pollen quantity and self-crossed fruit setting in F1hybrid of CMS lines and maintainers in pepper
Cross
code
Number of
F1
Self-crossed fruit-setting rate (mean+SE)
Fertility
Cross
code
Number of F1
Self-crossed fruit-setting rate (mean+SE)
fertility
++
+-
--
++
+-
--
M1
0
0
36
0.00+0.00
S
M5
38
0
0
23.00+6.75
F
M2
0
0
38
0.00+0.00
S
M11
40
0
0
48.00+10.3
F
M3
0
30
0
28.00+7.75
F
M13
38
0
0
38.00+15.5
F
M7
0
0
21
0.00+0.00
S
M14
34
0
0
34.00+12.2
F
M9
0
0
24
0.00+0.00
S
M16
42
0
0
42.0+12.2
F
M10
22
0
0
46.00+13.5
F
M19
34
0
0
50+11.5
F
M15
38
0
0
14.00+5.67
F
M20
0
32
0
55.0+8.5
F
M18*
0
0
34
14.00+5.67
PF
M21
40
0
0
11.0+5.65
PF
M28
0
0
36
0.00+0.00
S
M24*
0
0
44
0.00+0.00
S
(++)= pollen quantity is equal to that of the male parent; (+-)= pollen quantity is equal to 50% of the male parent; (--) = lack of pollen grains or no pollen; SE= standard error; F= fertile; S = sterile; PF = partially fertile; * = no seed.
China
Ma et al. (2013)
48

49. Non conventional breeding methods

50. Trait
Gamma rays (kR)
EMS (mM)
Total
viable
mutants
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
40
50
Tall mutant
-
1
3
1
-
2
-
5
1
-
13
Profuse branching
-
2
4
3
-
-
1
7
2
-
19
Curved leaf
1
-
4
-
-
1
-
3
-
-
9
Diminished morphology
1
-
2
2
4
-
-
1
-
-
10
Dwarf plant
1
-
4
2
2
1
-
1
2
4
17
Flower mutant
-
2
6
1
-
-
2
12
4
-
27
Rosette leaf
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
Pointed fruit apex
-
1
1
1
-
-
1
5
-
-
9
Male sterile
1
-
7
4
4
-
1
6
1
3
27
Long fruits
-
1
4
1
-
-
1
16
1
-
24
Dark green fruits
-
-
6
2
2
-
2
14
1
-
27
Yellowish green fruits
-
1
4
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
6
Total
4
8
47
17
12
4
9
67
8
7
190
Table21:Viable mutations frequency for various traits in M2generation
Tamil Nadu
Srideviand Mullainathan(2011)
50

51. Sr. No.
Mutant type
Mutagen Dose
Variety
Generation
Frequency
1
Tall mutant (high yielding)
0.3 % EMS
Co -1
M3
13.63
2
Tall with short fruit mutant
0.2 % EMS
Co -1
M3
9.09
3
Tall with crinkled fruit mutant
0.3 % SA
Co -1
M2
9.09
4
Dwarf mutant
0.3 % EMS
Ujwala
M2
13.63
5
Short fruit mutant (high yielding)
0.3 % EMS
Co -1
M2
11.36
6
Erect fruit mutant
0.2 % EMS
Co -1
M3
13.63
7
Yellow slender fruit mutant
0.01 % SA
Co -1
M3
4.55
8
Long thick fruit mutant
0.02 % SA
Co -1
M2
11.36
9
Long slender fruit mutant
0.02 % SA
Co -1
M2
4.55
10
Seedless mutant
0.03 % SA
Ujwala
M2
4.55
11
Non viable mutant
0.03 % SA
Co -1
M2
2.27
12
Viable chlorophyll deficient mutant
0.2 % EMS
Co -1
M2
2.27
Table22:Frequency (%) of morphological mutants in C. annum after chemical mutagenesis
Calicut
Abdul et al. (2010)
51
Ethyl methane sulphonate(EMS) Sodium azide(SA)

