This document summarizes research on the clonal propagation of female Garcinia indica plants. G. indica is a medicinally valuable tree found in western India. The fruits contain compounds with anti-obesity and other health benefits. The research aimed to develop an in vitro propagation method for elite female plants to enable conservation and mass multiplication. Explants were surface sterilized and cultured on basal medium supplemented with growth regulators. Contamination was a major challenge overcome through testing of antimicrobial agents. Shoots were induced from nodal explants and multiplied on medium with BAP and TDZ. Shoots were elongated and rooted in vitro and ex vitro to obtain plantlets for hardening. The optimized protocol achieved clonal propagation of
In-Vitro Evaluation of selected Fungicides on the Growth and Sporulation of A...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important leguminous cold season crop cultivated widely in different parts of the world and in India. This crop is grown especially in U.P., Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and in the foot hill ranges of Himalayan region including north eastern states. In Manipur, it is an important winter vegetable cum pulse crop. However, this crop suffers attack of various diseases of fungi, viruses and nematodes resulting in substantial reduction in yield. Hence, an in-vitro evaluation of selected fungicides on the Growth and Sporulation of Alternaria alternata causing blight disease of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) was under taken in the present investigation. A judicious application of Tricyclazole and Copper oxychloride at 1000ppm can effectively manages the blight disease of broad bean and prevent economic loss due to disease condition.
Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,ThrishurAslam Muhammed
This is a small attempt just to introduce diffenrent types of seed treatments as well as special treatments for the better germination ,vigour and survival of the crops under various adverse climatic conditions..
In-Vitro Evaluation of selected Fungicides on the Growth and Sporulation of A...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important leguminous cold season crop cultivated widely in different parts of the world and in India. This crop is grown especially in U.P., Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and in the foot hill ranges of Himalayan region including north eastern states. In Manipur, it is an important winter vegetable cum pulse crop. However, this crop suffers attack of various diseases of fungi, viruses and nematodes resulting in substantial reduction in yield. Hence, an in-vitro evaluation of selected fungicides on the Growth and Sporulation of Alternaria alternata causing blight disease of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) was under taken in the present investigation. A judicious application of Tricyclazole and Copper oxychloride at 1000ppm can effectively manages the blight disease of broad bean and prevent economic loss due to disease condition.
Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,ThrishurAslam Muhammed
This is a small attempt just to introduce diffenrent types of seed treatments as well as special treatments for the better germination ,vigour and survival of the crops under various adverse climatic conditions..
A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Posi...ijtsrd
Annona squamosa L is a multipurpose tree with edible fruits and is a source of the medicinal and industrial products. It is used as an antioxidant, antidiabetics, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, genetoxic, anti tumor, anti lice agent etc.Annona squamosa L belongs to the family Annonaceae commonly known as custard apple. Antimicrobial activity of combined methanolic leaf and seed extract of A.squamosa were evaluated against four bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Styphaloccocus aureus gram positive and E.coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa by using cup and plate method. Maximum inhibition was found with 20mg ml concentration of combined extract as compare to separate leaf and seed extract against all the tested organism under investigation. The study suggest that maximum antibacterial activity was observed against gram negative organism i.e., E.coli and P.aerogenosa. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Ms. Nikita Pawar | Mrs. Pooja S. Bhandare "A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Positive & Gram Negative Microorganism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26630.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/26630/a-comparative-in-vitro-antimicrobial-activity-of-annona-squamosa-on-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-microorganism/ms-chetana-d-patil
Efficacy of Some Botanicals in the Control of Fungi Causing post harvest rot ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Seed treatment, Seed germination and crop establishment in relation to soil m...Alkesh Patel
Detailed information about the seed treatments, methods of seed treatments, different equipment used in seed treatments, seed germination, component related to seed germination and establishment of crop in relation to soil moisture content.
