Drought stress is seen as the major abiotic stress in the modern day agriculture and hinders crop germination and seedling establishment and maize suffers the problem more as a summer season crop. Priming is a physiological method to overcome such deleterious effect of water stress with the main aim of increasing the germination of seed. A lab experiment was therefore performed with maize seed priming using Mannitol @ 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% (w/v) concentrations subjected to germination under induced drought of 0 Mpa, 0.15 Mpa, 0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa and 1.7 MPa using NaCl. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Priming with mannitol reduced the Mean Germination Time (MGT); the best result obtained in seeds primed with 2% mannitol. However, the final germination count, Relative Water Content (RWC) and root and shoot length remained unaltered. Germination activities reduced with increasing moisture stress. The study indicated that priming with mannitol could improve the speed of germination in maize seeds.
Irregular and alternate bearing in fruits is a major problem faced by fruit growers. This problem causes great economic loss to the growers with poor yield and selling of produce at low price during “on year” due to fruit glut in the market.
Plant height, flowering, yield and quality including alternate bearing can be overcome by various horticultural practices like pruning, thinning of fruits, use of chemicals like Paclobutrazol etc. out of these use of Paclobutrazol is commonly practiced by the horticultural growers.
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Presentation during IITA R4D week 2015 (23 - 27 Nov. 2015). By: S. Meseka, A. Menkir, B. Badu-Apraku, S. Ajala, W.
Mengesha, O. Bossey, A. Adepoju, & O. Azeez
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
Irregular and alternate bearing in fruits is a major problem faced by fruit growers. This problem causes great economic loss to the growers with poor yield and selling of produce at low price during “on year” due to fruit glut in the market.
Plant height, flowering, yield and quality including alternate bearing can be overcome by various horticultural practices like pruning, thinning of fruits, use of chemicals like Paclobutrazol etc. out of these use of Paclobutrazol is commonly practiced by the horticultural growers.
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Presentation during IITA R4D week 2015 (23 - 27 Nov. 2015). By: S. Meseka, A. Menkir, B. Badu-Apraku, S. Ajala, W.
Mengesha, O. Bossey, A. Adepoju, & O. Azeez
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Effect of crop establishment/irrigation techniques and nitrogen levels on gro...Innspub Net
A field experiment was conducted during 2010 and 2011, under three replications. One row in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed/ every furrow irrigation increased plant height by 7.94 %, stem girth by 46.47 per cent, and dry matter at maturity by 23.69 % over conventional sowing/ conventional irrigation. Similarly, number of leaves increased by 19.26 and 24.65 % leaf area by 25.83 and 26.65 %, over conventional practice at 60 and 90 days after sowing, respectively. Besides, it resulted 1.91 and 1.82 % higher total chlorophyll over conventional practice at 30 and 60 days after sowing, respectively and increased grain by 60.72 %, biological 42.44 % and stover yield by 30.2 % over conventional practice and also resulted 3.43 higher starch and 12.05 % protein content over conventional practice. One row in FIRB/ every furrow irrigation, had 62.1, 51.5 and 42.9 % higher uptake for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium over conventional practice of crop establishment, respectively. Get more articles: http://goo.gl/FAvGnB
An Approach to Improve Yield Parameters of Pleurotus florida Strain P1Dr. siddhant
Aim: The efficient mushroom production involves many factors of which spawn production, culture methods and substrate selection are of prime importance. The research has, therefore, been carried out to standardize these aspects in present communication, for production of Pleurotus florida Strain P1.
Materials and Methods: Various cereals (maize, oat, barley) and millets (Italian millets, Little millet, Pearl millet) were assessed against wheat grain spawn for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of mushroom. Most suitable wheat straw component among fine pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.2
cm), coarse pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.4 cm), small (1.0 cm) and large pieces of the stem (1.7 cm) were also evaluated for the manifestations above. Various culture methods viz., bag, column, wall and tray culture and few substrate mixtures (corncob + wheat straw, mango sawdust + wheat straw and rice husk + wheat straw) have also been taken to increase yield performance of mushroom.
Results: The result showed that barley and oat grains produced good quality spawn in terms of quick mycelial running on the grain surface (14 days each). These spawn produced acceleration of spawn running and increased yield, as compared to other types of spawn. When different components of wheat straw were evaluated for the yield performance of mushroom, the course pieces of the stem (1.0 cm) proved the most appropriate component in relation to very low/zero contamination along highest yield (819 gm) and biological efficiency (163.8%). In contrast, wheat straw and corn cob were
recognized as the best substrate combination with highest yield (707 gm) and biological efficiency (141.4%) of mushrooms. Among different culture techniques used, only the column method gave significant yield (930 gm) and biological efficiency (186%) with appropriate mushrooms sizes from
packaging point of view.
Conclusion: The results obtained during the study revealed that by adopting the composite approach, the growers enhance mushroom production in manyfolds. The mushroom is cultivated by following column method. The wheat straw devoid from pieces of leaf & leaf sheath should be utilized
as a substrate with corncob combination. It should be inoculated with oat/barley spawn to higher yield.
Generation and proliferation rate assessment of saba banana (Musa balbisiana)...Innspub Net
The main production constraint of banana is the availability of disease-free and healthy planting materials. Tissue culture is a technique that could provide these materials, but it requires high cost and technical expertise. Macropropagation offers simpler and more affordable processes that could enhance seedling production. This study evaluated the effects of irrigation levels and growth enhancers on macropropagation of saba banana under glasshouse conditions using factorial in completely randomized design. Factor A consisted of irrigation levels: A1=50%RR, A2=100% RR and A3=150%RR. Different growth enhancers were used for Factor B: B0=Control, B1=Coconut water, B2=Seaweed extract and B3=Benzyl Amino Purine. Results clearly suggests the advantage of using plant growth enhancers and appropriate irrigation level for macropropagation of banana. The irrigation level of 50% of recommended rate or 4liters/day plus the application of BAP (2mg/l) or the plant growth enhancers may be recommended for obtaining maximum growth, more plantlets produced and irrigation water efficiency of banana. It could not only save water for plants but also accelerate the growth and production of banana.
Groundnut is one of the most important cash crops in our country. It is a low- priced commodity but a valuable source of all the nutrients. Groundnut is the sixth most important oilseed crop in the world. It contains 48-50% of oil and 26-28% of protein and is a rich source of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. The production of groundnut is concentrated in Asia and Africa with 56% and 40% of the global area and 68% and 25% of the global production, respectively
Climate Smart Rice (CSR): Boosting the food security in the changing climateIARI, NEW DELHI
Climate change will influence crop distribution and production and increase risks associated with agriculture.
Crop productivity has already experienced detrimental impacts, underlining the necessity of taking adaptive
measures. Although, in few regions (mainly in temperate latitudes) may experience improved conditions for
production. Globally, climate change is expected to reduce cereal production by 1% to 7% by 2060. Both
the changing climate and growing population has been increasing the pressure on our food resources. The
sustainability of feedable resources is looking difficult in present changing scenario of climate. Almost, more than half of the world’s population, near about 4 billion people eating rice as their staple food (Mohanty, 2014).
But on another hand, the changing climate is making it tenacious for rice growing communities to maintain the
productivity. So that, there is an urgent need to make a climate suitable genotypes to resist changing climate.
Presently, new stress tolerant rice cultivars can help make farmers more resilient against the calamitous effects
of climate. Dr. Matthew Morell (Australian scientist), who heads the International Rice Research Institute,
Philippines described the climate change ready rice as “the engine of food security” during the delivering the
Millennium Lecture at the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai, India. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
named rice crop as “the crop of the future” due to its versatility (Environment New Service, 2017).