52. Treatment no.
Growth regulator (mg/l)
No.of shoots/explant
V1
V2
V3
V4
Mean
T1
2.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA
2.23
2.25
1.98
1.1
1.8
T2
3.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA
2.8
2.8
2.5
1.2
2.3
T3
4.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA
3.1
2.9
3.0
1.9
2.7
T4
5.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA
3.2
3.0
3.7
2.2
3.0
T5
6.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA
3.8
5.1
4.2
3.6
4.1
T6
7.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA
4.9
5.1
4.7
3.8
4.6
T7
8.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA
4.1
4.8
3.8
2.9
3.9
T8
9.0 BAP + 0.25 IAA
2.3
3.1
2.9
2.7
3.0
Mean
3.66
3.3
3.44
2.4
CD0.05 T=0.08; V=0.06; Interaction=0.17, V1= KtPL-19; V2= Pusasadabahar; V3= ArCH-001; V4= Salem
New Delhi
Ranjanet al. (2010)
Table 23: Effect of different growth regulators on multiple shoot formation on shoot tip explant
52

53. Ranjanet al. (2010)
New Delhi
Table 24: Effect of different growth regulators on direct orgenogenesisfrom cotyledon explant
53
Treat.
Medium +growth regulator (mg/l)
No. of buds/explant
V1
V2
V3
V4
Mean
T1
MS+2.0BAP+1.0 IAA
1.89
1.90
1.00
0.75
1.38
T2
MS+4.0BAP+1.0 IAA
2.25
2.10
1.95
1.09
1.85
T3
MS+6.0BAP+1.0 IAA
4.25
4.1
3.0
2.9
3.5
T4
MS+8.0BAP+1.0 IAA
5.1
5.7
4.7
3.2
4.7
T5
MS+10.0BAP+1.0 IAA
4.2
4.8
3.2
2.0
3.5
T6
MS+0.5 TDS
2.0
2.5
2.1
1.1
1.9
T7
MS+1.0 TDS
6.2
6.9
5.2
4.5
5.7
T8
MS+1.5 TDS
5.2
5.2
4.2
2.5
4.9
T9
MS+2.0 TDS
4.2
3.9
2.1
1.2
2.8
mean
3.9
4.1
3.0
2.1
TDZ= Thidiazuron
V1= KtPL-19; V2= Pusasadabahar; V3= ArCH-001; V4= Salem

54. Abioticand Biotic stress resistance

55. SN
Genotype
100 marketable
fruit wt. (g)
Ascorbic acid
mg/100g
Fruit set
percent
Number of fruits per plant
Fruit yield (q/ha)
1
CCA-3331
100.8cf
136.3d
9 33c-e
53.34b
23.63ef
2
CCA-336B
141.9c-e
47.84h
14.00c-e
39.90c
24.69ef
3
CCA-984A
308.1b
32.86i
10.68c-e
5.61d
7.970g
4
Mr.LeeNa3
333.1b
144.8c
31.28b
68.96a
95.33a
5
PBC-142
77.85f
153.1b
15.02cd
33.62c
11.24g
6
Maor
152.3cd
166.4a
6.66e
36.46c
22.87ef
7
CCA-119A
189.3C
54.5h
26.28b
61.76ab
45.68c
8
CCA-3288
295.1b
75.71g
12.66c-e
28.86c
35.72d
9
Susan'sJoy
499.6a
85.70f
7.33de
29.78c
64.23b
10
CO-5678
99.85ef
93.74f
41.33a
63.30ab
25.76ef
11
Suryamukhi
110.6d-f
90.41f
40.66a
37.85c
17.00fg
12
NS-1701
146.7c-e
173.6d
12.66c-e
38.40c
21.26ef
13
Jwala
105.5d-f
113.7e
16.66c
71.00a
30.62de
LSD (p=0.05)
43.99
7.89
7.25
10.20
8.834
SEm+
15.07
2.70
2.48
3.49
3.026
Means within the column followed by the same letter (s) do not differ significantly at 0.05 level by DNMRT
Dahalet al. (2006)
Nepal
Table 25: Effect of Temperature stress (30.8 to 16.0 0C) on fruit setting, yield and other quality characters
55

