The document explains the concepts of DNA, genes, and chromosomes, highlighting their roles in genetics and inheritance. It discusses the uniqueness of individuals due to variations in DNA and how genes serve as instructions for physical traits. Additionally, it covers the structure of DNA and the significance of its components in determining genetic diversity.

1. Who’s In the Picture

2. Marian Rivera

3. Liza Soberano

4. Ariana

5. Mr. Bean

6. a. Is it easy to distinguish the person
even if only part of their face shown?
b. Do you think every part of the face is distinct to
an individual? What do you think made it unique?

7. GENES: Making
You the Person
You Are.
Molecular Genetics
9th
grade

8. Understanding the Concepts of Genes
and Chromosomes
We are all different, but we all belong to the same species. How
come we possess different characteristics?
This is true not only for humans but for other living organisms as
well.

9. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
● The blue print of life.
● DNA, also contains instruction on
what physical features an organism
possess.
● DNA, is unique to an individual.
● Twins, even if they look similar, have
different DNA. This variation in DNA
causes the diversity of life.

10. Genes
● Is the functional unit heredity.
● Genes are set of instruction that determine what
the organism is like and its appearance, among
others.
● They provide instructions to make molecules called
proteins.
● They are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
● DNA is wrapped in proteins known as histones. This
wrapped DNA molecules are now called
chromosomes.

11. Chromosomes
● A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or
all of the genetic material of an organism. In most
chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are
coated with packaging proteins.
● Allow DNA to be accurately copied during these cell
divisions.

12. What is the difference between
DNA, Gene, and Chromosomes ?
DNA is the molecule that contains genetic information,
genes are specific segments of DNA that carry instructions
for specific functions, and chromosomes are structures
made of DNA and proteins that organize and package the
genetic material within a cell. Together, they work in harmony
to store, transmit, and express genetic information in living
organisms.

13. HISTORY OF DNA

14. Human Genomics Timeline

15. DNA Structure
DNA molecules is similar to a twisted
ladder.
When you uncoil it, the backbone of the
ladder is composed of alternating
deoxyribose sugars and phosphate.
The rungs of the ladder are the
nucleotides bases. There are four bases
in DNA held by hydrogen bonds.
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G),
and Cytosine (C).

16. According to Erwin Chargaff, the
percentage of adenine is always
almost equal to the percentage of
thymine. The same thing is true for
the percentage of guanine and
cytosine.
Hence, the Chargaff rule is
formulated, which stste that
adenine always pair with thymine
(A-T) and Cytosine always pair with
Guanine (C-G).

17. Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and
nucleotide bases make up a DNA nucleotide.
The two strand are anti-parallel. These
means that two strands are side-by-side but
run in opposite directions.

18. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
ADENINE THYMINE GUANINE CYTOSINE
DESCRIPTION
Adenine is a
purine
nucleobase. It is
one of the four
nucleobases in
the nucleic acids
of DNA
Thymine is also
known as 5-
methyluracil, a
pyrimidine
nucleobase
The guanine
nucleoside is
called
guanosine.
It is a pyrimidine
derivative, with a
heterocyclic
aromatic ring and
two substituents
attached. The
nucleoside of
cytosine is cytidine.
ABBREVIATIO
N
A T G C
PAIRS T A C G

19. Check
point
2. What are the three major parts of DNA molecule?
1. How are DNA, genes, and chromosomes related?
DNA is the fundamental genetic material that contains the
instructions for an organism's traits. Genes are specific
segments of DNA that carry these instructions. Chromosomes
are structures that house and organize DNA in the cell
nucleus. Genes are located on chromosomes, and the
arrangement of genes on chromosomes is what determines
the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next.
Together, DNA, genes, and chromosomes play a crucial role
in genetics and heredity.
The three major components—sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate groups, and
nucleotide bases—make up the DNA molecule, which is the fundamental unit of
genetic information in living organisms.

20. Respect individual differences. No two
individuals are alike. Everyone is unique in his or
her own way.