This document discusses gene expression modification to improve post-harvest characteristics of horticultural crops. It begins by introducing some commercial advantages like delaying ripening in tomatoes and preventing spoilage in melons. It then discusses how short shelf life and senescence are major problems for many climacteric fruits. Recent molecular studies have identified genes involved in ripening and senescence pathways. The document outlines the ethylene biosynthesis pathway and different genetic and chemical strategies that have been used to modify gene expression and control ethylene production/response to delay senescence in various crops. It provides examples of using antisense technology, RNAi and mutant analysis in fruits like tomato to interfere with ethylene signaling and control ripening.
Delayed ripening by anurag patel 2889[svpua&t meerut]ANURAG PATEL
This document summarizes research on developing transgenic techniques to delay fruit ripening. It discusses how the plant hormone ethylene initiates ripening and the biochemical changes that occur. Several approaches are described to suppress ethylene production and cell wall degradation through genetic engineering, including inhibiting 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and oxidase, inserting ACC deaminase or SAM hydrolase genes, and using antisense technology against polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase. Delaying ripening could help reduce post-harvest losses and ensure fruit quality. The document provides background on tomato as a model system and potential advantages of transgenic delayed ripening.
Role of Jasmonic acid in plant development and defense responsesshashi bijapure
Jasmonic acid is a plant hormone involved in plant defense and development. It is derived from α-linolenic acid through the octadecanoid pathway. Jasmonic acid regulates processes like photosynthesis, root and shoot growth, seed germination, development, and flowering. It triggers defense responses and is also involved in senescence, tendril coiling, flower development, and leaf abscission. Jasmonic acid induces tuberization in potato, trichome formation in tomato, and affects root growth, flower development, and senescence in plants. Research has shown it can inhibit aflatoxin production by fungi and impact insect pests like the brown planthopper.
Plants have evolved chemical defenses like proteinase inhibitors and toxic compounds to protect themselves from damage. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a key signaling compound that induces these defenses. JA is synthesized from linolenic acid through the octadecanoid pathway. It regulates processes like growth, photosynthesis, and defense. JA signaling involves peptide signals like systemin and leads to both local and systemic responses in plants.
1. The document discusses hormonal crosstalk in plant disease and defense. Plant hormones like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid regulate various defense signaling pathways in interconnected ways.
2. There are two main types of induced resistance - systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR). SAR is triggered by salicylic acid and results in resistance against biotrophs. ISR is triggered by jasmonic acid and ethylene and provides resistance against necrotrophs.
3. The signaling pathways of different hormones interact in complex ways, both synergistically and antagonistically. For example, salicylic acid
ROLE OF JASMONIC ACID IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT &DEFENCE MECHANISMBHU,Varanasi, INDIA
jasmonic acid is a plant immune hormone whicch are imortant for plant defence mechanism and development..its have important role in root growth inhibition,tuber formation,trichome formation ,senescence,flower developmentand increasing arbasculer mycorrhizal activity in root plants,recently it has been reported in various development in rice crop like spikelet development etc.....in defence its play a crucial role against insect and pathogen resistance.Recent insights into the JAs mediated plant defense cascade and better knowledge of key regulation of plant growth and development processes will help us to design future crops with increased biotic stress resistance and better adaptability under changing climate
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological mechanism that leads to post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules. It involves small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are processed by Dicer nuclease and loaded into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which targets and degrades messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The mechanism of RNAi involves dsRNA being cleaved by Dicer into siRNAs which are incorporated into RISC and used as a guide to degrade complementary mRNAs. RNAi has various applications in crop improvement traits like enhanced shelf life, male sterility/fertility, biofortification, aller
The document discusses how plant hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellin, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, and ethylene play important roles in plant defense responses against pathogens through complex signaling crosstalk networks. These hormones activate different defense pathways in response to biotrophic versus necrotrophic pathogens. Pathogens have also evolved mechanisms to manipulate the plant hormone pathways to facilitate infection.
Delayed ripening by anurag patel 2889[svpua&t meerut]ANURAG PATEL
This document summarizes research on developing transgenic techniques to delay fruit ripening. It discusses how the plant hormone ethylene initiates ripening and the biochemical changes that occur. Several approaches are described to suppress ethylene production and cell wall degradation through genetic engineering, including inhibiting 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and oxidase, inserting ACC deaminase or SAM hydrolase genes, and using antisense technology against polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase. Delaying ripening could help reduce post-harvest losses and ensure fruit quality. The document provides background on tomato as a model system and potential advantages of transgenic delayed ripening.
Role of Jasmonic acid in plant development and defense responsesshashi bijapure
Jasmonic acid is a plant hormone involved in plant defense and development. It is derived from α-linolenic acid through the octadecanoid pathway. Jasmonic acid regulates processes like photosynthesis, root and shoot growth, seed germination, development, and flowering. It triggers defense responses and is also involved in senescence, tendril coiling, flower development, and leaf abscission. Jasmonic acid induces tuberization in potato, trichome formation in tomato, and affects root growth, flower development, and senescence in plants. Research has shown it can inhibit aflatoxin production by fungi and impact insect pests like the brown planthopper.
Plants have evolved chemical defenses like proteinase inhibitors and toxic compounds to protect themselves from damage. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a key signaling compound that induces these defenses. JA is synthesized from linolenic acid through the octadecanoid pathway. It regulates processes like growth, photosynthesis, and defense. JA signaling involves peptide signals like systemin and leads to both local and systemic responses in plants.
1. The document discusses hormonal crosstalk in plant disease and defense. Plant hormones like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid regulate various defense signaling pathways in interconnected ways.
2. There are two main types of induced resistance - systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR). SAR is triggered by salicylic acid and results in resistance against biotrophs. ISR is triggered by jasmonic acid and ethylene and provides resistance against necrotrophs.