To get the presentation contact me on alkesh.patel,2711@gmail.com
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Achievements and ongoing work on biopesticides at ICIPE—Some examples and les...ILRI
Presented by Jean Nguya K. Maniania, Sevgan Subramanian and Sunday Ekesi at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Posi...ijtsrd
Annona squamosa L is a multipurpose tree with edible fruits and is a source of the medicinal and industrial products. It is used as an antioxidant, antidiabetics, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, genetoxic, anti tumor, anti lice agent etc.Annona squamosa L belongs to the family Annonaceae commonly known as custard apple. Antimicrobial activity of combined methanolic leaf and seed extract of A.squamosa were evaluated against four bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Styphaloccocus aureus gram positive and E.coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa by using cup and plate method. Maximum inhibition was found with 20mg ml concentration of combined extract as compare to separate leaf and seed extract against all the tested organism under investigation. The study suggest that maximum antibacterial activity was observed against gram negative organism i.e., E.coli and P.aerogenosa. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Ms. Nikita Pawar | Mrs. Pooja S. Bhandare "A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Positive & Gram Negative Microorganism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26630.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/26630/a-comparative-in-vitro-antimicrobial-activity-of-annona-squamosa-on-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-microorganism/ms-chetana-d-patil
Efficacy of Some Botanicals in the Control of Fungi Causing post harvest rot ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Seed treatment, Seed germination and crop establishment in relation to soil m...Alkesh Patel
Detailed information about the seed treatments, methods of seed treatments, different equipment used in seed treatments, seed germination, component related to seed germination and establishment of crop in relation to soil moisture content.
To get the presentation contact me on alkesh.patel,2711@gmail.com
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Achievements and ongoing work on biopesticides at ICIPE—Some examples and les...ILRI
Presented by Jean Nguya K. Maniania, Sevgan Subramanian and Sunday Ekesi at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal efficacy of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas flourescens for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyneincognita on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv.‘Avarodhi’ under glasshouse conditions. All the treatments were found to significantly improve the growth and physiological parameters of chickpea and reduction in pathological parameters as compare to untreated inoculated control. The highest improvement was observed in those plants treated with P. flourescens alone. Concomitant and sequential inoculation of P. flourescens with M.incognita also showed significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea. Least enhancement in growth parameters was observed in those plants inoculated with nematode alone. It may be due to the nematcidal behaviour of P. flourescens against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Hence, it may be concluded that P. flourescens as biocontrol agent is better substitute against chemical nematicides for the sustainable management of M. incognita and reduce environmental hazards.
Generation and proliferation rate assessment of saba banana (Musa balbisiana)...Innspub Net
The main production constraint of banana is the availability of disease-free and healthy planting materials. Tissue culture is a technique that could provide these materials, but it requires high cost and technical expertise. Macropropagation offers simpler and more affordable processes that could enhance seedling production. This study evaluated the effects of irrigation levels and growth enhancers on macropropagation of saba banana under glasshouse conditions using factorial in completely randomized design. Factor A consisted of irrigation levels: A1=50%RR, A2=100% RR and A3=150%RR. Different growth enhancers were used for Factor B: B0=Control, B1=Coconut water, B2=Seaweed extract and B3=Benzyl Amino Purine. Results clearly suggests the advantage of using plant growth enhancers and appropriate irrigation level for macropropagation of banana. The irrigation level of 50% of recommended rate or 4liters/day plus the application of BAP (2mg/l) or the plant growth enhancers may be recommended for obtaining maximum growth, more plantlets produced and irrigation water efficiency of banana. It could not only save water for plants but also accelerate the growth and production of banana.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
Occurrence of Aflatoxin Levels in Harvest and Stored Groundnut Kernels in Kad...iosrjce
The occurrence of moulds and aflatoxins in groundnut kernels are of great concern to food
processors and consumers because of their ability to cause spoilage resulting to economic losses and public
health problem such as aflatoxicosis. This study was aimed at determining the presence of Aspergillus species
and aflatoxin levels in fresh harvested and stored groundnuts kernels from non-mechanized groundnut oil
processors in parts of Kaduna State. Enumeration and identification of Aspergillus spp of groundnut kernels;
freshly harvested and stored samples were carried out using standard methods. Aflatoxin levels were
determined using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result showed that both harvest and stored
products had significantly (P<0.05) higher number of samples containing Aspergillus flavus than Aspergillus
parasiticus. The four Aspergillus species isolated in descending order were: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus
parasiticus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Though only about 9.02% of the total 260 samples
screened had aflatoxin levels above the 20ppb recommended standard limit by Nigeria National Agency for
Food and Drug Administration and Control, it was obvious that the persistent detection of moulds and total
aflatoxin in this research could be a health threat to both human and animal groundnut products (cake and oil)
consumers.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
Organogenic Regeneration of an Elite Cultivar of Chinese Jujube (Zizyphus juj...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An efficient and relatively simple regeneration system was developed for an elite cultivar of Chinese Jujube, a perennial tree, by culturing young twig segments as explants from 8-15 year old trees. The twig segments were disinfected by submerging them in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 15 min with 3 min vacuum. Calli developed from both ends of the twig segments on half-strength MS medium supplemented with sucrose and BA or BA and NAA in combination. The frequency of shoot formation from calli was higher than 80% when the explants were placed on the half - strength MS medium supplemented with BA (2.581 μM) and NAA (2.685 μM). Roots were produced from adventitious buds for 90% of the regenerated shoots when they were placed on the MS medium supplemented with 4.920 μM IBA and 5.708 μM IAA. After transplanting to soil, 82% of the regenerated seedlings survived when they were covered with glass containers to maintain humidity. The results suggest that Chinese jujube can be reproduced and multiplied using organogenesis with the appropriate explant and culture medium.
