General charecter of phylum annelid.pptx
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Oligochaetes are hermaphroditic segmented worms that live in terrestrial or freshwater habitats. They have specialized digestive and reproductive systems. There are two main groups, megadriles like earthworms and microdriles that are mostly aquatic. Oligochaetes have 100 to 175 segments and lack eyes but have light-sensitive organs near their ends. They are metamerically segmented with bilateral symmetry, chitinous setae, and closed circulatory and complete digestive systems.
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2. Platy means “flat” and helminth means “worm”
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2. Coelenterata have a radial symmetrical body plan with two tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm) separated by a jelly-like mesoglea. They exist in polyp and medusa forms.
3. Coelenterata are carnivorous, using stinging cells called cnidocytes on their tentacles to capture prey. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
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Invertebrates are animals without backbones and make up a large portion of the animal kingdom. They can be divided into several phyla including porifera (sponges), cnidaria (jellyfish and corals), annelids (earthworms and leeches), molluscs (snails, mussels, octopuses), arthropods (insects, crustaceans, spiders), and echinoderms (starfish and sea urchins). Many invertebrates have an exoskeleton or no skeleton at all, and they display a variety of body forms, life cycles, diets, and habitats both on land and sea.
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The phylum Mollusca includes several classes of soft-bodied animals that often have a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a mantle. The body consists of a head, foot, and visceral mass. Molluscs exhibit a range of habitats from terrestrial to marine. Notable classes include Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and oysters), and Cephalopoda (octopuses, squid, and nautiluses), which have complex nervous systems. Molluscs play important ecological roles and some species are economically significant as food sources or decorations.
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- The coelom provides space for organ development and allows for functions like gas exchange, nutrient transport, waste storage and elimination, and hydrostatic support.
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Amphibians (Vertebrates)
1. Amphibians show variations in temperature sensitivity and shed their skin periodically. They are found throughout the world except Antarctica and Greenland.
2. They have four limbs, loosely attached skin with warts, eyes with lids, tympani behind eyes, and morphology varies by species.
3. Their skin has mucus glands and is permeable. They are cold-blooded, detect low sounds, and communicate using signals. Some camouflage or use bright colors.
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1. The document discusses several animal-like protists including Euglena, Dinoflagellates, Foraminiferans, Apicomplexa, and Ciliophora.
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3. The protists discussed play important ecological roles such as forming sediments, causing harmful algal blooms, and serving as parasites that impact human and animal health.
Metazoa 2
1. Cnidarians are mostly aquatic animals that are mostly marine but some are freshwater. They can be solitary or colonial.
2. They have two main body forms - a sessile polyp form and a free-swimming medusa form. Many species alternate between these forms as part of their life cycle.
3. Cnidarians have stinging cells called nematocysts that help capture prey and defend themselves. Their body is composed of two main layers - an outer ectoderm and inner endoderm, separated by a gelatinous mesoglea.
ZL 121 Lecture 6 Cnidaria_Ctenophora(1)(1).ppt
Phylum Cnidaria includes jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydras and Portuguese man-of-war. They are diploblastic animals with radial symmetry and specialized cells. Many alternate between asexual polyp and sexual medusa stages with polyps attaching to substrates and medusas dispersing gametes. Cnidarians capture prey using stinging nematocysts and may form symbiotic relationships with algae. The four classes are distinguished by their dominant life cycle stage and include hydrozoans, scyphozoans, anthozoans and cubozoans.
Phylum Gastropoda
The document summarizes key aspects of gastropods (snails and slugs):
- Gastropods undergo a process called torsion in development where the visceral mass and mantle cavity twist 180 degrees, positioning organs and openings optimally for protection and function.
- Most gastropod shells coil asymmetrically into a compact form to accommodate internal organs.
- Gastropods use their muscular foot for locomotion and have various feeding, digestive, gas exchange, sensory, excretory and reproductive systems adapted for their habitats.
- With over 35,000 species, gastropods occupy a wide range of marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats and fill important ecological roles.
Poriferans and Placozoans
This document summarizes key characteristics of poriferans (sponges) and placozoans. Sponges have choanocytes that capture food through phagocytosis and lack nerves and true musculature. They have an endoskeleton of mesohyl or spicules and spongin. Placozoans are simple multicellular organisms with two epithelial cell layers, glide using cilia or change shape, and digest food extracellularly. Both groups reproduce asexually through budding or fragmentation and sexually.