3. The signaling pathways of different hormones interact in complex ways, both synergistically and antagonistically. For example, salicylic acid
ROLE OF JASMONIC ACID IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT &DEFENCE MECHANISMBHU,Varanasi, INDIA
jasmonic acid is a plant immune hormone whicch are imortant for plant defence mechanism and development..its have important role in root growth inhibition,tuber formation,trichome formation ,senescence,flower developmentand increasing arbasculer mycorrhizal activity in root plants,recently it has been reported in various development in rice crop like spikelet development etc.....in defence its play a crucial role against insect and pathogen resistance.Recent insights into the JAs mediated plant defense cascade and better knowledge of key regulation of plant growth and development processes will help us to design future crops with increased biotic stress resistance and better adaptability under changing climate
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological mechanism that leads to post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules. It involves small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are processed by Dicer nuclease and loaded into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which targets and degrades messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The mechanism of RNAi involves dsRNA being cleaved by Dicer into siRNAs which are incorporated into RISC and used as a guide to degrade complementary mRNAs. RNAi has various applications in crop improvement traits like enhanced shelf life, male sterility/fertility, biofortification, aller
The document discusses how plant hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellin, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, and ethylene play important roles in plant defense responses against pathogens through complex signaling crosstalk networks. These hormones activate different defense pathways in response to biotrophic versus necrotrophic pathogens. Pathogens have also evolved mechanisms to manipulate the plant hormone pathways to facilitate infection.
1) The study tested the effects of different concentrations of the plant hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin on root border cell production in cucumber, tomato, and lettuce seeds.
2) The results showed that IAA and kinetin stimulated increased border cell production in all three crops, but the response varied between crops and hormone concentrations.
3) Cucumber production was highest at 0.1 μM for both hormones. Tomato increased at 10 μM kinetin. Lettuce increased at 0.01 μM kinetin and 10 μM IAA.
4) DNA was successfully extracted from the border cells and amplified by PCR, demonstrating their potential as a simple research tool.
Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis - In vitro mutant selection for bioti...Jyoti Prakash Sahoo
1. Direct embryogenesis
In direct somatic embryogenesis, the embryo is formed directly from a cell or small group of cells without the production of an intervening callus.
2. Indirect embryogenesis
In indirect somatic embryogenesis, callus is first produced from the explant.
Embryos can then be produced from the callus tissue or from a cell suspension produced from that callus.
This document summarizes a presentation on genetically modified crops and genomic research. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then provides a brief history and discusses techniques used such as gene guns. Advantages of GM crops include insect and herbicide resistance while risks include impacts on the environment and health. The document also discusses specific GM crops like golden rice, Flavr Savr tomato, and Bt cotton. It concludes by describing genomic research, including structural and functional genomics as well as applications to rice improvement through techniques like QTL mapping and genome sequencing.
Tissue specificity of phenyl proponoids prakashsp13
The document discusses phenylpropanoids (PPs), a class of plant secondary metabolites that are produced in response to stress. PPs have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They are found in many foods and medicines. The document outlines several specific PPs (resveratrol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid) and their roles in protecting plants from pathogens and modulating human cell and molecular processes. PPs have potential applications as antioxidants, anticancer agents, and treatments for other diseases due to these protective properties.
Plant epigenetic memory in plant growth behavior and stress response. Sally M...CIAT
Speaker: Sally Mackenzie, Lloyd and Dottie Huck Chair for Functional Genomics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University. Fellow in the American Society of Plant Biologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Event: Robert D. Havener Seminar on “Innovations for Crop Productivity”.
http://ciat.cgiar.org/event/robert-d-havener-seminar-on-innovations-for-crop-productivity/
This document summarizes several genes and proteins of interest in entomological research, including Bt Cry toxins, plant metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, plant lectins, insect hormones, and genes involved in insect sex determination and development. It also discusses juvenile hormone and its role in insect metamorphosis, as well as neuropeptides and their functions in insect behavior, physiology, and homeostasis. Finally, it covers protease inhibitors from plants that play a role in insect control by inhibiting insect digestive enzymes.
During III semester of Ph.D. program, I presented on a topic- Signal Transduction – Salicylic Acid Pathway. The Salicylic acid plays the role in induction of flowering, in disease resistance (HR, SAR activation). In this presentation, I have tried to explain complex pathway of salicylic acid production during the signal tranduction.
Physiological and molecular basis of drought tolerance in riceAlex Harley
This document summarizes a seminar on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in rice. It discusses mechanisms such as osmoregulation through proline accumulation, antioxidant systems like ascorbate-glutathione pathways, and signaling molecules like ABA. It also describes quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to drought tolerance that have been identified, including qDTY12.1. Finally, it discusses transgenic approaches to improving drought tolerance by overexpressing genes involved in traits like root growth, osmoprotectant synthesis, and transcription factor regulation.
This document summarizes various systemic signals in plant defense. It discusses how systemic acquired resistance (SAR) enhances long-lasting protection against pathogens through the vasculature and chromatin modification. Key mobile signals discussed include methyl salicylate, jasmonates, azelaic acid, and terpenoids like dehydroabietinal. These signals help activate SAR and are translocated through the plant to induce defenses in distant tissues. The document also mentions how damaged plants release volatile compounds to induce defenses in neighboring plants and communicate between members of the same species.
Understanding Methylation, Gene Regulation and the MethylDetox ProfileCell Science Systems
This exciting educational presentation shines light on the methylation cycle and discusses the role of nutrients as a clinical strategy. This event will be in a round table format including in-studio discussion surrounding the topics presented. In this round-table, Dino Celeda, Ph.D is accompanied by Amy Pieczarka, RD, LDN, CCN, CDE and Andrew Campbell, M.D.