Early blight of potato caused by Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler is one of the factors that affect
potato production. Using chemical control to reduce disease severity represent another risk for
agriculture. Biological control, using microorganisms, as well as plant extract and compost are safe
measures that give reliable control. Applying either measure of control reduced disease incidence to less
than 2% during two successive seasons. Microbial spray of diseased potato reduced the disease to various
extents. Trichoderma sp. was the most effective among all tested microorganisms, followed by
Penicillium sp. On the other hand, alcoholic extract of three plants was more effective than their water
extract. However, water extract showed highly significant reduction of disease incidence. Polygonum
gave the highest reduction of disease incidence in both cases. Also water extract of compost greatly
suppressed early blight when applied as spray to potato leaves. Duration of extraction may affect the
ability of compost extract to suppress disease. All results were comparable to that of fungicides.
Micropropagation is a proven means of producing millions of identical plants under a controlled and aseptic condition, independent of seasonal constraints. It not only provides economy of time and space but also gives greater output and allows further augmentation of elite disease free propagules.India is homeland of many important fruit crops such as Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Guava (, Psidium guajava), jamun or black plum (Syzygium cuminii L. Skeels.), Mango (Mangifera indica) and Papaya (Carica papaya).
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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1. “
”
CLONAL PROPAGATION
OF FEMALE PLANTS OF
GARCINIA INDICA CHOISS
A TREE SPECIES OF HIGH MEDICINAL VALUE
PRESENTE BY
HANUMANTHA RAO.P
M.Sc. GENETICS II YEAR
ROLL.NO:100714517008
2. INTRODUCTION:-
•Garcinia indica Choiss(family Clusiaceae) commonly known as “Kokum
butter tree”(found in tropical rain forest of western Ghats of india).
•Fruits of Garcinia indica have many remarkable medicinal properties ,
the most important of which is ANTIOBESITY EFFECT
•Fruit rind of G.indica contains HYDROXYCITRIC ACID (-)-(HCA) ((-
)HCA being the strong inhibitor of citrate cleavage enzyme is widely used
in formulations of antiobesity drug worldwide) and Garcinic acid.
•Beside antiobesity properties, fruits also possesses anthelmintic(of or
relating to a substance capable of destroying or eliminating parasitic
worms, especially human intestinal helminths) cardio tonic and anti-
tumor properties and is useful in the treatment of PILES and
DYSENTERY.
•Fruits also contain several active compounds that exhibit biological
activities against bacteria , diabetes and HIV-1 protease.
3. • it is slow growing, cross pollinated and polygamodioecious in nature. The
differentiation between male and female plants is possible only after flowering stage.
Mostly it takes 7-8 years for the plants to bear flower.
•In horticulture practices, propagation of G.indica is generally done by seeds and
soft wood grafting.
•in the present study, few female plants with high fruit bearing and HCA content
were identified and collected from the Western Ghats of indica and used for clonal
propagation. With the aim of C.multiplication and its conservation, in vitro
propagation method for these identified elite plants was standardized using different
HORRMONES, ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS, additive and in vitro as well as ex
vitro rooting.
5. PLANT MATERIAL:-
•Apical and axiliary buds of G.indica were collected from identified elite female trees in different
seasons of the year.
•collected buds were first kept in running water for 1 hour and then washed with labolene as a
surfactant followed by washing with 10% savlon (v/v) as an antiseptic.
•This was followed by treatments first with 0.1%(w/v) polyvinyl polypyrolidone for 30 min later
by 1%(w/v) Bavistin for 60 min.