Comparative study of chemical fungicides for the management of citrus gummosi...AI Publications
Field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mehsana, Gujarat to test the efficacy of various chemical treatments for the control of gummosis (Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica) of Citrus during the year 2017-2019. Ten -year-old acid lime (Kagzi lime) trees were treated with Bordeaux paste and fosetyl Al. Bordeaux paste application and fosetyl Al significantly reduced gummosis incidence. It can be concluded that for effective control of gummosis, citrus trees may be treated with Bordeaux paste on the main trunk or foliar spray of fosetyl Al gave average 33.33 % and 30.00 % disease index, respectively during the three-year experiments.
The role of arbuscular mycorriza fungi (AMF) on water stress on soybean yield...Innspub Net
The study was to analyze the role of Arbuscular Mycorriza Fungi (AMF) on water stress on soybean yield (Glycine max L. Merril). The study was conducted in screen house Experimental farm and Biology Soil laboratory in Agriculture Faculty Syiah Kuala University, from June 21 until October 10, 2016. Randomized design was arranged with 3 replications and 2 factorial. Factor AMF is M0=without AMF and M1=40 g-1AMF. Factor water stress is I1 = watering every 1 day; I2= watering every 3 days; I3 = watering every 5 days; I4 = watering every 7 days; I5 =watering every 9 days; I6 = watering every 11 days; I7 = watering every 13 days; I8= watering every 15 days; I9 = watering every 17 days; I10= watering every 19 days. Parameter generative of soybean are, the total pods account, a number of pods packed; heavy of pods; dry weight of root; dry weight top plant; dry weight of beans and a number of beans. The result showed that the doces of AMF 40 g plant-1significantly influence generative soybean contrast to control (without AMF). Soybean can be adapted in watering every 5 days.
Rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase confer salt tolerance to wheat (Tritic...Premier Publishers
Wheat (Tritium aestivum) is the primary food of Pakistan.Salinity is a blockade towards growing a sustainable food production system and necessitates environment management. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can ameliorate abiotic stressors through induced salt tolerance. PGPR having ACC deaminase activity can improve plant performance by minimizing the effects of ACC and endogenous ethylene that limit plant growth under salt stress. Plants grown from seeds inoculated with PGPR strains having ACC deaminase are comparatively more tolerant to salt stress. The study was carried out at Soil Salinity Research Institute, PindiBhattian to investigate the impact of PGPR (Plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria) on wheat grown in salt affected field. The design was Randomized complete block with three replications. Wheat seeds Cv. Faisalbad-2008 were inoculated with rhizobacteria strains which were: Thal-8, WM-14 and WM-10 during 2015-16 Inoculation with rhizobial strains that provide ACC-deaminase activity proved a useful move toward for alleviating the stress induced by ethylene and accordingly improving the growth and yield of wheat in the presence of high salinity stress. Decline in sodium uptake following seed inoculation with different rhizobial strains for wheat grown on salt- affected lands is a constructive possibility to reclaim salt stress biologically.
Seed priming have greater influence in seed quality enhancement in low vigor seed lots compared to high vigor seed lots. The response of chemicals influencing the quality enhancement may vary upon the initial quality of the seed. Nevertheless, seed priming have positive influence on seed quality enhancement. Seed priming has been used to improve germination, reduce seedling emergence time, improve yield. Seed priming best solution of germination related problems, especially when crops are grown under unfavorable conditions. Many priming techniques have been evolved, which are being utilized in many crops now days. It can enhance rates and percentage of germination and seedling emergence, which ensure proper stand establishment under a wide range of environmental conditions. Farmers and researchers have recognized that poor crop establishment is one of the major bottlenecks for crop production. Seed priming has been offered as a solution to this problem that will maximize the probability of obtaining high quality seeds and leads obtain a good stand of healthy and vigorous plants. It is rational to propose that seed priming has low cost and low risk that would be appropriate for all farmers, and it is a key technology to improve the livelihood of resource-poor farmers in the marginal environments.Therefore, priming can step-up the economical benefit of crop growing farmers by improving seed quality parameters of most crops.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Effect of crop establishment/irrigation techniques and nitrogen levels on gro...Innspub Net
A field experiment was conducted during 2010 and 2011, under three replications. One row in Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed/ every furrow irrigation increased plant height by 7.94 %, stem girth by 46.47 per cent, and dry matter at maturity by 23.69 % over conventional sowing/ conventional irrigation. Similarly, number of leaves increased by 19.26 and 24.65 % leaf area by 25.83 and 26.65 %, over conventional practice at 60 and 90 days after sowing, respectively. Besides, it resulted 1.91 and 1.82 % higher total chlorophyll over conventional practice at 30 and 60 days after sowing, respectively and increased grain by 60.72 %, biological 42.44 % and stover yield by 30.2 % over conventional practice and also resulted 3.43 higher starch and 12.05 % protein content over conventional practice. One row in FIRB/ every furrow irrigation, had 62.1, 51.5 and 42.9 % higher uptake for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium over conventional practice of crop establishment, respectively. Get more articles: http://goo.gl/FAvGnB
An Approach to Improve Yield Parameters of Pleurotus florida Strain P1Dr. siddhant
Aim: The efficient mushroom production involves many factors of which spawn production, culture methods and substrate selection are of prime importance. The research has, therefore, been carried out to standardize these aspects in present communication, for production of Pleurotus florida Strain P1.
Materials and Methods: Various cereals (maize, oat, barley) and millets (Italian millets, Little millet, Pearl millet) were assessed against wheat grain spawn for enhancing yield and biological efficiency of mushroom. Most suitable wheat straw component among fine pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.2
cm), coarse pieces of leaves and leaf sheath (0.4 cm), small (1.0 cm) and large pieces of the stem (1.7 cm) were also evaluated for the manifestations above. Various culture methods viz., bag, column, wall and tray culture and few substrate mixtures (corncob + wheat straw, mango sawdust + wheat straw and rice husk + wheat straw) have also been taken to increase yield performance of mushroom.
Results: The result showed that barley and oat grains produced good quality spawn in terms of quick mycelial running on the grain surface (14 days each). These spawn produced acceleration of spawn running and increased yield, as compared to other types of spawn. When different components of wheat straw were evaluated for the yield performance of mushroom, the course pieces of the stem (1.0 cm) proved the most appropriate component in relation to very low/zero contamination along highest yield (819 gm) and biological efficiency (163.8%). In contrast, wheat straw and corn cob were
recognized as the best substrate combination with highest yield (707 gm) and biological efficiency (141.4%) of mushrooms. Among different culture techniques used, only the column method gave significant yield (930 gm) and biological efficiency (186%) with appropriate mushrooms sizes from
packaging point of view.
Conclusion: The results obtained during the study revealed that by adopting the composite approach, the growers enhance mushroom production in manyfolds. The mushroom is cultivated by following column method. The wheat straw devoid from pieces of leaf & leaf sheath should be utilized
as a substrate with corncob combination. It should be inoculated with oat/barley spawn to higher yield.