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Collaborative research of the phyla and classes (of the chordate, mollusca, arthropod) of the animal kingdom.
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The document summarizes key characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria and its contained classes. It describes their aquatic habitat, body structure with two cell layers and digestive cavity, nervous system, and life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. Specific classes are then outlined, including Hydrozoa like hydras, Scyphomedusae like jellyfish, Anthozoa like sea anemones and corals, and the unique Ctenophora or comb jellies.
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The document discusses the phylum Annelida, which includes segmented worms. It describes three main classes within the phylum - Polychaeta (including marine bristle worms), Oligochaeta (including terrestrial earthworms), and Hirudinea (including leeches). Key characteristics of annelids include a segmented body, closed circulatory system, and sexual reproduction, though some can reproduce asexually. They play an important ecological role in soil and sediment reworking.
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Protoplasmic Theory.pptx
1. Protoplasm is the living substance found within cells that is responsible for carrying out life processes.
2. It is a gel-like material composed of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts.
3. Protoplasm's physical properties are due to the various chemical inclusions suspended within it, which allow it to shift between solid and liquid states.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell.pptx
All living things are made of cells. Organisms can be either unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, made up of many cells. Prokaryotes are unicellular microorganisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, making them generally larger and more complex than prokaryotes.
Compostion and structure of plasma membrane.pptx
The document discusses the structure and functions of plasma membranes. It first describes how membrane models have evolved over time to incorporate new data and defines membranes as a fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins. It then outlines different mechanisms of molecular transport across membranes, including passive diffusion, osmosis, active transport, cotransport, and exocytosis/endocytosis. Specific details covered include how the fluid mosaic model describes membranes, general membrane characteristics like fluidity, and how proteins are integrated into the membrane structure.
Cell transport.pptx
Selective permeability of cell membranes depends on the solubility of molecules in the lipid bilayer and presence of transport proteins. Polar and ionic molecules cannot easily pass through the hydrophobic core of the membrane and require transport proteins. Transport proteins facilitate both passive transport down a concentration gradient and active transport against a gradient using ATP. Some examples of transport proteins are channels, carriers, and pumps like the sodium-potassium pump.
Cell Organnels.ppt
This document describes the structure and function of various cell organelles including the nucleus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, cell wall, and vacuoles. It notes that eukaryotic plant and animal cells contain these organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles. The organelles work together to carry out important functions for the cell like protein synthesis, energy production, transport of materials, photosynthesis, waste disposal, and more.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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General charecter of phylum annelid.pptx
- 14. Class- oligocheata • Hermaphroditic. • Terrestrial or freshwater habitats. • Segmented body. • Specialization in structure of alimentary system. • Specialization in structure of reproductive system. • The oligochaetes consist of two main groups, the megadriles and the microdriles. • The megadriles are often known as earthworms and the microdriles are predominantly aquatic. The body of an oligochaete may have 100 to 175 segments. The mouth is on the first segment and the anus is on the last. Oligochaetes have no eyes, however they do have light- sensitive organs that are concentrated close to both ends of their bodies. • Touch-sensitive organs are also found in these locations.
- 16. General Character • Metamerically segmented. • Bilateral symmetry. • Chitinous setae called parapodia. • Schizocoelic. • Closed circulatory system. • Complete digestive system. • Respiration through skin, gills or parapodia. • Nephridia for excretion. • Hermaphroditic, asexual reproduction in some by budding
- 17. • Polychaetes, or marine worms, live under rocks, in coral crevices, in abandoned shells or burrow into the mud or sand. • Some build their own sheltering tubes made from bottom debris. A significant part of marine food chains, they are eaten by fish, crustaceans and many others. • Polychaetes differ from other annelids in having a well differentiated head with specialized sense organs and no clitellum. They have many setae, usually arranged in bundles on the parapodia. • The head bears eyes, antennae, and sensory palps. The sense organs in polychaetes are more highly developed than in oligochaetes. In contrast to clitellates, polychaetes have no permanent sex organs, possess no permanent ducts for their sex cells and usually have separate sexes. • Some polychaetes are free moving pelagic forms, some are active burrowers and crawlers, and some are sedentary, living in tubes or burrows. Most sedentary dwellers are particle feeders, using ciliary or mucoid methods of obtaining food. Their principal food source is plankton and detritus.