•After each treatment, buds were washed thoroughly with SDW(STERILE DISTILLED WATER).
•all further operations were carried out in laminar air flow (LAF).
◘In LAF, buds were first rinsed with 70% ethanol(v/v), washed with SDW for 5-6 times.
◘After treat with 70%ethanol, buds were treated with 1%HgCl2(w/v) for 7 min. and again washed
thoroughly 5-6 times with SDW
7. ♣These surface sterilized buds were then inoculated on WOODY PLANT MEDIUM(WPM)
supplemented with 6-BAP (benzylamino purine) 8.87 µM.
♣Medium was fortified with 2% sucrose and solidified with 0.75%agar after adjusting the pH 5.8-6.
all growth regulators were incorporated into the medium before autoclaving. The media were
sterilized by autoclaving at 120°c for 20min at 105 kPa.
♣The inoculated cultures were incubated at 25±1°C at 16/8 hrs photoperiod with 35µE–2m–2s-
1 illumination provided by cool white fluorescent tubes.
♣Contamination due to fungus was a major hurdle in establishment of sterile cultures. Therefore
initially standardization of protocol for obtaining sterile cultures was the first step. To avoid microbial
contamination, anti-fungal agent Bavistin alone in concentration range 65 – 85 mg/L or in
combination with antibiotic Cefotaxim (300 and 500 mg/L) were tested. The effect of additive such
as Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM) as antifungal and antibacterial agents on microbial
contamination was also tested.
♣To study the effect of culture vessel was studied by using both, cotton plugged culture tubes and
plastic capped jam bottles containing 20 and 80 ml medium respectively. For each medium
formulation 20 tubes and 15 bottles were used. Single bud was cultured per vessel and each
experiment was repeated thrice. The established sterile cultures were tested for in vitro response on
WPM(WOODY PLANT MEDIUM) basal medium supplemented with different combinations and
concentrations of plant hormones 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP), Kinetin, Indol-3-acetic acid
(IAA) and indol-3-butyric acid (IBA).
9. In vitro multiplication:-
♠The effect of these hormone on sprouting of buds was studied by supplementing WPM with BAP in
the range 4.44-8.8.7 µM, kinetin in the range 2.32-4.65 µM, IAA 5.71 µM and IBA 4.90 µM either
singly or in combination.
♠ All the media were fortified with Bavistin (75 mg/L) and Cefotaxim (400 mg/L) along with 2%
sucrose and 0.75% agar.
♠ After 6 weeks, sprouted sterile buds were shifted to WPM containing BAP (8.87 µM) with
Thidiazuron (TDZ) in the range 2.27-4.54 µM for multiplication without any antifungal and
antibacterial agent.
♠ Explants were subcultured once in two weeks to fresh respective medium
11. ♣Multiplied shoots were separated and inoculated individually on WPM with 0.88 µM BAP for
elongation.
♣For in vitro root induction, shoots with 4.4-5 cm height were transferred to half strength WPM
macro salts liquid medium fortified with IBA (2.45-4.90 µM) and 1% sucrose for 48 hrs, and
then shoots were shifted to half strength plain WPM with 1% sucrose and solidified with
0.2% phytagel (Sigma, USA).
♣ After induction of roots in 6 weeks, plantlets were hardened in pots containing a mixture of
sterilized soil and sand (1:1) and maintained in controlled growth chamber conditions (25 ± 2
°C, 16-h photoperiod, 80 % relative humidity and irradiance of 50 μmol m2 s-1).
ELONGAATION AND INDUCTION OF ROOTS:-
12. EX VITRO ROOTING:-
♦In vitro raised shoots of G. indica were also tested for ex vitro rooting response.
♦ The shoots were treated with aqueous solution containing IAA (342 and 684 µM) and IBA (295
and 588 µM) for 2 hrs, planted in plastic pots containing sand and coco peat (1:1) and covered
with polythene bags to minimize loss of moisture and maintain high humidity.
♦ Pots were maintained at 25 ± 1ºC in 24 hrs light photoperiod with watering after every 7days.
♦The established plants were transferred to greenhouse.
14. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:-
♦For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done by
completely randomized block design (CRBD) using Agrobase 99 software
for the experiments and the angular transformation values derived as per
Snedecor and Cochran
15. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:-
•G. indica being woody tree species harbors high microflora on the surfaces as well as endophytes.
♦ This was quite evident by the high percentage of microbial contamination during establishment of
sterile cultures.