Generation and proliferation rate assessment of saba banana (Musa balbisiana)...Innspub Net
The main production constraint of banana is the availability of disease-free and healthy planting materials. Tissue culture is a technique that could provide these materials, but it requires high cost and technical expertise. Macropropagation offers simpler and more affordable processes that could enhance seedling production. This study evaluated the effects of irrigation levels and growth enhancers on macropropagation of saba banana under glasshouse conditions using factorial in completely randomized design. Factor A consisted of irrigation levels: A1=50%RR, A2=100% RR and A3=150%RR. Different growth enhancers were used for Factor B: B0=Control, B1=Coconut water, B2=Seaweed extract and B3=Benzyl Amino Purine. Results clearly suggests the advantage of using plant growth enhancers and appropriate irrigation level for macropropagation of banana. The irrigation level of 50% of recommended rate or 4liters/day plus the application of BAP (2mg/l) or the plant growth enhancers may be recommended for obtaining maximum growth, more plantlets produced and irrigation water efficiency of banana. It could not only save water for plants but also accelerate the growth and production of banana.
Groundnut is one of the most important cash crops in our country. It is a low- priced commodity but a valuable source of all the nutrients. Groundnut is the sixth most important oilseed crop in the world. It contains 48-50% of oil and 26-28% of protein and is a rich source of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. The production of groundnut is concentrated in Asia and Africa with 56% and 40% of the global area and 68% and 25% of the global production, respectively
Climate Smart Rice (CSR): Boosting the food security in the changing climateIARI, NEW DELHI
Climate change will influence crop distribution and production and increase risks associated with agriculture.
Crop productivity has already experienced detrimental impacts, underlining the necessity of taking adaptive
measures. Although, in few regions (mainly in temperate latitudes) may experience improved conditions for
production. Globally, climate change is expected to reduce cereal production by 1% to 7% by 2060. Both
the changing climate and growing population has been increasing the pressure on our food resources. The
sustainability of feedable resources is looking difficult in present changing scenario of climate. Almost, more than half of the world’s population, near about 4 billion people eating rice as their staple food (Mohanty, 2014).
But on another hand, the changing climate is making it tenacious for rice growing communities to maintain the
productivity. So that, there is an urgent need to make a climate suitable genotypes to resist changing climate.
Presently, new stress tolerant rice cultivars can help make farmers more resilient against the calamitous effects
of climate. Dr. Matthew Morell (Australian scientist), who heads the International Rice Research Institute,
Philippines described the climate change ready rice as “the engine of food security” during the delivering the
Millennium Lecture at the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai, India. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
named rice crop as “the crop of the future” due to its versatility (Environment New Service, 2017).
Comparative study of chemical fungicides for the management of citrus gummosi...AI Publications
Field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mehsana, Gujarat to test the efficacy of various chemical treatments for the control of gummosis (Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica) of Citrus during the year 2017-2019. Ten -year-old acid lime (Kagzi lime) trees were treated with Bordeaux paste and fosetyl Al. Bordeaux paste application and fosetyl Al significantly reduced gummosis incidence. It can be concluded that for effective control of gummosis, citrus trees may be treated with Bordeaux paste on the main trunk or foliar spray of fosetyl Al gave average 33.33 % and 30.00 % disease index, respectively during the three-year experiments.
The role of arbuscular mycorriza fungi (AMF) on water stress on soybean yield...Innspub Net
The study was to analyze the role of Arbuscular Mycorriza Fungi (AMF) on water stress on soybean yield (Glycine max L. Merril). The study was conducted in screen house Experimental farm and Biology Soil laboratory in Agriculture Faculty Syiah Kuala University, from June 21 until October 10, 2016. Randomized design was arranged with 3 replications and 2 factorial. Factor AMF is M0=without AMF and M1=40 g-1AMF. Factor water stress is I1 = watering every 1 day; I2= watering every 3 days; I3 = watering every 5 days; I4 = watering every 7 days; I5 =watering every 9 days; I6 = watering every 11 days; I7 = watering every 13 days; I8= watering every 15 days; I9 = watering every 17 days; I10= watering every 19 days. Parameter generative of soybean are, the total pods account, a number of pods packed; heavy of pods; dry weight of root; dry weight top plant; dry weight of beans and a number of beans. The result showed that the doces of AMF 40 g plant-1significantly influence generative soybean contrast to control (without AMF). Soybean can be adapted in watering every 5 days.
Rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase confer salt tolerance to wheat (Tritic...Premier Publishers
Wheat (Tritium aestivum) is the primary food of Pakistan.Salinity is a blockade towards growing a sustainable food production system and necessitates environment management. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can ameliorate abiotic stressors through induced salt tolerance. PGPR having ACC deaminase activity can improve plant performance by minimizing the effects of ACC and endogenous ethylene that limit plant growth under salt stress. Plants grown from seeds inoculated with PGPR strains having ACC deaminase are comparatively more tolerant to salt stress. The study was carried out at Soil Salinity Research Institute, PindiBhattian to investigate the impact of PGPR (Plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria) on wheat grown in salt affected field. The design was Randomized complete block with three replications. Wheat seeds Cv. Faisalbad-2008 were inoculated with rhizobacteria strains which were: Thal-8, WM-14 and WM-10 during 2015-16 Inoculation with rhizobial strains that provide ACC-deaminase activity proved a useful move toward for alleviating the stress induced by ethylene and accordingly improving the growth and yield of wheat in the presence of high salinity stress. Decline in sodium uptake following seed inoculation with different rhizobial strains for wheat grown on salt- affected lands is a constructive possibility to reclaim salt stress biologically.
Seed priming have greater influence in seed quality enhancement in low vigor seed lots compared to high vigor seed lots. The response of chemicals influencing the quality enhancement may vary upon the initial quality of the seed. Nevertheless, seed priming have positive influence on seed quality enhancement. Seed priming has been used to improve germination, reduce seedling emergence time, improve yield. Seed priming best solution of germination related problems, especially when crops are grown under unfavorable conditions. Many priming techniques have been evolved, which are being utilized in many crops now days. It can enhance rates and percentage of germination and seedling emergence, which ensure proper stand establishment under a wide range of environmental conditions. Farmers and researchers have recognized that poor crop establishment is one of the major bottlenecks for crop production. Seed priming has been offered as a solution to this problem that will maximize the probability of obtaining high quality seeds and leads obtain a good stand of healthy and vigorous plants. It is rational to propose that seed priming has low cost and low risk that would be appropriate for all farmers, and it is a key technology to improve the livelihood of resource-poor farmers in the marginal environments.Therefore, priming can step-up the economical benefit of crop growing farmers by improving seed quality parameters of most crops.
Comparative Effect of Root Pruning and Pythium irregulare on Water Use Effici...Premier Publishers
A pot experiment was conducted in a glasshouse to compare the effects of root pruning and Pythium irregulare on water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under drought conditions. The results showed that Pythium had no effect on transpiration (3.35 l) and grain yield (7.4 g) when compared with controls. The transpiration of root pruned plants was less than in controls between the time of root pruning and the start of the drought treatment. Root pruned plants had significantly higher transpiration than controls during the drought. Root pruning treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased total grain weight, grain number, WUE and harvest index. The extra water available in the root pruned pots at the end of experiment was not enough to bring the grain yield and WUE up to controls. Root pruning possibly did more than just restrict the ability to uptake all water. This experiment showed the importance of the stage at which root damage occurs and how it affects total WUE.