Key Topics covered during this presentation:
• Learn about methylation and methylation potential
• Discover how methylation potential is correlated with neurotransmitter balance
• Learn the significance of the methionine and homocysteine ratio
• See how the MTHFR gene affects homocysteine balance
• Understand patient methylation with the Methyl Detox Profile
Gene rehulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotesSuresh Antre
Gene regulation drives the processes of cellular differentiation and morphogenesis, leading to the creation of different cell types in multicellular organisms where the different types of cells may possess different gene expression profile.
The jaz family of repressors is the missingkihyeshin
This study identifies JAI3, a member of the JAZ family of proteins, as a link between jasmonate perception and transcriptional regulation in the jasmonate signaling pathway. The study shows that JAI3 interacts with both COI1 and AtMYC2, a transcription factor. In the absence of jasmonate, JAI3 interacts with COI1 and AtMYC2 to keep AtMYC2 inactive. Upon jasmonate perception, SCFCOI1 promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of JAI3 by the 26S proteasome, releasing AtMYC2 to activate jasmonate-responsive genes. This identifies JAI3 as a key repressor
Metabolic engineering involves redirecting enzymatic reactions in an organism to produce new compounds or improve existing ones. It focuses on intermediates or products like starch, vitamins, amino acids. Successful approaches introduce new pathways, like producing provitamin A in rice. Rate-limiting steps and multi-level modifications are important. Unexpected results can occur. Commercialization requires safety characterization. Goals include overproducing desired compounds, underproducing unwanted ones, and novel compounds. Engineering targets pathways for carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, alkaloids, terpenoids and more. Important examples include high-lysine plants, nutritionally-improved cottonseed oil, and Golden Rice which produces beta-carotene in rice
Event Details
This webinar will introduce the Advanced MethylDetox Profile, discuss the scientific underpinnings of methylation and detoxifications, and explain how this test can benefit your patients. Our speakers have a diverse range of backgrounds from research to clinical practice.
Key Learning Points
-Discover the critical genes in the methylation pathway
-Understand each gene’s role in patient methylation function
-See how the MethylDetox Profile can be used clinically
-Learn how to monitor treatment progress
Regulated gene expression is required for adaptation, differentiation, and development in organisms. In prokaryotes, genes involved in metabolic pathways are often arranged in operons, where a single regulatory region controls multiple structural genes. The lac operon in E. coli regulates genes for lactose metabolism. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor binds the operator region and prevents transcription. When lactose is present, it binds the repressor and induces a conformational change that reduces its affinity for DNA, allowing transcription. This is an example of negative regulation through repression and derepression.
This summary analyzes the mRNA expression levels of the Gmhsp17.6-L gene in soybean genotypes that are resistant or susceptible to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Previous research identified a microsatellite marker, 176 Soy HSP, that strongly correlates with resistance to M. javanica. Sequencing of this marker revealed similarity to the promoter region of the Gmhsp17.6-L gene. The study examines levels of Gmhsp17.6-L mRNA transcripts in resistant and susceptible genotypes using ribonuclease protection assay and quantitative PCR. Results indicate higher mRNA levels in resistant genotypes, which had larger AT(n) insertions in the Gmhsp17
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Fomitopsis feei, a brown rot fungus is identified tentatively using morphological characteristics and confirmed phylogenetically by 28S rDNA analysis and sequence was submitted in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Its growth pattern was studied on eight different solid media and found to be good on Malt extract agar medium. Biomolecules such as proteins and lipid were screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively. Aminoacid analysis by chromatography and fatty acid analysis by FAME were also done and revealed that tryptophan (20.53%), valine (20.51%) and cis-linoleic acid (43.38%) and palmetic acid (17.88%) were in high percentage.
Key words : Fomitopsis feei, growth, molecular identification and biomolecules
Its about how fruit ripening occurs and how we can manipulate ripening process by using biotechnology to delay ripening and to reduce postharvest losses
1. The document describes a study that used Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) by sequencing to identify mutations in candidate genes involved in flowering time and plant architecture in mung bean.
2. The researchers generated a TILLING population by treating mung bean seeds with the mutagen EMS. They then identified 10 mutations across 5 candidate genes (GIGANTEA, RAMOSUS, CONSTANS, LEAFY, and TERMINAL FLOWERING 1b) using Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics.
3. The mutations were analyzed in silico and some were predicted to have damaging effects on protein function. Selected mutants were then validated using Sanger sequencing.
1) The study tested the effects of different concentrations of the plant hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin on root border cell production in cucumber, tomato, and lettuce seeds.
2) The results showed that IAA and kinetin stimulated increased border cell production in all three crops, but the response varied between crops and hormone concentrations.
3) Cucumber production was highest at 0.1 μM for both hormones. Tomato increased at 10 μM kinetin. Lettuce increased at 0.01 μM kinetin and 10 μM IAA.
4) DNA was successfully extracted from the border cells and amplified by PCR, demonstrating their potential as a simple research tool.
Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis - In vitro mutant selection for bioti...Jyoti Prakash Sahoo
1. Direct embryogenesis
In direct somatic embryogenesis, the embryo is formed directly from a cell or small group of cells without the production of an intervening callus.
2. Indirect embryogenesis
In indirect somatic embryogenesis, callus is first produced from the explant.
Embryos can then be produced from the callus tissue or from a cell suspension produced from that callus.
This document summarizes a presentation on genetically modified crops and genomic research. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then provides a brief history and discusses techniques used such as gene guns. Advantages of GM crops include insect and herbicide resistance while risks include impacts on the environment and health. The document also discusses specific GM crops like golden rice, Flavr Savr tomato, and Bt cotton. It concludes by describing genomic research, including structural and functional genomics as well as applications to rice improvement through techniques like QTL mapping and genome sequencing.