56. Genotype
Salinity level
Control
2 EC
4 EC
6 EC
8 EC
Mean
Dry weight of the plant (g)
LCA 235
17.35
17.62
16.84
14.87
9.24
15.18
LCA 315
18.36
17.29
14.99
11.91
6.31
13.85
LCA 324
16.82
16.52
13.38
8.87
5.55
12.23
LCA 224
16.86
15.23
12.95
9.22
4.99
11.85
CA 960
18.38
18.20
15.74
12.92
8.56
14.76
G4
10.03
17.08
16.65
13.71
9.15
14.92
Pod weight (g)
LCA 235
2.56
2.60
2.46
2.33
2.03
2.40
LCA 315
3.43
3.03
2.46
1.87
1.23
2.41
LCA 324
2.36
2.30
2.23
1.67
1.23
1.96
LCA 334
2.53
2.36
2.06
1.60
1.03
1.92
CA 960
2.73
2.83
2.23
1.50
1.06
2.07
G4
2.93
2.70
2.26
1.70
1.33
2.18
Number of pods per plant
LCA 235
12.23
12.00
11.66
9.00
6.66
10.33
LCA 315
6.33
6.00
4.66
1.00
0.33
3.66
LCA 324
8.33
8.00
6.00
3.66
2.00
5.60
LCA 334
9.66
8.33
6.66
3.66
0.66
5.80
CA 960
9.66
8.66
7.00
3.66
2.33
6.26
G4
9.33
10.00
8.66
4.33
2.66
7.00
Kameswari& Prasad (2005)
Bapatala
Table 26: Effect of different salinity levels of irrigation water on a plant growth characters of chilli genotypes
56

57. CausalOrganism:Colletotrichumspp.
Infectionoccursduringperiodsofexcessirrigationorrain
Small,watersoakedlesionsthatexpandrapidly. Fullyexpandedlesionsaresunkenandrangeincolorfromdarkredtoblackinconcentricrings
CausalOrganism:TobaccoMosaicVirus
Transmittedby:whitefly
Mosaicpatternsconsistingofbandsoflightgreenoryellowalternatingwithdarkgreen.
Sometimestheleavesarecrinkledordistortion.
Plantgrowthisstunted. C. O. : Alternariaspp.
•Dusty black spot on fruit and leaves
•Fruit rotC. O. : Phytoptheracapsici
•Dark lesions of the stem
•Blighting of plant
•Water soaked gray spot on fruit & it mummifies
57

58. Line
Reference
Jwala
Tewariand Ramanujam1974
Karanja, Pant C-l, S 46-1, IC 18253, IC 1.8885, CA 196, Cross 218, PC 121490
Ihallet al. 1983
Pant C-1, Pant C-2, Capsicum Lpirinsul
Iconaiand Nariani1980
Jwala, C-9, CA-960
Dhanju1983
Pant C-1, lorai, Loungi, Perennial, S 118-2
Sharma and Singh 1985
Ci-1, LIC-45, N-146
Nlemaneet al. 1987
Pant C-1, Pusa Jwala, NP 46A, JCA 19
Sangaret al. 1988; Braret al. 1989
Perennial, Surjamani
Soochet al. 1976
LS-VIII, LS-IV, IS-1
I Lundej, personal communication 1993
Sele94-4-9-3, Sel101-2-33
(Pusa Jwalax Delhi Local), Sel38-2-1
Tewariand Viswanath1986
Table 27: Pepper germplasm and breeding lines reported to be resistant or tolerant to leaf curl viruses in India
Hundel(1999)
Ludhiana
58