Consistent Relationship of Both Watercontent and Activity With Maize Seed Qua...bioejjournal
Seed quality can be explained using a range of indices that are acceptable within the standards set by the
International Seed Testing Association. There is a need to improve existing models to explain the wellknown variations in seed quality within and between crop species. The objective of this study was to
determine the consistency of using grain water occurrence to explain seed quality in terms of viability and
vigour in maize (Zea mays L.). Four sites were used over two seasons to grow three cultivars in order to
monitor changes in water content, water activity, dry mass and total starch observed in different cob
sections (tip, medium and bottom) at 30, 60 and 90 days after pollination. Seed quality was determined
based on the germination and vigour of physiologically mature kernels. It is concluded that grains that
seed quality is linked to the water activity and position on the cob.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Abstract
Potato is an important food and cash crop in Eastern Ethiopia; however, its productivity is low for a number of constraints. Shortage of quality planting material and poor tuber sprouting due to long dormancy period of improved varieties at planting are two of the factors known to affect production cycle and productivity of the crop in Eastern Ethiopia. Two separate experiments were conducted from November 2013 to June 2014, to assess the effect of Gibberellic acid and storage condition on seed tuber dormancy breakage of two potato varieties. The treatments in the first experiment consisted of two potato varieties (‘Bubu’ and ‘Bate’) and three levels of Gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 10, and 20 ppm) kept under three storage methods: in diffused light store (DLS), in pit, and in farmyard manure (FYM) heap. The experiment was laid out as a randomised complete design with four replications and conducted in the horticulture laboratory of Haramaya University. The second experiment consisted of the same treatments laid out in the field to study the effects of the treatments on the subsequent growth, yield, and yield-related traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications and conducted on a farmer’s field. The results of the experiments showed that genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions, as well as the interaction between them, significantly affected seed tuber dormancy period, sprouting characteristics, and subsequent tuber yield. Dormancy period, sprouting percent, sprout length, length of lateral axillary sprouts, and sprout vigour were significantly affected by the treatments. However, parameters such as days to 50% emergence, days to 50% flowering, and number and weight of very small and small tubers showed highest values for seed tubers, either treated with GA3 or not, and stored under FYM heap and pit storage conditions when compared with tuber treated and stored in DLS. In general, the study indicated that the interaction between genotypes, exogenous application of GA3, and storage conditions resulted in early dormancy termination, early emergence of shoots, and high marketable tuber yield.
Gemeda Mustefa
Irrigation experiments of cocoa tend to concentrate on yield of matured cocoa trees compared to field establishment of young seedlings. Seedling survival leading to optimum population density are fundamental to obtaining maximum yield of crops. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of mulching and irrigation on survival of hybrid cocoa clone raised in three different growing media during the establishment phase. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arranged in a split-split plot design, with irrigation as the main plot factor, mulching as the subplot factor and growing media as the sub-sub plot factor with three replications. Cocoa pod husk (CPH) was used as the mulching material and each plant received 5kg at a rate of 5.6 t/ha. Irrigation was done daily by applying 4L of water except when it rains. Data was collected on soil moisture, plant height, leaf number, stem girth and plant survival. Results indicated that irrigation and mulching significantly (P<0.01) enhanced soil moisture. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated significantly (P<0.05) increased survival rate (94.5%) compared to seedlings raised in soil without irrigation and no mulching (47.1%). Similarly, the survival rate of seedlings raised in growing media M2, mulched and irrigated (93.0%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than similar seedlings without irrigation (73.4%). However, the survival rate of seedlings raised in M3 without mulching but irrigated was significantly (<0.05) higher 92.1% compared to seedlings raised in M3 mulched and irrigated 67.1%. Irrigation is very important in ensuring high survival rate during early field establishment. Mulching with cocoa pod husk without irrigation did not improve cocoa seedling survival.
Production of tomato in the tropics especially in Ghana is beset with lots of setbacks thereby causing low yields per hectare. Greenhouse cultivation systems are promising yet yields of tropical tomato cultivars are hampered by adverse temperature conditions. In order to mitigate this, an experiment was conducted during the extreme summer temperature conditions in the greenhouse at Kashiwanoha Campus of Chiba University, Japan. The study was conducted between May 23, 2018 and September20, 2018. The low substrate volume production system of 500mL in closed recirculated hydroponics (sub-irrigation) method was employed. Three tropical tomato cultivars (Jaguar, Lebombo and Lindo) were evaluated for yields. Plants were spaced at 20cm (4.2 plants m-2) and 30cm (2.8 plants m-2). At 7 and 9WAT, plants were topped at 2nd and 4th nodes respectively. The 3x2x2 factorial in Randomised Complete Block design in three replications was adopted. Some parameter collected were; 1. Morphometrics such as plant height, girth, leaf number and chlorophyll content, days to 50% flowering and fruit set 2. Yield components and fruit quality such as fruit number, marketable yield, yield per area, yield per hectare, percent blossom end rot, fruit TSS, TA, TSS/TA ratio and 3. Dry matter partitioning at last harvest, 11WAT. Results showed that blossom end rot reduced the yields of Jaguar and Lindo almost by 50% while Lebombo recorded less than 1%. Lebombo produced significantly the highest plant dry mass of 125g of which 57.7% was converted to vegetative growth compared to the Jaguar. For Jaguar however, 53.7% of total plant dry mass was allocated to fruits. This in effect was translated to the highest yield of 93tons ha-1 year-1 for Jaguar plants that were pinched at 4th truss in high density planting of 4.2 plant m-2.
Effect of application of “Grinophyll” on Growth and Yield of RiceAI Publications
The present investigation entitled “effect of application of “Grinophyll” on growth and yield of rice was carried out during kharif season of the year 2021 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa farm, At-Nare, Tal-Wada, Dist- Palghar, Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design. The three treatments (Control, Grinophyll @ 4ml, and Grinophyll @6ml per 15 liters of water) were replicated twice times on four varieties of rice namely Dandi, Gurjari, Jaya, and GAR-13. The plant population per meter square (34.5), plant height (105.9 cm), number of tillers per plant (13.7), number of panicles per plant (13), number of panicles per square meter (442) and length of panicle (25.8 cm) was recorded maximum with application of Grinophyll @ 6 ml /15 liters of water on rice cv. “GAR-13”. The highest number of seeds per panicle (203.5), test weight (34.1 g), grain yield (57.45 q/ha) and straw yield (85.08 q/ha) was found with application of Grinophyll @ 6 ml / 15 liters of water.The data clearly revealed that, the yield obtained with treatment Grinophyll @ 6 ml / 15 liters of water on rice cv. “GAR 13” was significantly higher than all other treatments and also for growth parameters.
Effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of wild oat (Avenafatua) ...Innspub Net
To study the effect of different treatments on dormancy breaking of Avena fatua eight experiments based on randomized complete design (RCD) with five replications were conducted in the Arsanjan Islamic Azad Univetrsity, Fars province. Dormancy breaking treatments included the application of different concentrations of gibberellin, sulfuric acid, warm water, stratification(chilling), scarification, different temperatures, rinsing, and the use of ethanol. The results showed thatthe highest percent of germination was found in the stratification period of 2 to 3 weeks at 2-5 ° C in which germination rate was over 70%. Gibberellin application with a concentration of 600 ppm led to wild oat braking dormancy with the the maximum seed germination of 36%.The wild oat seeds exposure to sulfuric acid also led to dormancy breaking where the highest germination of 36 % was obtained by a 8-hour seed expoure. The results of concentration of sulfuric acid showed that the highest seed germination was 42% in treatment via concentration sulfuric acid 15%. In addition, our findings indicated that rinsing, warm water application, constant temperatures were not effective treatment forwild oat
dormancy breaking.