Tissue specificity of phenyl proponoids prakashsp13
The document discusses phenylpropanoids (PPs), a class of plant secondary metabolites that are produced in response to stress. PPs have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They are found in many foods and medicines. The document outlines several specific PPs (resveratrol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid) and their roles in protecting plants from pathogens and modulating human cell and molecular processes. PPs have potential applications as antioxidants, anticancer agents, and treatments for other diseases due to these protective properties.
Plant epigenetic memory in plant growth behavior and stress response. Sally M...CIAT
Speaker: Sally Mackenzie, Lloyd and Dottie Huck Chair for Functional Genomics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University. Fellow in the American Society of Plant Biologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Event: Robert D. Havener Seminar on “Innovations for Crop Productivity”.
http://ciat.cgiar.org/event/robert-d-havener-seminar-on-innovations-for-crop-productivity/
This document summarizes several genes and proteins of interest in entomological research, including Bt Cry toxins, plant metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, plant lectins, insect hormones, and genes involved in insect sex determination and development. It also discusses juvenile hormone and its role in insect metamorphosis, as well as neuropeptides and their functions in insect behavior, physiology, and homeostasis. Finally, it covers protease inhibitors from plants that play a role in insect control by inhibiting insect digestive enzymes.
During III semester of Ph.D. program, I presented on a topic- Signal Transduction – Salicylic Acid Pathway. The Salicylic acid plays the role in induction of flowering, in disease resistance (HR, SAR activation). In this presentation, I have tried to explain complex pathway of salicylic acid production during the signal tranduction.
Physiological and molecular basis of drought tolerance in riceAlex Harley
This document summarizes a seminar on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in rice. It discusses mechanisms such as osmoregulation through proline accumulation, antioxidant systems like ascorbate-glutathione pathways, and signaling molecules like ABA. It also describes quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to drought tolerance that have been identified, including qDTY12.1. Finally, it discusses transgenic approaches to improving drought tolerance by overexpressing genes involved in traits like root growth, osmoprotectant synthesis, and transcription factor regulation.
This document summarizes various systemic signals in plant defense. It discusses how systemic acquired resistance (SAR) enhances long-lasting protection against pathogens through the vasculature and chromatin modification. Key mobile signals discussed include methyl salicylate, jasmonates, azelaic acid, and terpenoids like dehydroabietinal. These signals help activate SAR and are translocated through the plant to induce defenses in distant tissues. The document also mentions how damaged plants release volatile compounds to induce defenses in neighboring plants and communicate between members of the same species.
Understanding Methylation, Gene Regulation and the MethylDetox ProfileCell Science Systems
This exciting educational presentation shines light on the methylation cycle and discusses the role of nutrients as a clinical strategy. This event will be in a round table format including in-studio discussion surrounding the topics presented. In this round-table, Dino Celeda, Ph.D is accompanied by Amy Pieczarka, RD, LDN, CCN, CDE and Andrew Campbell, M.D.
Key Topics covered during this presentation:
• Learn about methylation and methylation potential
• Discover how methylation potential is correlated with neurotransmitter balance
• Learn the significance of the methionine and homocysteine ratio
• See how the MTHFR gene affects homocysteine balance
• Understand patient methylation with the Methyl Detox Profile
Gene rehulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotesSuresh Antre
Gene regulation drives the processes of cellular differentiation and morphogenesis, leading to the creation of different cell types in multicellular organisms where the different types of cells may possess different gene expression profile.
The jaz family of repressors is the missingkihyeshin
This study identifies JAI3, a member of the JAZ family of proteins, as a link between jasmonate perception and transcriptional regulation in the jasmonate signaling pathway. The study shows that JAI3 interacts with both COI1 and AtMYC2, a transcription factor. In the absence of jasmonate, JAI3 interacts with COI1 and AtMYC2 to keep AtMYC2 inactive. Upon jasmonate perception, SCFCOI1 promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of JAI3 by the 26S proteasome, releasing AtMYC2 to activate jasmonate-responsive genes. This identifies JAI3 as a key repressor
Metabolic engineering involves redirecting enzymatic reactions in an organism to produce new compounds or improve existing ones. It focuses on intermediates or products like starch, vitamins, amino acids. Successful approaches introduce new pathways, like producing provitamin A in rice. Rate-limiting steps and multi-level modifications are important. Unexpected results can occur. Commercialization requires safety characterization. Goals include overproducing desired compounds, underproducing unwanted ones, and novel compounds. Engineering targets pathways for carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, alkaloids, terpenoids and more. Important examples include high-lysine plants, nutritionally-improved cottonseed oil, and Golden Rice which produces beta-carotene in rice
Event Details
This webinar will introduce the Advanced MethylDetox Profile, discuss the scientific underpinnings of methylation and detoxifications, and explain how this test can benefit your patients. Our speakers have a diverse range of backgrounds from research to clinical practice.
Key Learning Points
-Discover the critical genes in the methylation pathway
-Understand each gene’s role in patient methylation function
-See how the MethylDetox Profile can be used clinically
-Learn how to monitor treatment progress
Regulated gene expression is required for adaptation, differentiation, and development in organisms. In prokaryotes, genes involved in metabolic pathways are often arranged in operons, where a single regulatory region controls multiple structural genes. The lac operon in E. coli regulates genes for lactose metabolism. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor binds the operator region and prevents transcription. When lactose is present, it binds the repressor and induces a conformational change that reduces its affinity for DNA, allowing transcription. This is an example of negative regulation through repression and derepression.