59. WD= whitefly density (whiteflies/leaf), Ovi= Oviposition(eggs/cm), OR= ovipositionrate (eggs/whitefly)
Syarifin(2012)
Indonesia
SN
Accession Name
Resistance parameters
RI
R Class
TrichomeDensity trichomes/cm
Cuticle
Thicknes(mm)
WD
Ovi
OR
1
C. annum Sweet Chocolate
3.0+0.8
0.6+0.4
0.21-0.16
0.50
MS
47.3+5.6
5.9+0.1
2
C. annum Bisbas
11.8+2.
9.8+0.2
0.85+0.15
0.67
MR
43.8+3.4
4.1+0.2
3
C. annum de Arbol
2.0+0.8
0.2+0.4
0.19+0.38
0.75
MR
46.5+14,0
5.2+0.1
4
C. annum CM 331
0.3+0.5
0.0+0.0
0.00+0.00
0.92
R
78.5+ 6.6
5.0+0.1
5
C. annum California Wonder
4.0+0.8
2.5+0.4
0.65+0.17
0.50
MS
49.0+11.0
7.4+0.1
6
C. annum KalifomischeP.
12.3+1.0
0.8+0.5
0.06+0.04
0.67
MR
27.8+2.9
5.7+0.1
7
C. annum Mild California
1.0+0.8
0.2+0.2
0.08+0.14
0.75
MR
61.0+19.6
7.3+0.1
8
C. annum California W. 300
1.5+0.6
0.2+0.4
0.25+0.35
0.90
R
63.0+10.1
7.6+0.0
9
C. annum Wonder v Kal,
1.0+0.8
0.3+0.4
0.33+0.58
0.67
MR
40.5+ 7,6
7.7+10.1
10
C. annum Gold California W.
2.5+1.3
0.3+0.2
0.12+0.10
0.83
R
80.0+9.8
7.8+0.1
11
C. annum Yolo Wonder Imp
7.0+0.8
2.3+0.5
0.32+0.08
0.67
MR
59.3+ 5.0
6.5+0.0
12
C. baccatum No. 1553
4.8+1.5
13.1+1.3
3.07+1.38
0.17
S
123.5+3.4
5.3+0.1
13
C. chinense RU 72-241
7.3+1.7
20.9+1.1
3.02+0.80
0.33
S
37.3+ 0.5
4.4+0.1
14
C. chinenseAC 2212
6.8+1.3
0.2+0.2
0.03+0.04
0.81
R
75.8+ 7.3
6.5+0.2
15
C. chinenseMiseucho
20.0+0.8
11.4+1.3
0.57+0.08
0.50
MS
132.5+6.6
3.7+0.2
16
C. chinense PI 281428
4.0+0.8
17.4+2.3
4.52+1.19
0.17
S
89.3+9.8
3.4+0.1
17
C. fruitescensL. Tabasco
18.3+2.4
30.8+2.4
1.70+0.25
0.08
S
54.5+6.8
3.8+0.0
59
Table28: Mean of whitefly resistance parameters, value of resistance index (RI), resistance level (R class) and leaf characteristics for pepper accessions

60. Species
No. of lines screened
Disease incidence (%)
0
<10
10-20
21-40
41-70
71- 100
C. annuum
291
1
15
93
182
C. baccatum
26
6
6
6
3
2
3
C. chinense
5
2
2
1
C. frutescens
2
2
C. pubescens
2
2
Disease evaluation RMRS HS
Table 29: Disease reactions of Capsicumaccessions to
KSCa-1 isolate of Colletotrichumacutatum
Korea
Yoon (2003)
60

61. Pepper line
PA-1
RO-4
BE-4
C05A
2.42 *
2.53 *
0.09 *
C05B
4.25
2.52 *
1.42 *
C05C
3.47 *
3.73
0.91 *
CO10A
3.84
3.45
1.23 *
CO10B
3.82
4.65
0.55 *
CO10C
4.20
4.21 *
1.78 *
C012B
4.32
2.80 *
1.06 *
C012C
4.32
2.82 *
1.52 *
C018A
3.62 *
3.45
1.32 *
CO2.20
4.72
2.41 *
0.97 *
CO5.04
3.70 *
4.27 *
0.99 *
C02.16
4.82
4.88
0.93 *
C03.15
3.30 *
4.85*
1.30 *
PA 124
3.14 *
3.09 *
0.62 *
PA 129
3.49 *
1.98 *
0.28 *
PA158
4.55
3.02 *
0.57 *
PA 172
4.09
4.05
0.40 *
Yolo Wonder
4.66
3.69
3.05
Table30:Resistance of C. annuumgermplasm to three isolates of Phytoptheracapsici
*, Statistically different from the susceptible control Yolo Wonder according to the Waller-Duncan's multiple range test at P < 0.05.
0 (0% disease) -5 (100% disease) scale
Andres et al. (2005)
Spain
61