Effect of different levels of salinity on germination and early seedling grow...Premier Publishers
An incubation experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University during Rabi season 2015 to investigate the salinity effect on germination and early seedling growth of sunflower. There were ten treatments consisting different concentrations of salinity viz. 0, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 and 320 mM NaCl. The germination experiment was conducted in petri dish lined with a layer of cotton consisting ten ml of each test solution. Germination percentage gradually decreased with the increase of concentration of salt. Up to 80 mM NaCl was identified as safe for sunflower seed germination. Salinity cause delay in germination. Highest seedling height was found at 40 mM NaCl concentration (13.09 cm) and root length (14.1 cm) in 20 mM NaCl concentration. In 320 mM NaCl concentration roots were abnormal, deformed and twisted. The 0 to 80 mM NaCl concentration gave statistically similar shoot fresh weight. Compared to control treatment 20 and 40 mM NaCl concentration gave 0.57 and 4.65 % higher fresh weight, respectively which indicates that lower concentration of salt favor plant growth. The 80 mM NaCl concentration could be identified as safe for germination and early seedling growth of sunflower.
Effect of Different Drying Methods on Chemical Composition of Unripe Plantain...YogeshIJTSRD
Food processing is often thought to bring about changes in nutrients content, thus decreasing its patronage. To investigate this in a Nigerian staple, unripe plantain Musa paradisiaca flours were prepared following sun drying and oven drying methods. These were compared against fresh plantain for their nutritional composition. Proximate composition and minerals contents were determined using standard AOAC methods. The results showed that the unripe plantains pulp contained 59.77 , 1.42 , 1.51 , 1.40 , 7.65 , 28.23 , 40.22 and 38.80 of moisture, ash, fat oils, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrates, dry matter and organic matter respectively. Calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, and nitrogen were determined to be 0.1534 ppm, 0.2613 ppm, 0.3034 ppm, 0.7808 ppm and 0.2240 ppm respectively. The processing methods produced flour with similar nutritional composition. However, oven drying gave the lowest moisture content in the flour, suggesting a higher capacity to prevent microbial growth and decay in the dried sample, hence prolonging storage life. Segilola, V. O | Amodu, S. O | Olatunji, C. A "Effect of Different Drying Methods on Chemical Composition of Unripe Plantain Flour" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38725.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/38725/effect-of-different-drying-methods-on-chemical-composition-of-unripe-plantain-flour/segilola-v-o
effect of irrigation levels on yield performance of black cuminIJEAB
An experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh MujiburRahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur during the period from 20 November, 2012 to 12 April, 2013 to determine the optimum level of irrigation for better yield and quality of black cumin. There were six different irrigation levels (I1 - no irrigation, I2 - three irrigation, I3 - four irrigation, I4 - six irrigation, I5 - eight irrigation and I6 - ten irrigation). Results revealed that the number of primary branches (6.33), secondary branches (11.84), tertiary branches (6.29), number of capsule per plant (18.64), capsule length (1.89 cm), diameter of capsule( 1.05 cm), number of seed per capsule (107.8), fresh seed yield per plant (3.84g), dry seed yield per plant (3.26g), 1000 seed weight (2.40g) and seed yield (1.77 t/ha) were observed maximum in I6(ten irrigation).
Seedlings characters of wheat as affected by soaking with chitosan and prolin...Innspub Net
To investigate the effect of soaking with chitosan and proline levels under salinity stress on seedlings characters of wheat, a laboratory experiment was carried out at Central Laboratories in Central Administration for Seed Testing and Certification, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, during January 2019. The experiment was conducted in factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The first factor included four levels of soaking with chitosan (0.00, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%). The second factor integrated with five levels of soaking with proline (0, 1, 5, 9 and 13mM). The third factor incorporated with four levels of salinity i.e. 0, 4, 8 and 12dSm-1 of NaCl. The results indicated that soaking in chitosan at 0.75% recorded highest values of seedlings characters, followed by soaking in chitosan at 0.50%. The highest values of seedlings characters were produced from soaking in highest level of proline (13mM), followed soaking in proline at 9mM. The highest values of seedlings characters were obtained from the control treatment (without salinity stress), followed by salinity stress at the level of 4dSm-1 of NaCl and then salinity stress at the level of 8dSm-1 of NaCl. It could be concluded that for maximizing seedlings characters of bread wheat Shandaweel 1 cultivar under salinity stress, it could be recommended to soak with the mixture of chitosan at the rate of 0.75 or 0.50% and proline at the rates of 13 or 9mM for 6 h.
When breeding diploid potatoes, tetraploid progeny can result from the union of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in 2x-2x crosses. Thirty-three crosses were made to examine tetraploid progeny frequency in 2x-2x crosses. All crosses were between S. tuberosum dihaploids and diploid self-compatible donors, M6 and DRH S6-10-4P17. Using chloroplast counting for ploidy determination, the frequency of tetraploid progeny was as high as 45% in one of the 33 crosses. Based upon single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, the tetraploid progeny were attributed to bilateral sexual polyploidization (BSP), which is caused by the union of 2n egg and 2n pollen. Dihaploids were identified that produce lower frequencies of 2n eggs. The results of this study suggest that S. tuberosum dihaploids with a high frequency of 2n eggs should be avoided in 2x - 2x crosses for diploid breeding programs.
This study developed a low cost and affordable to small-scale farmers’ indirect air-cooling combined with evaporative cooling (IAC+EC) system for storage of fruit and vegetables under both arid and hot; and humid and hot climatic conditions. Field heat from freshly harvested produce should be immediately removed through cooling to the desired storage temperature. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of IAC+EC system in terms of the cooling time requirement of the fresh tomato fruit. A fresh tomato cooling experiment to remove field heat during the summer month of September in Pietermaritzburg was conducted for 36 hours where the IAC+EC system was compared to storage under ambient conditions. The results showed that 16 hours was required to reduce the flesh temperature of tomatoes to 16.5°C while the flesh temperature for tomatoes under ambient conditions followed the ambient temperature profile with time of storage. The IAC+EC system reduced and maintained the microenvironment air temperature inside the coolers to 16.5°C - 19°C. The ambient temperature varied between 21 and 32°C. The results in this study are evidence that IAC+ EC system can be a choice for farmers, for cooling the fresh by reducing the field temperature after harvest.
Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.
A study was carried out on plant density at the experimental field of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Nkolbisson, Yaoundé to determine the appropriate spacing to improve rainfed rice production in the bimodal rainfall forest zone of Cameroon. The experiment was conducted during the main cropping seasons of 2017 and 2018. The planting spacing used were 15cm x 15cm, 20cm x 20cm, 25cm x 25cm and 30cm x 30cm giving the plant populations of 444444, 250000, 160,000 and 111,111 plants / ha respectively using two varieties (Nerica 3 and Nerica 8). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant differences were observed in the growth and yield across the years. Treatments were highly significant concerning the number of days to the appearance of the first flower, the number of days to 50% flowering, and the number of days to 50 % maturity. Plants were taller with more tillers and gave higher yields in 2017 than those of 2018. The spacing significantly affected the plant height, number of tillers, and panicle length for both varieties. The interaction of spacing and variety was significant for the number of tillers per m2 and the number of seeds per panicle, however, it was not for the weight of 1000 grains and the percentage of full bales. The yield components determining yield increase were the number of panicles / m2 and the number of seeds/panicles. Nerica 3 variety gave higher yields compared to the Nerica 8, the closer the spacing, the higher the yield. There were a strong significance and positive correlation between yield, number of panicles, and the number of grain per panicle. The spacing that gives the highest number of panicle per m2 was 15 cm X 15 cm and this spacing gave good yield in the region where the study was carried out.