♦ Endogenous and/or surface contamination was the main factors limiting culture establishment.
Ten to 70% of inoculated explants were observed contaminated was after fourth day of culture
initiation.
♦For the establishment of sterile cultures and sprouting, different parameters like effects of
different antifungal and antibiotic agents, season of explant collection and type of culture
vessel used were studied.
16. EFFECT OF ANTIMICROBIAL
AGENTS:-
•To avoid the contamination, antifungal agent Bavistin and antibacterial
agents Cefotaxim were tested.
•These antimicrobial agents were chosen based on some initial experiments
done. WPM containing 8.87 µM BAP with Bavistin 75 mg/L and
Cefotaxim 400 mg/L resulted maximum 86% sterile cultures (Table1).
17. Table 1: Effect of antifungal antibiotic and additive agents on control of
contamination in G.indica
basal media WPM+2% sucrose +0.7% agar
MEDIUM ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS ADDITIVE
Bavistin` Cefotoxim
(mg/L) (mg/L)
Plant Preservative
Mixture(ml)
% of
sterility
%of
contamination
75 0 0 42.5 57.5
WPM 75 300 0 30 70
+ 75 400 0 68 14
BAP(8.87)µ𝑀 75 500 0 40 60
0 0 1 52.5 47.5
0 0 2 62.5 37.5
18. •The supplementation of media with Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM) reduced the sterility to
52.5-62.5% and moreover these explants turned brown after sprouting.
• Thus in comparison to MG/L, supplementation of media with Bavistin and Cefotaxime was
found more effective for establishment of sterile cultures.
•Bavistin in the culture medium was reported to reduce fungal contamination(litchi), Cefotoxime
was found to be effective in controlling bacterial growth in plant tissue cultures
(Chrysanthemum)
• Therefore, in this present study, this antibiotic was used to raise microbe free culture. Niedz
(1998) reported that PPM at 0.2% could prevent post culture contamination in plant culture
vessels.
• However, in our study, 75 mg/L Bavistin and 400 mg/L Cefotaxim were found most
optimum for establishment of sterile G. indica cultures.
19. EFFECT OF SEASONAL VARIATION:-
♣ The season in which plant material was collected for raising in vitro cultures showed varied
response in terms of contamination and bud break.
♣ With optimized sterilization procedure described above, the cultures initiated during the
months of January – May showed highest bud break and less contamination than those raised
in June – November (Table 2).
20. Table;2- Effect of collection season on establishment of sterile cultures of G.indica
Data scored after 6-8 days
Month of collection of
explant
Phynology of
plant
WPM+BAVISTIN
(75mg/L)
WPM+BAVISTIN(75mg/L) +
CEFOTOXIM(400mg/L)
% Sterile
cultures
% Contamination %Sterile
cultures
%
Contamination
January Flowering 42.5 57.5 86 14
April Fruiting 46 55 34 63
May Fruiting 31 57.5 37 61
September Vegetative 17.5 72 13 96
November Vegetative 8 92 4 96
21. EFFECT OF AUXINS AND
CYTOKININS:-◘Nodal explants when cultured on WPM with
different concentrations of BAP, Kinetin, IBA and
IAA alone or in combination, initiated the axillary
bud initiation. Shoot sprouting was initiated after
1-2 weeks.
◘ Among the various auxins and cytokinins tested,
BAP alone (8.87 µM) induced maximum number
of explants to initiate shoots (Fig 1b) with 82%
response (Table 3).
Fig 1b; .Sprouting of axillary bud on WPM
containing 8.87 µM BAP with 75 mg/L Bavistin
and 300 mg/L Cefotaxim.
23. ♦. These results indicated that increase in BAP concentrations above certain level does not
support enhancement of % response.
♦Shoots were incubated on these particular media for 45 days with shifting on fresh media after
every 15 days.
♦ Addition of kinetin in media could not significantly increase the % response while addition of
4.60 µM kinetin reduced the % response.
24. EFFECT OF TDZ ON
MULTIPLICATION/MULTIPLE
SHOOT INDUCTION
TDZ-THIDIAZURON ((N-phenyl-N’-1,2,3-thidiazol-5-ylurea)
25. ♠TDZ, is a phenylurea derivative known to exert cytokinin like action.
♠ On the contrary, cultures continuously grown on TDZ containing media resulted in fasciated and
distorted shoots.