This summary analyzes the mRNA expression levels of the Gmhsp17.6-L gene in soybean genotypes that are resistant or susceptible to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Previous research identified a microsatellite marker, 176 Soy HSP, that strongly correlates with resistance to M. javanica. Sequencing of this marker revealed similarity to the promoter region of the Gmhsp17.6-L gene. The study examines levels of Gmhsp17.6-L mRNA transcripts in resistant and susceptible genotypes using ribonuclease protection assay and quantitative PCR. Results indicate higher mRNA levels in resistant genotypes, which had larger AT(n) insertions in the Gmhsp17
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Fomitopsis feei, a brown rot fungus is identified tentatively using morphological characteristics and confirmed phylogenetically by 28S rDNA analysis and sequence was submitted in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Its growth pattern was studied on eight different solid media and found to be good on Malt extract agar medium. Biomolecules such as proteins and lipid were screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively. Aminoacid analysis by chromatography and fatty acid analysis by FAME were also done and revealed that tryptophan (20.53%), valine (20.51%) and cis-linoleic acid (43.38%) and palmetic acid (17.88%) were in high percentage.
Key words : Fomitopsis feei, growth, molecular identification and biomolecules
Its about how fruit ripening occurs and how we can manipulate ripening process by using biotechnology to delay ripening and to reduce postharvest losses
1. The document describes a study that used Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) by sequencing to identify mutations in candidate genes involved in flowering time and plant architecture in mung bean.
2. The researchers generated a TILLING population by treating mung bean seeds with the mutagen EMS. They then identified 10 mutations across 5 candidate genes (GIGANTEA, RAMOSUS, CONSTANS, LEAFY, and TERMINAL FLOWERING 1b) using Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics.
3. The mutations were analyzed in silico and some were predicted to have damaging effects on protein function. Selected mutants were then validated using Sanger sequencing.
Antisense RNA technology involves introducing short oligonucleotides that are complementary to a target gene's mRNA, interrupting normal gene expression. This can partially or fully suppress protein production from the gene. Antisense RNA works by binding to the target mRNA, preventing translation into protein via mechanisms like RNaseH degradation. It has applications in cancer treatment, fruit ripening control in agriculture, and drug development by the pharmaceutical industry. Challenges include rapid degradation of antisense oligonucleotides inside cells, but chemical modifications now help overcome this. Antisense therapy is emerging as a potential tool for gene therapy and treatment of various diseases.
Inhibition of ζ carotene desaturase gene in chiliVaibhav Maurya
This document outlines a research project aiming to inhibit the expression of the ζ-carotene desaturase gene in capsicum annuum (chili peppers). The objectives are to study the functional role of this gene in chili and its effects on other genes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. The project involves three phases: 1) transforming chili plants to insert an antisense version of the target gene, 2) analyzing gene expression levels using real-time PCR, and 3) profiling metabolites using GC-MS to compare levels in transgenic versus wild-type plants. The goal is to better understand the role of the ζ-carotene desaturase gene and effects of its inhibition on carotenoid biosynthesis in
This document discusses RNA interference (RNAi) and its applications in biotechnology. It explains that RNAi is a process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by targeting mRNA. It has been used as a gene knockdown technology in various organisms. Examples are given of using RNAi to increase tomato shelf life by silencing genes involved in ripening, creating male sterility in tobacco and tomato, increasing wheat amylose content, and enhancing bacterial disease resistance in plants. The document concludes by listing several references on RNAi applications for controlling insect pests, studying virus-vector interactions, and improving plant nutrition and metabolic engineering.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Post genomic tools for genetic enhancement of germplasmVishu1234567
This document discusses how post-genomic tools like transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics can be used for genetic enhancement of germplasm. It provides an introduction to each omics technique, examples of technologies used, and applications in understanding biological processes and identifying genes/proteins involved in traits. The conclusion states that omics expression analysis of germplasm will help characterize genome function and restore traits from wild varieties, aiding development of more sustainable crop varieties.
— The diseases caused by bipartite Begomoviruses have emerged as overwhelming problem in various cropping systems of Pakistan. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance in mungbean to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. In this work, resistance to MYMV infection was induced in mungbean plants by activating the Salicylic acid (SA) pathway using SA and Benzothiadiazole (BTH) as treatments. The resistance was characterized by evaluating symptom appearance and virus titter through ELISA. Elicitors i.e., SA and BTH were applied at different concentrations to enhance the innate resistance of mungbean by the induction of defense related compounds. All treatments were helpful in reducing plant infection but the most effective treatment was the combination of SA@5mM and BTH@150mg/L as compared to virus inoculated control. Three weeks analysis showed peak accumulation of defense related enzymatic antioxidants and phenols in the mungbean leaves treated with SA and BTH. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in elicitor treated plants followed by inoculation with MYMV. As the resistance increased due to the application of SA & BTH the enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were also increased during second week after application of elicitors. This study revealed that SA and BTH are potential source for management of MYMV by enhancing the level of protection through induction of systemic acquired resistance.
Antibacterial activity of Isolated Phytochemicalsmaninder1991
This document discusses the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals isolated from various plants. It begins by defining phytochemicals as biologically active chemical compounds found naturally in plants. It then describes different types of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenes. The document examines the antibacterial mechanisms and activity of phytochemicals from several plants against pathogens. It finds that phytochemicals inhibit microbes through various mechanisms like disrupting membranes and inhibiting energy metabolism. The phytochemicals from plants like garlic, citrus, peppermint, and moringa show activity against bacteria like MRSA and E. coli. The document concludes that optimizing these compounds
Genomic, transcriptomic & proteomics approaches to - Copy.pptxPudhuvai Baveesh
This document discusses using genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic approaches to improve drought tolerance in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum.L). It identifies several genes involved in drought response pathways like signal perception, transcriptional control, and ion homeostasis. The document outlines a study to subject poppy plants to artificial drought, analyze relative water content and proline levels, perform transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to identify responsive genes and proteins, and validate targets using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. The overall goal is to identify mechanisms of drought tolerance at the gene and protein level to breed more drought-resistant poppy varieties.
Gene silencing techniques for crop improvementJhilickBanerjee
Gene silencing is a technique that aims to reduce or eliminate the production of a protein from its corresponding gene. Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell.