Intermolecular interaction is the material basis for cells to achieve their functions, and protein-protein interaction is an important approach to illuminate the regulation network of biological molecules and has important theoretical significance and potential application value for revealing the activity law of life in nature. This paper mainly summarizes and analyzes the new advances and applications of modern biotechnologies in the study of protein-protein interactions, including local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), yeast two-hybrid, GST-Pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and coimmunoprecipitation. At the same time, the principles of different research methods for protein-protein interaction and their other applications in the field of life sciences are also discussed, all of these will provide a reference value for the analysis of protein-protein interaction and the molecular regulation mechanism of biomacromolecules.
Field experiment involving five improved onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during the 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons under irrigated condition to identify the best performing variety for seed production to the target areas of Arsi Zone. The onion varieties included in the field experiment were (Nafis, Robaf, Nasic Red, Bombe Red, and Adama Red). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenological and growth parameters, seed yield, and yield components were studied. The result showed that Variety had a significant effect on most phonological and growth attributes as well as on yield attributes. The number of days to flowering and vigorously were significantly affected by variety; while plant height, days to boolting and branch number was not significantly influenced by variety. Flower stalks height and diameter, number of umbel per plant, and umbel diameter also significantly affected by variety. Seed yield per umbel and mean seed yield per hectare also showed a significance difference among varieties. The highest seed yield per hectare (1415.89 kg/ha) was recorded from Adama Red and followed by Nafis variety, whereas Nasic rerd, Bombe red and Robaf show no significance difference among each other, Therefore, it can be concluded that use of the improved onion varieties such as Adama red and Nafis is advisable and could be appropriate for onion seed production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
Rubber trees are among the important cultivated crops in Malaysia, and have contributed to the country’s overall economic growth since the 1950s. However, the existing anatomical and morphological studies are relatively insufficient. Currently, Hevea brasiliensis has been cultivated and planted commonly as a commercial planting clone, while Hevea camargoana remains to be a non-cultivated and underutilized rubber species. For many years, there only exists little information both in private plantations and government agencies that have carried out anatomical and morphological assessments on these underutilized species. There is little information about the characteristics of H.camargoana, thus raising the issue among plant breeders on how to best use this underutilized rubber species. This study attempts to investigate the taxonomic values and characteristics of Hevea brasiliensis and Hevea camargoana through anatomical and morphological studies.
Use of distributed electricity generation systems is currently increasing due to their economic and environmental benefits. Agricultural greenhouses require heat and electricity for covering their energy needs while their annual energy requirements vary significantly. Aim of the current work is the investigation of applying various distributed electricity generation systems in greenhouses. A review of different distributed generation systems currently used in various sectors as well as in greenhouses has been implemented. Various technologies are examined utilizing either renewable energies or fossil fuels in very efficient energy systems. Most of them are mature and cost-effective having lower environmental impacts compared with traditional centralized electricity generation technologies. Their use in greenhouses results in many benefits including the creation of an additional income for the farmer, reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere and increasing stability of the electric grid. It is suggested that distributed electricity generation systems should be used more in greenhouses when the necessary conditions are favorable.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
Potato is the second most important food crop in Kenya after maize. It is a valuable cash and food crop mainly grown by small-scale farmers. Potato is cultivated mainly under rainfed production conditions at altitudes between 1500 and 3000 metre above sea level (masl). Consequently, National Performance Trials (NPTs) test sites are located in these highlands. Recently, potato production has spread to the mid-highlands (1200-1500masl) mostly due to high food demand occasioned by population increase, and migration of small scale farmers from the densely populated highlands to the more spacious midlands. Consequently, there is increased need to breed potato varieties that can grow profitably in the warmer mid-altitudes. This development called for identification of new conventional NPT test sites located in the mid-altitudes. Six mid-altitude sites were identified and client-managed conventional NPTs carried out. Twenty six potato genotypes were evaluated for two seasons. First season crop was planted in 2016 while the second season crop was planted in 2017. There was a significant (p≤ 0.001) effect of genotypes, environments and genotype x environment interaction in the first season. Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site. All genotypes yielded between 10 and 25 ton/ha. In the second season, only environments showed significant (p≤ 0.001) effects. Again, Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site. Across the two seasons, Trans-Nzoia gave an average yield of 26.96 ton/ha followed by Kabete at 18. 21ton/ha. All the other four sites yielded less than 10 ton/ha. The high yields at Trans-Nzoia and Kabete could be due to higher altitudes in these two sites compared to the others. In order to develop potato varieties that can produce profitably in the warm mid-altitudes, breeding and early generation selections activities should be based in these areas.
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
Few years ago National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) launched melon sheller to reduce burden of obtaining melon oil and cake, and to enhance rural women’s productivity. This study looked at the productivity of promoted melon shelling technology and preference by rural women in Nigeria. Data were gathered from the NCAM workshop and survey of melon processors in Niger State. In the workshop, it was found that time allowed for soaking melon and covering with piece of clothes contributed to the productivity of the sheller. Results from survey revealed that 95.1% of the respondents’ preferred Internal Combustion technology and 90.2% liked electric-driven melon shellers over the manual one. Also, 69.5% obtained the shellers from local fabricators rather than NCAM. The technology led to increased turnout of melon (378kg/hr) and reduced wastages to 1.26kg out of 75.6kg. The study concluded that the promoted melon sheller is efficient and have positive implication on the rural women’s productivity and revenue. The study recommends that the rural women should put the melon sheller into its maximum capacity use. The NCAM should extend training to the local fabricators so that they can improve on the technology most especially in the areas of winnowing and washing of melon kernels.
Keeping in view of lack of recommended rates of N and NPS fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the newly introduced NPS fertilizer and nitrogen on growth, physiology and above ground biomass of garlic. Four NPS (0-0-0, 78.75-69-12.75, 105-92-17 and 131.25-115-21.25 kg N-P-S ha-1) and three nitrogen fertilizer rates (114.13, 228.26 and 278.33 kg N ha-1) were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Significantly highest plant height (28.02 cm), leaf diameter (1.27 cm), dry and fresh weight (4.71 g and 6.11 g) and leaf length were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 and also the highest plant height (27.75 cm), leaf length (24.02 cm), fresh and dry weight (6.23 g and 5.04 g) were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 278.33 kg N ha-1. The interaction effect also show a significant effect in almost all the growth parameters; the early day to 50% emergence was recorded from a plot which received 228.26 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg NPS ha-1 and the highest plant height, leaf length, fresh and dry above ground biomass and leaf diameter were 29.62 cm, 25.60 cm, 6.93 g, 5.59 g and 1.4 cm, respectively were observed by the interaction of 278.33 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 with no significant difference with 228.26 N and 78.75-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1. From this one season experiment, fertilizer rates 307.01-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1 could be recommended for garlic production.