♠ G. indica tissue was also exposed to WPM media containing TDZ in the range 2.27-4.45 µM with
8.87 µM BAP for 45 days with subculture on fresh media after every 15 days.
♠Initiation of multiple shoots was observed after 20 days on media supplemented with TDZ in the
range 0.22- 4.54 µM along with BAP 8.87 µM.
♠. Significantly higher multiplication rate was noted with the combined treatment of 8.87 µM BAP
and 4.54 µM TDZ (significant at 1% level).
♠ With these concentrations of TDZ and BAP, 3-4 shoots with average shoot length of 5.92 cm were
induced after third subculture (Table 4) (Fig 1 c and d).
26. Table 4;Effect of TDZ on NO.of multiple shoot induction and elongation of shoota
in nodal explants of G.INDICA
Basal media WPM + 2% sucrose + 0.7% agar Values are Mean ± SE of three experiments.
** * Significant at 5% and 1% level respectively
27.
28. ♥The shoots were maintained by sub-culturing on the same media after 15 days.
♥ After 40-45 days, these multiple shoots were separated and transferred to fresh
media every 15 days interval.
♥ Transfer of original explant directly to media supplemented with TDZ in the range
0.22- 4.54 µM along with BAP 8.87 µM did not induce any additional multiple shoots.
29. Induction of in vitro roots:-
• Shoots when maintained on multiplication media
for longer period remained very small and
required further elongation step for rooting
induction.
• Therefore WPM with a low BAP (0.89 µM) was
used for shoot elongation.
•However higher concentration of BAP was
reported to be inhibitory for shoot elongation
[52,53]. It was found that shoots elongated to
maximum 4.4-5.0 cm length within 15–20 days
after their transfer to BAP containing medium (Fig
1e)
♥ To check their rooting competence, these
shoots were then transferred to WPM containing
half strength macro stock, IBA in the range and
2.454.90 µM) and 1% sucrose without agar for 48
hrs. After 48 hr., they were shifted to WPM media
containing half stresalts with 1% sucrose and
0.2% phytagel without any hormones. Root
induction was observed within 20-25 days from
the base of shoots at nodal portion (Fig 2)
. Fig. 1 e. Elongation of multiple shoots on
0.87 µM BAP.
30. Fig. 2: Effect of different IBA concentrations on in vitro rooting in shoots of G. indica
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
50 60 70 80 100
%ROOTING
Axis Title
CONC OF IBA(mg/L)
Basal media – WPM ½ Macro + 1 % Sucrose
31. ♠ Maximum 63.2% shoots were observed to induce rooting on WPM supplemented with 4.90 µM
IBA with an average 3.4 cm length of shoots.
• Rooting % was very less (10%) on WPM containing 3.94 µM IBA while with 3.44 µM IBA, 52.7%
rooting was observed (Fig 1f).
Fig. 1 f. Rooting of shoots on WPM media with
4.90 µM IB
32. Ex vitro rooting:-
•In this study, experiments were also performed to induce the roots to in vitro grown shoots ex
vitro.
• For ex vitro rooting, shoots were dipped in IAA (3.42 and 6.84 µM) and IBA solutions (2.95 and
5.88 µM) for 2 hrs and then shifted to potting mixture containing sterilized sand and cocopeat (1:1),
and covered with polythene bags to maintain moisture. Forty percent shoots induced ex vitro
rooting to IAA (3.42 µM) treated shoots within 50-60 days (Table 5).
Table 5:-Effect of diff. auxin concentrations on ex vitro rooting
AUXIN CONCENRATION % ROOTING
IBA(2.95µM) 10
IBA(5.88µM) 10
IAA(3.42µM) 40
IAA(2.95µM) 20
33. • Such ex vitro induced rooted shoots in pots were maintained in hardening room with controlled
temperature (250C) and continuous light.
• Plants were watered after every 8 days and were then shifted to greenhouse where 60%
plantlets were observed survived and healthy (Fig 1g).
Fig G: Hardened plants
34. CONCLUSION:-
♦This study reporting the clonal method of propagation of G. indica, a economically important
horticultural tree species with high medicinal importance, offers a great potential for mass
multiplication of female plants for large scale plantation.
♦Along with this, the elite female plants having maximum % HCA can also be propagated by
this method.
♦Using the method reported in this study, 4-5 plants from single apical bud can be produced
within 130-135 days through in vitro rooting and in 165-170 days through ex vitro rooting