62. Table 31: Evalutionof chilligermplasmsagainst fruit rot (Phytoptheraspp.)
Grade
Reaction (% infection)
Germplasm / Variety
0
Tolerant (0%)
-
1
Resistant (1-10%)
LCA-301,LCA-324,K-1,ByadagiKaddi
3
Moderately resistant
(11-25%)
Pusajwala,LCA-312,Co-2,No-8,SNK-8
5
Moderately susceptible
(26-50%)
Hissarshakti,G-4,GPC-82,LCA-304,S-32,GPC-80, LCA-306,SNK-12,TNSP-33,SNK-11,Pant-C-1, Byadagidabbi,LCA-206,PKM-1,GPC-69,No-20, No-71,Co-3,SIC-11-179,No-38,No-65,SIC-10- 166,No-33,B-1-1,No-74,G-4,Dh-9-6-6,N0-70, SKN-10-1
7
Susceptible
(51-75%)
KDSC-510-10,Co-1,KDSC-110-10,DS-1,R-11-22, LCA-307,Paprika,SNK-9,SNK-10
9
Highly susceptible (>75%)
KDSC-210-10,S-32
Ekboteet al. (2002)
Dharwad
62

63. Genotypes
Wiltincidence (%)
Reaction
1stweek
2ndweek
Ajeet-6
20.00
20.00
MR
ArkaMeghana
100.00
100.00
HS
ArkaIohit
71.43
71.43
S
ArkaHarita
42.46
45.46
MS
F-112-5-83
0.00
10.00
R
Jawahar-218
80.00
80.00
HS
JCA-28.3
50.00
5O. 00
S
KCS-2013
20.00
20.00
MR
Pant C-1
18.20
27.28
MR
ArkaSuphala
87.50
87.50
HS
Punjab Gucchedar
60.00
80.00
HS
Pusa Jwala
50.00
50.00
MS
Ravindra
40.00
60.00
S
SKAU-C-101
10.00
10.00
R
Tiwari
90.00
100.00
HS
HCA-283
100.00
100.00
HS
ArkaSuphala
87.50
87.50
HS
Pusa Sadabahar
100.00
100.00
HS
PC-6
10.00
1 0.00
R
ACS-201
11.12
33.34
MR
Table 32: Screening of different chilligenotypes against Fusariumwilt
R-Resistant, MR-Moderately resistant, S-Susceptible, MS-Moderately susceptible, HS-Highly susceptible
Raichur
Raniet al.(2008)
63

64. Variety
% Disease suseptibility
Date after Inoculation
Field Resistant
Evaluation
7
14
21
61
Wonkyo306
0
0
0
0.03
R
R
Shinhong
5
23
32
75
M
M
Cheonanjaelae
10
70
70
95
S
MS
Table 33: Reaction of Wonkyo306 To Phytophthoracapsici.
Variety
Virus
Anthracnose
Bacterial Leaf Spot
Wonkyo306
R
MR
MR
Shinhong
S
MS
MS
Cheonan
S
M
S
Table 34: Reaction of Wonkyo306to Virus, Anthracnose and Bacterial Leaf Spot.
Kwan et al. (1985)
Korea
Three way F1'wonkyo306' with the multi resistance in Capsicum annuum
Taenjaelae(F1)
Gimjanggochu
three way F1
WONKYO 306 (F6)
Selfed& subsequent selection
X
(local selection)
Resistance to TMV, Anthracnose
Good yielding,
Susceptible to
Bacterial LS
64