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Cocoa farmer faces increasing challenging environment through exposure to risks factors which have impacted negatively on their production or output. Since farmers are primary producers and often times lack capacity to control risks factor, it is important to manage this factors. This study examines the cocoa farmers’ risk preferences and crop insurance perception and isolates the drivers of decision to uptake crop insurance among cocoa farmers in Ekiti state. The sample for the study consist of 200 cocoa farmers who were household heads selected through multi-stage sampling across four Local government areas of Ekiti State who are predominantly cocoa producers. Data collected on socio-demographic characteristics, perception of crop insurance and risk preferences, were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic model. Results showed that majority of the cocoa farmers were without crop insurance, with higher enrolment in Membership of cooperative society, owned their land, larger household size and lower educational level but higher level of farm experience when compared to cocoa farmers who are holding crop insurance. Farmers risk preferences showed no significant difference between farmers with or without insurance. Education (β=0.59), Household size (β=0.0029) and Debt use (β=0.02), Membership of cooperative (β=-4.53), Farming Experience (β=-2.51), Owned Land (β=-2.19) and Non-Farm Income (β=-0.65) were among the significant determinants of insurance uptake. Risk mitigating measures such as provision of necessary incentives such as improved varieties of cocoa seedling, as well as provision of fertiliser and approved pesticides, financial assistance, and simple processing technologies that produce standard cocoa bean plus a re-jigged Nigeria Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC) for an improved discharge of its function are recommended.
Mitigation of climate change requires the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and the increasing use of renewable energies replacing fossil fuels. Agricultural greenhouses are energy-intensive agricultural systems using mainly fossil fuels. The use of renewable energies during their operation is limited so far. The possibility of using renewable energies for covering their energy needs has been investigated, focused on the Mediterranean region. Various sustainable energy technologies which are reliable, mature, cost-effective and broadly used in various applications are examined. These include solar-PV systems, low enthalpy geothermal energy, solid biomass burning, co-generation systems, high efficiency heat pumps and reuse of rejected industrial heat. Combined use of these systems in greenhouses can cover all their energy requirements in heat, cooling and electricity, reducing or zeroing their net CO2 emissions into the atmosphere due to operational energy use. It is concluded that depending on their local availability in Mediterranean countries, these benign energy technologies can assist greenhouse crop growers in the reduction of their carbon emissions, contributing in the achievement of the universal goal for climate change mitigation.
Field experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, solely to develop an integrated pest management for the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) [Homoptera: Aphididae]. The experimental Design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Parameters measured were, average number of leaves per plot at 6 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 3 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 6 weeks after sowing, number of pods per plot, weight of harvested seeds per plot. The result obtained shows that, there was significant difference among the treatments in all the parameters measured at 0.05 level of probability using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). According to the results recorded, the highest mean yield of groundnut was obtained on plots treated with the combination of chemical and physical control methods (1444g) followed by plots treated with physical, chemical and cultural control methods combined (1296g). The highest mean number of pods per plant was recorded in the combination of physical, chemical and cultural control methods (18.00) followed by chemical and physical control methods as combined (15.00). The work shows that, the cultivation of groundnut with the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) using integrated pest control applied as recommended facilitates better growth and guarantees good crop yield. The use of physical, chemical and cultural control method is profitable in Ganye Area of Adamawa State and is therefore suggested for use to local farmers.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. Purple rice, as a special rice with important nutritional and health functions, has important scientific significance and application value for genetic improvement of purple rice and breeding of new varieties through in-depth study on its agronomic and related quality traits and products processed, and analysis of its genetic basis. In this paper, the new progress of purple rice in agronomic traits, quality traits, environmental impacts on purple rice and genetic basis of purple rice seed coat in recent years were reviewed and analyzed, and the application prospects of purple rice processing products and purple gene in rice genetic improvement were also prospected. Thus, our results will provide important information and reference for breeding new purple rice varieties with good quality and high yield.
Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.
Besides the lack of soil fertilization, the primary biotic stressor limiting the production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Indonesia is pest and disease attacks (PDAs). As a part of the efforts to find out the appropriate solution for the farming constraints, a field trial was carried out for 14 months (2015 – 2016) in Genggelang - North Lombok Regency, Indonesia. The main objective of the experiment was to identify the effects of the use of locally-available materials, i.e., liquid-silicate rock fertilizer (LSRF), botanical pesticide (BP) of neem, and black ants (BA) of Doliccoderus thoracic, on PDAs, bean production, and polyphenol and lignin contents of cocoa pod shell. A randomized complete block design was laid out in three blocks, and the treatments were LSRF, LSRF+BP, LSRF+BA, BA, and control. Results reveal that the application of those materials reduced the intensity of pest and disease attacks (e.i., respectively, 6 - 24 % and 3 - 9 % lower than for that of the control), increased 18 – 119 % of bean production, and improved the polyphenol and lignin contents of pod shell. The highest increase (119 %) of bean production was due to the foliar application of LSRF. The positive effect of the treatments, especially the use of LSRF, associated with the improvement of the resistance of cocoa to PDAs and appropriate supply of plant-essential nutrients. Therefore, the foliar application of LSRF may be promoted as a proper method to improve the production of cocoa, especially of that grown on less fertile soils.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
28
2.2. Experimental Design and Procedure
The experiment was carried out in Two Factorial Complete Randomized Design (CRD) having 3 replications
and 25 treatments.
Table-1. Treatment details
Factor A (Water Stress level ) Factor B (Seed Priming)
T1 Control (0 Mpa) M1 Control (0%)
T2 0.15 Mpa M2 2% Mannitol
T3 0.5 Mpa M3 4% Mannitol
T4 1.0 Mpa M4 6% Mannitol
T5 1.7 Mpa M5 8% Mannitol
Mannitol @ 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% (w/v) concentrations were used for seed priming. The unprimed dry seeds
were taken as control. Seed priming was done for 12 hrs. Following the priming, seeds were dried back to their
original moisture content at room temperature for 24 hours. Twenty five seeds each for each treatment were placed
in Petri dishes. Water stress condition was created by using different concentration of NaCl solutions viz. 0.15
Mpa,0.5 MPa, 1 MPa and 1.7 MPa and a treatment with tap water was taken as control. Seeds were incubated in a
germination chamber at 24°C for 6 days, with regular supervision.
2.3. Data Collection and Parameters
Seeds were considered germinated when there was a visible coleoptile protrusion of more than 5mm in length
through the seed coat. The germinated seeds were counted at an interval of 12 hours for 6 days.
2.3.1. Germination Percentage (G %)
Percentage of germination was measured according to formula of Ahammad, et al. [6].
Germination percentage = no. of seeds germinated *100
Total no. of seeds used
2.3.2. Mean Germination Time (MGT)
Mean germination time was calculated using formula [7]
MGT = Sum of Dn
Sum n
Where, Dn = the no. of days counted from beginning of germination
n= the no. of different seed lots
2.3.3. Root and Shoot Length
On the seventh day 10 samples from each petridish were taken in random and root length and shoot height of the
sample seeds were measured manually with a ruler.
2.3.4. Relative Water Content (RWC)
Fresh weight of the seeds along with the shoot and root were measured. Then the petridishes with the maize
seedlings were filled with water and kept for 12 hours. After 12 hours the turgid weight of the seeds along with the
shoot and root were measured by removing the extra water of the dish with the help of tissue paper. Then the
seedlings were wrapped in the envelope and kept in hot air oven. The dry weights of shoot and root were determined
after drying at 72°C for 24 h. Following formula was used [8].
RWC% = FW−DW ×100 where, FW, DW and TW are Fresh wt., Dry Wt. and Turgid wt.