Gene silencing can occur during either transcription or translation.
Gene silencing is often considered as “Gene knockdown’ i.e their expression is reduced. In contrast , when genes are knocked out they are completely erased from the organism’s genome and thus have no expression.
Methods used to silence genes include RNAi, CRISPR or siRNA, these reduce the expression of the gene by 70% but do not completely eliminate it.
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1. Gene expression modification for post-harvest
improvement on horticultural crops
By: FZ.amirmohammadi
May 2017
Post harvest
Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Iran
Faculty of Agriculture Engineering
2. Introduction
commercial advantages: tomatoes (do not ripen too quickly) melons ( do not spoil
soon after arriving) .
Fruits are one of the major sources of vitamins, essential nutrients, antioxidants
and fibers in human diet.
Short post-harvest shelf life and Senescence is one of the major horticultural
problems of many climacteric fruit (e.g. apple, avocado, banana, mango, peach,
pear etc.)
greatly affects the consumer preference and export of fresh fruits.
The main challenges to producers of fruit species continue to be how to arrest and
deliver to market the desirable color, taste, aroma and texture attributes of ripe
fruit and delaying the negative consequences of over-ripening.
In recent years molecular biological approaches have been utilized to identify
genes that may be involved in the initiation and regulation of the senescence
program.
The identification and characterization of ripening and senescence-related genes
has begun to provide us with an understanding of the process of senescence.
senescence, a process that limits yield, nutritional value, and marketability of
many crops, will lead to ways of manipulating senescence for agricultural
applications.
3. System ISystem I,II
Increased respiration.
Chlorophyll
degradation.
Biosynthesis of
carotenoids,
anthocyanins
essential oils
Flavor and aroma
Components
Increased activity of cell
wall-degrading enzymes
What are this changes?
Classification of fruits: Based on
their respiratory pattern and
ethylene biosynthesis during
ripening.
4. •Regulation of Ripening and biosynthesis ethylene
control
O2,CO2,temperatuA,
MCA)
Avoiding
stress,Oxidaition
Chemical adsorbtion
Biosynthesis pathway
inhibition
Perception receptor
inhibition (1-mcp)
Environment control
Transgenic-induse
tolerance
(viruse-agrobacterium)
Insensetive mutant
Gene silencing
Antisense
Mirna
RNAi
control strategis
Genetic strategies
Chemical strategies
Ethylene control strategies Genetic
Antisense gene silencing
Virus-induced gene silencin
Insensitive mutants
Transgene-induced toleranceVentilation
Biosynthesis pathway inhbition
Reception receptor inhibition Ethylen
Nanotechnology for ethylene control(Recent
results on the use of nanotechnology sensu
latofor cut flower vase life improvement)
5. plant development, growth and
survival.
seeds germination, flower and fruit
development,defense mechanisms,
fruit ripening in climacteric fruits.
regulates all physiological processes,
stress response biotic and abiotic.
Very simple molecule
A gas
An important chemical feedstock
A natural plant hormone
Ethylene is biologically active at very low
concentrations of around 0.01 to 1.0 part per
million (ppm).
6. •SAM =S- Adenosylmethionine
ACC =Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid system 1
• ACC synthase
(ACS)
SAM
• ACC oxidase
• (ACO) or (EFE)
•
ACC
• Oxidation
products
C2H2
• Ethylene
receptors
Signal
transduction
At the onset of fruit
ripening , expression
of multiple ACC
synthase genes are
activated
Mechanism of RipeningPathway of ethylene
Biosynthesis and Metabolism
Responses
Fruit ripening Defense signaled
geneexpression
SAM synthetase
Antisense ACO
CO supppression
ACO
Mu(etr1)Ov ACC deaminize.
Expression of bacterial .
Antisense ACSCH
3
MACC
*
*
*
8. System 1 transition System2
SAM ACC C2H4 Perception
ACOACS
LeACS4
LeACS6
LeACS1A
LeACS2
Developmentally
regulated
Positive regulation –
steep increase in
ethylene production
Nr
ev+
rin
Model proposing the differential regulation
of ACS gene expression during the transition
from system 1 to system 2 ethylene
synthesis in tomato. The symbols ±ve
(negative) and +ve (positive) refer to the
action of ethylene on signalling pathways
resulting in repression (±ve) or stimulation
(+ve) of ACS gene expression.
eight ACS genes have been
identi®ed tomato(LEACS1A,
LEACS1B and LEACS2-7),
LEACS1A
auto-inhibitory
Negative feedback
auto-stimulatory
positive feedback
MdACS1*
silencing
9. • 1-down-regulation of ACO in otherflower species such as begonia and torenia
• down-regulation of the ACS gene in carnation also reduced ethylene production.
• Use of antisense sequences in petunia for ACO and ACS, derived heterologously from
broccoli, also delayed floral senescence
• 2-receptor inhibition
• Dianthus Campanula, Kalanchoe (Other genes in the ethylene signalling pathway such
as EIN2, whichis down-stream of the receptor, have also been down-regulated
inornamental species such as petunia resultingin delayed senescence.
•تبدیل از ممانعتACCژن بیان میزان کاهش با اتیلن بهACCمنجر سنس آنتی تکنیک از استفاده اکسیدازبابه
شد میخک بریده شاخه گلهای ماندگاری افزایش.
•زن بیان کاهش طریق از گل های بافت در پیری های فرایند تاخیرEIN2در سنس آنتی تکنیک از استفاده با
شد گزارش اطلسی و توتون گیاهان.
• in cut flowers (Changes in gene expression)
10. Tomato is a good model system to investigate the mechanistic basis of fruit
ripening
diploid genetics, a range of well-characterized single gene mutants [available from the Tomato
Genomic Resource Center (TGRC)],
recombinant inbred lines (RILs; Eshed and Zamir, 1994),
and mapping populations and an excellent and well-annotated genome sequence (Tomato
Genome Consortium, 2012)
it is easily transformed, and mechanistic hypotheses can be tested using stable transgenic lines or
by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) .