65. Disease/insect /stress
Resistant/tolerant source
Fruit rot (Colletotrichumsp.)
C. chinense, Accr1555, 1554, 906, Chinese Giant, Hungarian Yellow Wax, Spartan
Cercosporaleaf spot
California Wonder, Hungarian Wax
Bacterial leaf spot
PI 163192, PI 260435, PI 163189, PI 163192, PI 271322, PI 32219
Phytophthoraroot rot
PI 201234
Phytophthoranicotianae
PBG 631, UHF-1
Root knot nematode
Santaba
TMV
Sonnette, Keystone Resistant Giant, YW, Yolo Y
Tolerant to drought
ArkaLohit
Tolerant to salinity
PLR 1
Table 35: Resistant / Tolerant sources
65

66. Achievement
PusaJwala
ArkaLohit
ArkaMeghna
Reshampatto
ArkaGaurav
ArkaMohini
GAVCH 1
PusaMeghdoot
66

67. Table36: Varieties
Bellpepper
Hot chilli
Introduced
California Wonder, Yolo Wonder,World Beater, Chinese Giant, Golden Wonder,Bull nose, Sweet Banana
By IARI
From USA
Selection
ArkaMohini, A. Gaurav, A. Basant
IIHR
ArkaLohit
IIHR
Agnirekha, PhuleJyoti, Suryamukhi
MPKV
Heterosisbreeding : public sector
Solan Bharpur
UHF, Solan
CH-1,Punjab-27
Ludhiana
Hybrid (private)
Bharat, Laxmi, Mamta, super gold, chocolatewonder
Indo-American
Tejaswini
Mahyco
Indira, Larica
Sandoz
Agni
Novartis
Green Gold
Mahyco
ARCH-236
AnkurSeeds
Hira, NAFCR-101
NathSeeds
Seoul HOE-808, HOE-888
Hoechest
Early Bounty, Gem Giant
Suttons
INDAM-5,67, chilli-2006-1
Indo-American
NS-436
Namdhari
Hybrid (public)
P. meghdoot,P.Deepti(Kt-1), KTCPH-3 & 5
IARI (Katrain)
PusaJwala,
IARI
Solan Hybrid-1, Solan Hybrid-2
UHF (Solan)
Kashianmol, Kashisurkh
IIVR
ArkaMeghana, ArkaSweta
IIHR
67

68. Highvariabilitypresentinnatureforqualityandyieldcontributingcharacters.
Characterslikefruitsperplant,pricarpthickness,fruitsize,fruitweightandoleoresincontentcanbeusedforselection.
Heterosiscanbemanifestedusingdiversegermplasm.
Easyandmorehybridseedproductioncanbepossiblethroughproperexploitationofmalesterilitysystem.
Mutationcanbeemployedtocreatenewusefulmutantforcropimprovement.
Invitrocloningismoresuccessfulwhencotyledonleafwasusedasanexplants.
Abioticstresstolerantgermplasmpresentinnature.
Diseaseresistantcultivarcanbedevelopedthroughcrossingandbackcrossingwithresistancegermplasm.
68

69. DevelopmentofvarietieswithinbuiltresistanceagainstCMVandanthracnose.
Genesisofvarietieswithlesspungencyandconsumerpreference.
Exploitationofmalesterilityandchemicalhybridizingagentsindevelopingnewhybrids.
Introductionofheatanddroughttolerancegermplasmasastrategyforclimatechange.
Developmentoflocationspecificvarieties.
Developmentofvarietieswithhighdrymatter(chillipowder)output.
Todevelopavarietieswhichcanmaintainassuchcapsaicincontentevenafteralongerstorageperiod.
Developmentsofvarietieswithhigherantioxidentandoleoresincontent.
Useofwildrelativesinbreedingprogrammebasedonembryorescueandsomatichybridizationtechniques.
Breedingforornamentalplanttype.
Future thrust
69