TW−DW
2.4. Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis of data was done using computer software RStudio Version 1.1.463 applying 5% level of
significance.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Germination Percentage
Mannitol priming at different concentrations had no effect on G% while, G % decreased with increasing level of
water stress. No significant difference was seen when level of drought was elevated from 0 Mpa to 0.5 Mpa whereas,
sharp decrease in G% was obtained with increasing drought from 0.5 Mpa to 1.7 Mpa. Similar results were obtained
by Elocka [9] in pea where priming treatments with 1%, 2% and 3% mannitol had no significant effect on
germination percentage. Present results are in line with Partheeban, et al. [10] reported that there was a decrease in
germination percentage of three different varieties of maize with increase in the water stress levels. with Jorenush
and Rajabi [11] who reported that germination rate decreased with increasing drought in artichoke where highest
3. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
29
germination rate was found in control treatment and the lowest was zero in highest level of stress induced by 25%
PEG. Ahmad, et al. [12], also reported that drought stress has an inhibitory effect on sunflower seed germination.
According to Ayaz, et al. [13], decrease in seed germination under stress conditions is due to some metabolic
disorders. Germination, in strongly negative water potentials, especially at the beginning of the imbibition could
influence water absorption by the seeds, and this event could reduce the viability of germination process [14].
3.2. Mean Germination Time (MGT)
Primed seeds showed decrease in MGT as compared to control with lowest MGT seen at 2% and 4% of
mannitol with no significant difference between these two concentrations. As concentration of Mannitol was
increased from 6% to 8% significant increase in MGT was observed. Similar results were obtained by Rahman [15]
in mungbean where MGT decreased with mannitol priming @ 2% and 4% and increase in MGT was observed with
increasing concentration of mannitol to 6% and 8%. The finding is also in line with Rahman, et al. [16] who reported
reduced MGT by priming in okra seeds. The reduction in MGT by priming can be explained by the fact that priming
activate and synthesize hydrolytic enzymes e.g. lipases, amylases and proteases which mobilize storage materials in
seed and on rehydration quick emergence take place because all pregerminative processes had already taken place
[17]. According to Pukackas and Ratajczak [18], priming activates antioxidant enzymes which lower the per
oxidation in seed thereby maintaining seed vigour which may result in quick germination. Bray, et al. [5] reported
protein synthesis in seeds whereas Burgass and Powell [19] and Varierf, et al. [17] reported that priming cause repair
of damaged DNA, due to protein synthesis and repair in seed during priming seed become invigorated which result
in reduced MGT. The probable reason for early emergence of the primed seed may be due to the completion of pre-
germination metabolic activities making the seed ready for radicle protrusion and the primed seed germinated soon
after planting compared with untreated dry seed [20]. Yamauchi and Winn [21], indicated that seed priming may
help in dormancy breakdown possibly by embryo development and leaching of emergence inhibitors which resulted
in an earlier start of emergence.
MGT increased gradually with increase in the stress levels. However, no significant differences in MGT at
control and stress level of 0.15 Mpa was observed and MGT increased thereafter with increase in stress levels.
According to Tesche [22], water stress conditions results delay in completion of germination because seeds require
more time to absorb sufficient amount of water, which is vital for the act of initiation of germination. Gul and Allan
[23], also reported that germination time increased to 8 folds in 93 lines of wheat, when water potential of seed was
reduced to -14.4 bars.
Table-2. G%, CVG, MGT, RWC, Root length (RL) and Shoot length (SL) of Maize seeds exposed to different concentrations of priming and
water stresses
Treatments G% MGT RL SL RWC
A.Water Stress
0 Mpa 99.46a 2.56d 9.24a 3.07a 84.95a
0.15 Mpa 99.73a 2.68d 7.40b 2.60a 77.65b
0.5 Mpa 98.73a 3.10c 4.30c 1.12b 78.64b
1.5 Mpa 87.46b 3.73b 2.48d 0.70bc 83.91a
1.7 Mpa 64.26c 5.37a 1.02e 0.55c 87.27a
F-Test *** *** *** *** ***
B. Mannitol
0% 87.46 3.78a 4.94 1.53 83.17
2% 93.6 3.32c 5.17 1.7 81.52
4% 92.8 3.34c 4.91 1.71 83.15
6% 86.4 3.41bc 4.93 1.73 83.12
8% 89.6 3.58ab 4.48 1.36 81.45
F-Test NS ** NS NS NS
Interaction (A*B) NS NS NS NS NS
LSD 7.55 0.65 0.52 0.24 4.29
CV% 11.44 18.06 43.81 9.66 7.09
Grand Mean 89.97 4.89 1.61 3.49 82.48
Means in the column followed by same letter(s) are not significantly different. *** Highly
significant (p≤ 1%), ** Significant (p≤5%) and NS (Non Significant) CV= Coefficient variation,
LSD= Least Significant Difference
3.3. Relative Water Content (RWC)
No significant results were obtained in RWC as seeds were induced to priming. However, RWC decreased as
level of stress increased from 0 Mpa to 0.5 Mpa and again significant increase in RWC was observed with increasing
stress from 0.5 Mpa to 1.7 Mpa. The results are somewhat in contrast with other findings. El-Tayeb [24], reported
that drought caused a decrease in RWC in Vicia faba cultivars. Decrease in RWC with the increasing stress has been
related to low water uptake by germinating seed [25]. Decrease in RWC in drought can be explained by the decrease
in plant vigour [26] increase in cell penetrability and decrease in sustainability [27] and cleavage in the cell
membrane and sedimentation of cytoplasm content observed through microscopic investigations of dehydrated cells
[28].
4. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
30
3.4. Root and Shoot Length (RL and SL)
The root and shoot length were not significantly affected by mannitol priming. Similar result was obtained by
Canak, et al. [29] who reported that effects of priming treatments of maize seeds on root length were insignificant.
However, both the lengths decreased with increasing level of water stress. RL was seen to be more affected by
stress than the SL. RL decreased gradually with increasing stress. Shoot length at control and 0.15 Mpa were not
significantly different while significant decrease was observed with elevated stress from 0.15 to 0.5 and 1.0 Mpa.
Further decrease in SL was obtained as seeds were exposed to higher level of stress of 1.7 Mpa. Similar results were
obtained by Batool, et al. [30]; Achakzai [31]. This decrease in RL and SL can be explained by the fact that water
deficit causes decline in the cellular expansion leading to growth reduction [32]. The cellular elongation process and
the carbohydrates wall synthesis were very susceptible to water deficit [33] and the decrease in growth was a
consequence of the turgescence laying down of those cells [34]. Batool, et al. [30], reported that shoot cells growth
depends upon water availability and when cell was exposed to water shortage as result shoot growth decrease. Takel
[35] reported reduction or non-transfer of nutrients from seed storage tissues to the embryo as one of the causes of
SL reduction in drought stress conditions. In addition, decrease in water absorption by seed under water stress causes
decrease in enzymes and hormones secretion resulting into impaired root and shoot growth. Asghari [36]. Achakzai
[31] explained that the rate of growth of plant cells and the efficiency of their physiological processes are highest
when the cells are at higher turgidity. The turgor pressure of cell in plants subjected to water stress has lower than
the maximum value. Cells are highly sensitive to water stress, because cell expansion is caused by the action of
turgor pressure upon cell walls [37, 38]. They further revealed that even in mild water stress conditions i.e. when
turgor pressure is reduced by only few bars, a significant decrease in growth could be observed.
4. Conclusion
The study indicated that priming with mannitol could improve the speed of germination in maize seeds.
Mannitol @ 2% is found to be best concentration among 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%. The parameters representing the
speed of germination i.e. CVG and MGT were found to be decreasing and increasing respectively with higher
concentrations of mannitol although they showed better results than control. However, the final germination
percentage, RWC, RL and SL remained unaltered. Germination activities reduced with increasing water stress.
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