Several databases are available for exploring genome and expressed sequence tag (EST)
sequences (Sol Genomics Network; Bombarely et al.,2011) and for gene expression analysis
(Tomato Expression Database; Fei et al., 2006)
Along with tomato, the sequencing of numerous fleshy fruit genomes including papaya (Ming et
al., 2008), strawberry (Shulaev et al., 2011), grape (Jaillon et al., 2007), apple
(Velasco et al., 2010), cucumber (Huang et al., 2009), cacao (Argout et al., 2011), banana
(D’Hont et al., 2012), melon (Garcia-Mas et al., 2012), kiwifruit (S. Huang et al., 2013)
pear (Wu et al., 2013), sweet orange (Q. Xu et al., 2013), watermelon (Y. Xu et al., 2013), and
pepper (Kim et al., 2014) has now provided the tools to reveal the underlying mechanisms
governing fruit development and ripening.
11. Several mutations that
affect ethylene
perception and
signaling interfere with
fruit ripening.
Receptor
CTR
Air or
Ethylene
Wild type
Green-ripe
Never-ripe
Never-ripe2
Ethylene perception mutants interfere with
ripening
12. Summary of ethylene synthesis and signaling
Ethylene Biosynthesis
SAM
ACC
C2H4
ACS
ACO
ETR1 and others
Ethylene Signaling CTR1
EIN2
EIN3, EILs
ERF1 and ERFs
ETP1 and ETP2
RTE/GR
EBF1 and EBF2
ethylene receptor
transcription factor
transductional cascade
ethylene responseive gene
LeETR1
LeETR2
NR
LeETR4
LeETR5
LeETR6
CTR1
TCTR2
ER50
13.
14. ETR1
histidine kinase receiverGAF
ethylene
binding
All ethylene receptors have a sensor domain that
can be subdivided into a transmembrane domain
and a GAF domain, a histidine kinasedomain and
a response domain. The binding of ethylene to the
receptor is mediated by a copper cofactor.CTR1, a
protein kinase with homology to the Raf family.
ERS2
NH2
There are three transmembrane segments
in the ethylene binding domain of ETR1
(four in subfamily II receptors)
What type of receptor is the ethylene
receptor?(negative regulate)
Arabidopsis
ethylene
receptor familyII
ERS1 ETR1
EIN4 ETR2
hydrophobic,
3alfahelix
15. The involvement of ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor (TF) in the
transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis genes during fruit ripening remains
largely unclear. In this study, 15 ERF genes, designated as MaERF1–MaERF15, were
isolated.
16. What does the ethylene-signaling pathway look like?
2
3
1
protolithic release transcriptional cascade
Activate the CTR1 protein kinase
4
17.
18. Antisense RNA is a single-stranded RNA that is complementary
to a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand transcribed within a cell.
They are introduced in a cell to inhibit the translation machinery
by base pairing with the sense RNA and activating the RNase H,
to develop a particular novel transgenic.
mRNA sequence(sense) AUGAAACCCGUG
Antisense RNA UACUUUGGGCAC
What is antisense RNA??
20. The intended effect of the both technique is same but the
processing is a little bit different in both.
Antisense technology degrade the mRNA by RNaseH while RNAi
employed enzyme Dicer for degradation.
RNAi are twice larger than antisense oligonucleotide.
How it Differ from RNAi ??
22. Delayed ripening and improved fruit processing quality in
tomato by RNAi-mediated silencing of three homologs of 1-
aminopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene
23. The phytohormone ethylene (ET) is a crucial signaling
molecule that induces the biosynthesis of shikonin
r, positive regulators
function of LeACS1, a key gene encoding the 1-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase for ET
biosynthesis in L. erythrorhizon hairy roots,
using overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi)
strategies.
The results showed that overexpression of LeACS-1
significantly increased endogenous ET concentration and
shikonin production, consistent with the up-regulated genes
involved in ET biosynthesis and transduction,
Transgenic analysis reveals LeACS-1 as a positive regulator of
ethylene-induced shikonin biosynthesis in Lithospermum
erythrorhizon hairy roots
24. Fig. Polymorphism comparison between the typical high-yield shikonin line AO-
30 (a) and low-yield shikonin line
Ai-4 (b). c Pearson correlation analysis between ET
concentration (Supplementary Fig. S7a) and shikonin
production (Supplementary Fig. S7b) of different hairy root
lines. Scatter diagram showing a significant positive linear
relationship between these two indexes (r = 0.9498; P0.001)
26. • The yellow-fruited tomato 1 (yft1) mutant has
altered fruit carotenoid accumulation and reduced
ethylene production as a result of a genetic lesion
in ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2(Tomato Research
Institute).
27. Repression of either MaMADS1 or MaMADS2, results in delayed ethylene synthesis and maturation,
though the fruit ripen normally when treated with ethylene. Banana fruits of control and MaMADS1 or
MaMADS2 repressed transgenic plants. Individual banana fruit are presented from each of the transgenic
antisense MaMADS2 and RNAi MaMADS2 and from control plants, and whole hands from RNAi
MaMADS1 and control plants. Fruits of the first and second hands were placed at 20oC and photographed
at 20 DAH and 26 DAH.
28. Molecular analysis of softening
and ethylene synthesis and
signaling pathways in a non-
softening apple cultivar,
‘Honeycrisp’ and a rapidly
softening cultivar,‘McIntosh’.
30. Expression of An Antisense Brassica oleracea GIGANTEA (BoGI)
Gene in Transgenic Broccoli Causes Delayed Flowering, Leaf Senescence, and
Post-Harvest Yellowing Retardation.
31. • Identifying and silencing tomato ripening genes with antisense genes
Figure : Knockout of the fruit-ripening-
specific
PG mRNA in transgenic plants using a half-
length antisense mRNA sequence under
control of the CaMV 35S promoter. This
result was first obtained at SB in the
autumn of 1987 and published in Nature by
Smith et al., 1988. Note that the antisense
mRNA bands (there are two of them, the
shorter one probably due to a fortuitous
internal polyA signal) accumulate before
ripening. When transcription of the PG
mRNA is switched
on, all three RNAs decline substantially in
amount. This is consistent with the
destruction of RNA-RNA hybrids formed
after PG mRNA transcripts start to
accumulate.
32. Gene
Introduced
Gene Source Product Function
anti-efe Lycopersicon
esculentum
antisense RNA of
1-amino-
cyclopropane -1-
carboxylate
oxidase (ACO)
gene (no
functional ACO
enzyme is
produced)
causes delayed
ripening by
suppressing the
production of
ethylene via
silencing of the
ACO gene that
encodes an
ethylene-
forming enzyme
Name: Huafan No 1
• Crop: Lycopersicon esculentum - Tomato
• Developer:
Huazhong Agricultural University (China)
• Method of Trait Introduction:
Microparticle bombardment of plant cells or tissue
• GM Trait :
Delayed ripening/senescence
• Commercial Trait:
(Singular) Modified Product Quality
33. Gene Introduced Gene Source Product Function
pg (sense or
antisense)
Lycopersicon
esculentum
no functional
polygalacturonase
enzyme is produced
(transcription of the
endogenous
enzyme is
suppressed by a
gene silencing
mechanism)
inhibits the
production of
polygalacturonase
enzyme responsible
for the breakdown of
pectin molecules in
the cell wall, and
thus causes delayed
softening of the fruit
• Trade Name: FLAVR SAVR™Developer:
Monsanto Company (including fully and partly owned companies)
• Method of Trait Introduction:
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation
• GM Trait s :
, Delayed fruit softening
Slow down ripening
not softe
Increased shelf life
antisense RNA
34. Gene
Introduced
Gene Source Product Function
pg (sense or
antisense)
Lycopersicon
esculentum
no functional
polygalacturonas
e enzyme is
produced
(transcription of
the endogenous
enzyme is
suppressed by a
gene silencing
mechanism)
inhibits the
production of
polygalacturonas
e enzyme
responsible for
the breakdown of
pectin molecules
in the cell wall,
and thus causes
delayed softening
of the fruit
Crop: Lycopersicon esculentum - Tomato
Developer:
Zeneca Plant Science and Petoseed Company
Method of Trait Introduction:
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation
GM Trait s :
Antibiotic resistance , Delayed fruit softening
Commercial Trait:
(Singular) Modified Product Quality
Summary of Basic Genetic Modification
35. Gene
Introduced
Gene Source Product Function
sam-k Escherichia coli
bacteriophage
T3
S-
adenosylmethion
ine
hydrolase enzym
e
causes delayed
ripening by
reducing the S-
adenosylmethioni
ne (SAM), a
substrate for
ethylene
production
Event Name: Melon A
Event Code : not available
Trade Name: not available
Crop: Cucumis melo - Melon, Cantaloupe
Developer:
Agritope Inc. (USA)
Method of Trait Introduction:
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation
GM Trait s :
Delayed ripening/senescence , Antibiotic resistance
Commercial Trait:
(Singular) Modified Product Quality
36. A reduction in total lycopene
accumulation was observed in EFE-
antisense fruit ripened
The rate of over-ripening and fruit
spoilage was also reduced in the
EFE-antisense fruitshowed that
the synthesis of ethylene during
fruit ripening was efficiently
inhibited by an EFE-antisense
transgene, and resistance to over-
ripening of fruit was reported.
Figure 1. Ethylene evolution from attached and detached wild-type and
EFE-antisense t m t o frud.
Wtld-type (A)o r EFE-antisensefruil( A)w ere left attached to the plant prior
to ethylene measurement or were detached at the mature-green stage and
npened in au (wild-type, m; EFE-antisense. 0). Ethylene was measured at
fruit npening stages mature-green (MG). breaker (Br) and 2. 4, 6 and 28
days post-breaker. Data are expressed as the mean of values obtained
from at least four fruit
Altered fruit ripening and leaf senescence
in tomatoes expressing an antisense
ethylene-forming enzyme transgene.
37. • an apple (Malus domestica) ethylene response factor, MdERF2,
negative affects ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening by
suppressing the transcription of MdACS1, a gene that is critical
for ripening-related ethylene biosynthesis. MdERF2 expression
was suppressed by ethylene during apple fruit ripening, and we
observed that MdERF2 bound to the promoter of MdACS1 and
directly suppressed its transcription. Moreover, MdERF2
suppressed the activity of the promoter of MdERF3, a
transcription factor that we found to bind to the MdACS1
promoter, thereby increasing MdACS1 transcription. We
determined that MdERF2 and MdERF3 proteins directly interact
and this interaction suppresses the binding of MdERF3 to the
MdACS1 promoter
•
Apple (Malus domestica) MdERF2 Negatively Affects Ethylene Biosynthesis
During Fruit Ripening by Suppressing MdACS1 Transcription
38. The use of antisense technology and overexpression of
metabolizing enzymes in controlling fruit ripening is
only the first step toward controlling fruit senescence.
Expression of antisense RNA using regulated promoters
may eliminate the use of exogenous ethylene for
reverting the mutant phenotype. However, the
development of gene transplacement technology by
homologous recombination should allow the creation of
nonleaky ripening mutants with long-term storage
potential. The prospect arises that inhibition of ethylene
production using reverse genetics
may be a general method for preventing senescence in a
variety of fruits and vegetables.
39. To be friends is quik work
But friendship is a slow ripening fruites
Thanks and Questions